Chinyorwa chakakosha chenyanzvi: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chemudura, kwete chirevo chazvino, chiyero chekuyedza, chirongwa chekuchengetedza kana gwara rekusarudza dombo, kuiswa nekudzivirira. Rudzi rwedombo, mvura, munyu, chando, substrate, dhaka, nzira yekugadzirisa uye kuvhara kwekudzivirira kunofanira kuongororwa kune chimwe chinhu maererano nemitemo inoshanda, zvinyorwa zvemugadziri uye mazano enyanzvi dzakakodzera.
Matombo echisikigo, machira uye mabasa ekuchengetedza haasi chikamu chezvinopihwa neruzhinji zveSavo Kusić. Mazuva ano magadzirirwo akatarisana nemahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo uye custom door.
General Terms
Inyaya yeinjiniya nevagadziri vezvivakwa kuti vasarudze dombo rakakodzera kune zvinangwa zvakakodzera; pakusarudza dombo rezvinonyanya kukosha zvekuvaka, hazvifanirwe kukanganwa kuti kuyedza zvinhu, mukubatana nevanodzidza nezve geologist uye mineralogists, inopa rubatsiro rwakakosha.
Nyanzvi dzeGeologists dzinopatsanura matombo mumapoka anotevera: matombo egneous, kana mamwe matombo anoputika, ane mapoka ematombo akadzika akadzika uye anodurura egneous (semuenzaniso granite, diorite, gabbro, porphyry, diabase, basalt), pakupedzisira sedimentary kana layered rocks, limeragssi rocks, limeragssi rocks (limeragssi). metamorphic kana matombo akashandurwa (e.g. gneiss, schist). A mineralogist anoongorora chimiro chematombo (rudzi uye chimiro checrystallites, saizi uye shanduko yakafanana, kutsva, rudzi rwebinder, nezvimwewo). Injiniya inoongorora zvinoenderana neruvara, kugovaniswa kwemavara, chimiro, nzira yekuwana, kushanda, kuramba kumamiriro ekunze uye simba.
Chimiro uye chimiro chemakemikari ematombo
Chimiro uye kuumbwa kwebwe kunofanira kuverengerwa kana zvinhu zvichifanira kupikisa mamiriro ekunze kana kana ibwe rakasarudzwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakakosha, se. muindasitiri yemakemikari. Densely yakaoma uye yakanyatsotsanangurwa crystallites yepakati pekukura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, hunhu hwegranite yakanaka; kune rumwe rutivi, granite ine scaly mica yakawanda uye chikamu chakaora feldspar haikodzeri zvimwe zvakakosha zvinhu zvekuvaka. Matombo ejecha ezviyo zvequartz zvakaenzana, ane mavhodhi ane zvishoma zvebhainda, anobvumira kuwana mvura kupfuura dombo rine compact structure (ndiko kuti, chivako chine zvishoma kana pasina voids) kana dombo rine chimiro chakabatanidzwa nerubatsiro rwebhainda. Kuumbwa kwebhainda mumatombo ejecha kwakakosha zvikuru nekuda kwekupikisa kwayo kunokonzerwa nemakemikari inofanirwa kutarisirwa munzvimbo iyo ibwe richaiswa.
Kuoma kwedombo
Muchirevo chemazwi ekuvaka uye kuyedza, kune marudzi akati wandei esimba: kusimba simba, kusimba kwesimba, kugera simba, flexural simba, etc. Nechinangwa chekuyedza simba redombo, kumanikidza mutoro (wedombo rekuvaka), isingawanzo kutakura mutoro (kureva simba rekukotama), kukotama mutoro, kukonzeresa (yecobblestone), uye pakupedzisira kupfeka bvunzo (zvakare yecobble slabs) matombo ematombo, masitepisi zvakaitwa.
1. Compressive Strength
Nekuda kwesimba rekumanikidza redombo - rinotemerwa pama cubes ane kureba kweinenge 4 cm - kuResearch Institute for Civil Engineering paTechnical University yeStuttgart, zvinotevera zvakakosha zvakawanikwa pakuvaka matombo ematombo:
Iyo tafura iri pasi apa inoratidza kukosha kwekusarudzwa uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvematombo. Izvo zviyero zvinoda, pamabasa akasiyana ekuvaka, hudiki hutsika maererano nereferensi kukosha; semuenzaniso kare, kune dombo rekufambiswa kwemigwagwa yenyika, simba rekumanikidza raifanirwa kunge riri mukati mehafu yepamusoro yehureferenzi uye yaifanira kunge iri 2000 kg/cm2. Pakuvaka, sekutonga, hapana chikonzero chekudzikisa simba rebwe. Simba rekumanikidza redombo rinodzikira zvakanyanya kana dombo rasara mumvura.
2. Flexural simba
Kuyedzwa pamaprism ematombo akachekwa nesaha (kuyedzwa paInstitute imwechete seyokumanikidza simba); zvakatemwa kuti simba rekuchinja ndere:
Inokurudzirwa kuti kune kongiri iyo inofanirwa kuwana yakakwirira flexural simba, ibwe chete rine simba rekuchinjika rinosvika 100 kg/cm2 rinofanira kushandiswa. Kune vamwe vese, ona tafura yekutungamira kukosha kwekusarudzwa uye kuongororwa kwematombo echisikigo (pamusoro).
3. Impact simba
Muedzo unoitwa pamakubhi ehurefu hwekumucheto 4 cm. Basa rinodiwa kuparadza cube imwe yebwe pasi pemamwe mamiriro anoyerwa. MuStuttgart, pakati pevamwe, hunhu hunotevera hunotangwa:
4. Pfekai kuramba
Inoedzwa nekukuya; zvinotevera zvakakosha zvakavambwa muStuttgart:
Zvinofanira kutaurwa pano kuti kumanikidza simba uye kupfeka kuramba hazvimiri mune chero hukama hwenguva dzose; haigoni kutarisirwa kunze kwekuwedzera kuti ibwe rine simba rakanaka rekumanikidza rinoratidzawo kupikisa kwakanaka kupfeka. Dombo remigwagwa yekongiri inodiwa, maererano nemirayiridzo yekugadzirwa kwekongiri yemigwagwa yemigwagwa, kupfeka zvakanyanya0,2 cm(10 cm3) pa50 cm2. Mukuwedzera, zvinodikanwa kuti uone kupfekedzwa kwedombo rakanyorova rakanyorova nemvura, pamwe chete nebwe remigwagwa yekrete, nokuti kune misiyano yakakura mukupfeka. Chiitiko chakaratidza kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira kuongororwa kuri nani kunowanikwa nenzira iyi kupfuura nemiedzo yakajairika yedombo rakaoma.
Kupokana kwedombo kumamiriro ekunze
Kune dombo rinozosangana nemamiriro ekunze, kuramba kwaro kuchando (kutonhora) kunofanirwa kuongororwa, kureva kuti rinoramba risina kukuvara here sezvo rakazara nemvura.25chando kakawanda uye cowed zvakare. Kana ibwe rine unyoro hwepanyama rakaiswa, saka kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa; muchiitiko ichocho, zvakakosha kuedza ibwe nekunyorova kwechisikigo, uye kwete mumvura-yakazara. Mukuwedzera, kubva padombo kumadziro ekunze, zviyeuchidzo, nezvimwewo zvinotarisirwa kuti ibwe rinoratidza kushorwa kwakakwana kune mamiriro ekunze, i.e. kuti inogona kutsungirira kwenguva yakareba pasi pekuwedzera kushushikana kunobva pakubuda kwezuva, kuchinja kunokonzerwa nekunyorova uye kuoma, nekuda kwekuiswa kwemhepo, mamiriro ekunze kubva mumhepo, nezvimwewo. Paunosarudza dombo, unofanira kuwana mazano evanyanzvi vane ruzivo.
Paunenge uchigadzira dombo rekuvaka, zvinofanirwa kutarisisa kubvumira mvura inonaya, kunyangwe mvura kubva mukupfapfaidza, kuyerera nekukurumidza sezvinobvira kuitira kuti ive nemukana mudiki sezvinobvira wekupinda mukati mematombo nemadziro majoini. Dombo rine madhiraini, pamwe chete nedombo rakavezwa, rinogadzira mukana wekuchengetedza soot, sinou, mvura, nezvimwewo izvo zvinowedzera zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya kupfuura mune yakatsetseka nzvimbo. Nzvimbo dzakacheneswa ndidzo dzinonyanya kuoneswa kuchengetwa kweguruva uye soot, pamwe nekugadziriswa kwezvipenyu zvezvirimwa. Nokudaro, nzira yekugadzira inobata kusimba kwebwe rinosangana nemamiriro okunze.
Dombo rakaturikidzana rinofanirwa kugadziridzwa zvinoenderana nematanho, i.e. zvidimbu zvinofanirwa kurongedzerwa zvakachinjika, zvikasadaro mvura, uye zvinhu zvine hukasha nazvo, zvinopinda muzvikamu zvisina kusimba uye zvisina fissile; kukuvadzwa kunogona kutarisirwa nekukurumidza kupfuura dai ibwe rikabatwa nehunyanzvi.
Mvura yepasi inogona kukwira nekuda kwesimba recapillary uye kupararira. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe mamunyu anogona kurwisa dombo nedhaka. Munzvimbo yekufefetedza kwemvura inokwira, munyu unopenya uye unogadzira kumanikidza kwemukati kunotungamira mukuparadzwa. Pano zvakare, ndezvekudzivirira mvura kuti isapinda mudombo, izvo zvinogoneka kuburikidza nekugadzira kudzivirira pasi.
Panyaya yekugara kwemadziro, kune hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pekusarudzwa kwedhaka rekuvaka masvingo ematombo echisikigo. Kana rusvingo rusingazoratidzi kumamiriro okunze uye runoramba rwakaoma, saka kusarudzwa kwedhaka kunogona kuitwa chete maererano nekushanda kwayo, simba uye chitarisiko. Kana ari madziro ekunze, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mvura inonaya inopinda mumadziro inotora zvigadzirwa zvedhaka, uye kana rusvingo rwaoma, runovaunza kumusoro uye hunovaisa ipapo. Semuyenzaniso, kana madziro ane porous sandstone akakamurwa nemajoini asingapindire, mvura inounganidza munyu pamusoro pemajoini zvichiita kuti iwedzere kushushikana mudombo.
Stone, sezvimwe zvinhu zvese, inochinja vhoriyamu yakakura kana diki nekuda kwekuchinja kwekushisa, izvo, semuenzaniso, mu limestone, zvishoma pane quartzite dombo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, aya shanduko yevhoriyamu ndeyekukosha kwechipiri kana ikatariswa kana uchishandisa dombo. Matambudziko anogona kubuda pamakona pasi pedenga remba, pakatarisana nemarabhu emabhiriji ematombo, nezvimwewo. Kune zvinhu zvekuvaka zvinosangana nekupisa kwakanyanya, zvinokurudzirwa kusarudza dombo rinoratidza kuwedzera kudiki uye zvishoma nezvishoma pakudziya kwe 500-1000oC, senge semuenzaniso. bundu slag kana ivhu rakanyungudutswa.
Kudzivirira kukuvara kwematombo
Nhasi, kune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzivirira (varnishes, coatings) zvinodzivirira dombo, zvose zvakasvibiswa uye zvakashata, kubva kune mamiriro ekunze uye mamwe maitiro. Kupfeka kwakavakirwa pasilicone, wakisi kana mamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvinogadzira chipingamupinyi pakati pedombo nenzvimbo. Nguva dzose kucheneswa kwebwe kunodzivirira kuunganidza guruva uye tsvina nekufamba kwenguva, izvo zvinogonawo kukanganisa ibwe pacharo. Kuisa nzvimbo dzematombo munzvimbo yakavharwa kunoderedza mukana wemvura inosvika pairi. Chaizvoizvo, chinonyanya kukosha kubvunza nyanzvi uye kusarudza dombo rakakodzera kuitira kudzivirira chero kukuvadzwa zvinobudirira sezvinobvira.
Chinyorwa chekunyorera: Nhoroondo tsika, maitiro ekuyedzwa uye kurudziro yekubatisa hazvisi zvinotsiva zviyero zvazvino, kuongororwa murabhoritari, nzvimbo yebvunzo, kutarisa kuenderana kwezvinhu uye chirongwa chekugadzirisa nzvimbo.