Mitundu ya masitepe omanga

Zindikirani za zomwe zili ndi chitetezo: Awa ndi zolemba zamaphunziro zakale, osati pulojekiti, mawerengedwe osasunthika kapena malangizo omanga masitepe. Zithunzizo ndizithunzi zamitundu ndi machitidwe ndipo siziyimira mapulojekiti otsimikizika a Savo Kusić. Kupanga ndi kumanga masitepe kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa opanga ndi makontrakitala oyenerera, motsatira malamulo ovomerezeka, mawerengedwe osasunthika ndi momwe zinthu zilili.

Masitepe si gawo lazotsatsa zatsopano zakampani. Zomwe zimapangidwa panopa ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a aluminiyamu ndi zitseko zopangidwa mwamakonda. Pantchito inayake, mutha kutumiza pempho lamatchulidwe.

Ntchito ndi magawo oyambira a masitepe

A staircase ndi nyumba yomwe imakhala ndi malo opingasa, mwachitsanzo, masitepe, omwe amatchedwa masitepe. Imalola kuyenda koyima pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana mnyumba, nyumba, panja ndi malo ena. Masitepe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi matabwa, zitsulo, konkire kapena zinthu zingapo.

Ntchito ya masitepe ndikuthandizira kulumikizana koyima pakati pa pansi kapena milingo, kuthana ndi kusiyana kwa kutalika ndikulumikiza mipata. Masitepe amabwera m’mawonekedwe ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumitengo yakale kupita ku zitsulo zamakono.

Ndikofunika kuti masitepe apangidwe ndi kumangidwa ndi chitetezo m’maganizo, kuphatikizapo malo otsetsereka, kutalika kwa masitepe ndi kuya, njanji ndi kuunikira, kuteteza kuvulala ndikuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Malingana ndi mawonekedwe a maziko, cholinga ndi zinthu zomangira, masitepe amatha kugawidwa m’magulu angapo.

Gawani ndi mawonekedwe

Masitepe a mwendo umodzi

Masitepe owongoka kapena owongoka sasintha komwe akupita. Kutengera kutsetsereka koyikidwa, mwachitsanzo, kuterako, kumatha kukhala kopanda kutera kapena angapo.

Fanizo — masitepe a matabwa a mwendo umodzi.

Masitepe Osweka

Pankhani yosweka, yozungulira, miyendo iwiri, miyendo itatu kapena masitepe ambiri, mwendo umasintha njira. Chofala kwambiri ndi makwerero amiyendo iwiri yothyoledwa kolowera kumanja, pomwe mwendo wakumtunda umayambira potera kokwerera mbali zonse ndikumalowera chakumunsi kwa mwendo.

Makwerero odziwika kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndi makwerero othyoka amiyendo iwiri omwe mikono yawo imalowera mbali zosiyana, pamakona a 180°. Pali masitepe amiyendo itatu komanso anayi omwe amatera m’makona.

Fanizo — masitepe amiyendo iwiri okhala ndi miyendo yopingasa 180°.

Fanizo — makwerero amiyendo iwiri okhala ndi kutera kwapakati.

Masitepe opindika, ozungulira komanso ozungulira

Masitepe okhala ndi masitepe opindika, kuti apulumutse malo, amatha kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa pang’ono ndi masitepe opindika.

Masitepe opindika nthawi zambiri amakhala osamasuka kuyenda. Pamene masitepe ochepa okha akufunika kukhomedwa, akhoza kusinthidwa ndi masitepe ozungulira.

Pakakhala masitepe ozungulira kapena ozungulira, masitepe onse amakhomedwa.

Fanizo — masitepe ozungulira.

Gawani malinga ndi cholinga

Molingana ndi cholinga, masitepe agawidwa kukhala:

• dimba ndi kunja;
• pansi;
• chipinda chapamwamba;
• masitepe kunja kwa makoma akunja;
• mezzanine, mwachitsanzo masitepe amkati.

Gawani ndi zinthu

• **Masitepe a miyala Yachilengedwe ** nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati dimba kapena masitepe akunja, komanso ngati masitepe amkati mnyumba zazikulu, masukulu ndi malo ofanana.
• Masitepe a konkire amaimira njira yosayaka yamkati yolumikizirana yapansi kapena yapansi ndipo ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri ya masitepe amkati.
• Masitepe anjerwa samamangidwa kawirikawiri, makamaka ngati masitepe a dimba kapena apansi.
• Masitepe agalasi amapangidwa ndi galasi lotetezedwa ndi konkriti.
• Masitepe achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang’ono m’nyumba zogonamo, mwachitsanzo ngati masitepe achitsulo, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m’mafakitale.
• Masitepe amatabwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyumba za mabanja ndi nyumba zazing’ono.

Fanizo — masitepe a miyala ya dimba.

Staircase

Podziwa kukwera kwa masitepe, mwachitsanzo, chiyerekezo chapakati pa masitepe b ndi kutalika h, izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pamasitepe onse:

• kutalika kwa sitepe ya munthu kumawonetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe b +2h =60-64 cm;
• chitetezo poyenda chikufotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe b + h =46 cm;
• chitonthozo panthawi yoyenda chimawonetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe * b - h =12 cm*.

Ngati zidziwitso zamitundu itatuyi zikuwonetsedwa mwatsatanetsatane pamakwerero onse zotheka, zimakhala kuti ma curve onse amadutsa mu chiŵerengero chokwera cha.17/29 cm(h/b), yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri ndipo imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

Pamafunikanso mgwirizano17/29 cmsichingapezeke, zimadalira cholinga cha masitepe ngati chidzawerengedwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kapena mawonekedwe a chitetezo.

Masitepe akunja

Mawonekedwe osavuta a masitepe akunja ndi sitepe kapena mbale yoyikidwa kutsogolo kwa khomo lakumaso. M’lifupi mwake sikuyenera kukhala kakang’ono, kotero kuti munthu amene waimirira kutsogolo kwa chitseko ali ndi malo okwanira komanso kuti potsegula chitseko kuchokera mkati, asaimirire nthawi yomweyo m’mphepete.

Ngakhale masitepe osavuta awa ayenera kukhala ndi maziko olimba kuti asasunthike ndikupindika. Ndikwabwino ngati ngalande zapansi pakhoma, mwachitsanzo, ma consoles, amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira.

Pakakhala kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutalika pakati pa nthaka ndi m’mphepete mwa pamwamba pa pansi, masitepe akunja amaikidwa kumbali imodzi, modutsa khoma la nyumbayo. Masitepe akunja amapangidwa ndi mwala wachilengedwe, konkire ya konkire kapena clinker.

*Fanizo — chikwangwani ndi masitepe kutsogolo kwa chitseko.

Interfloor staircases

Masitepe a mezzanine opangidwa ndi mwala wachilengedwe

Pali makamaka mitundu inayi yamasitepe a mezzanine opangidwa ndi miyala yachilengedwe:

1. masitepe oyima amiyala osemedwa pakati pa makoma akumaso, pama lamba kapena zogwirizira kumaso;
2. masitepe a miyala yosemedwa pamiyala ya konkire yokhazikika;
3. Makwerero amiyala yosemedwa pazipinda zotchingidwa ndi mipanda;
4. masitepe osayima opangidwa ndi miyala yosema yokhala ndi masitepe otalikirapo.

Popanga masitepe, miyala yachilengedwe yolimba monga granite, syenite, basalt, miyala yamchenga ya quartz ndi nsangalabwi ndiyoyenera.

Masitepe a konkriti a mezzanine

Masitepe a konkriti atha kugawidwa m’magulu anayi akuluakulu okhala ndi mitundu ingapo:

1. masitepe opangidwa ndi konkriti woponderezedwa, ngati masitepe apansi;
2. masitepe opangidwa ndi konkriti;
3. masitepe opangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba za ceramic, makamaka pakati pa zothandizira zitsulo;
4. masitepe opangidwa ndi zinthu zopangira konkriti.

Masitepe a masitepe onse a konkire omwe sakuphimbidwa ndi zipangizo zina, monga marble, miyala yopangira konkire, mabala a clinker kapena matabwa, amalimbikitsidwa ndi zipangizo zolimba za konkire, makamaka kuonjezera kukana kuvala.

*Fanizo — kumanga ndi maonekedwe a masitepe a konkire.

Masitepe a Mezzanine opangidwa ndi chitsulo

Mitundu yayikulu yamasitepe achitsulo ndi awa:

• masitepe opangidwa ndi chitsulo chothandizira ndi masitepe opangidwa ndi miyala yachilengedwe;
• masitepe opangidwa ndi zitsulo zothandizira ndi konkriti kapena midadada;
• masitepe opangidwa ndi zitsulo zothandizira ndi njerwa;
• masitepe opangidwa ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi masitepe olumikizidwa;
• masitepe opangidwa ndi chitsulo.

Masitepe ochokera m’magulu anayi oyambirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati nyumba zogonamo, komanso zitsulo zazitsulo makamaka zamafakitale.

Fanizo — masitepe achitsulo.

Mezzanine masitepe amatabwa

Malingana ndi njira yomangira komanso kulumikizana kwa masitepe ndi nkhope, pali mitundu isanu ya masitepe amatabwa:

1. chipika masitepe;
2. masitepe okhala ndi ophatikizidwa, i.e. masitepe opindika;
3. masitepe okhala ndi zopondapo;
4. masitepe okhala ndi masitepe opindika;
5. masitepe okhala ndi masitepe omangidwira.

Fanizo — masitepe a matabwa a mezzanine.

Masitepe okhala ndi zopondapo ndi zophweka, zowongoka komanso za mwendo umodzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofikira madenga, nyumba zosungiramo zaulimi, ma cellars ndi malo ofanana. Ili ndi zopondapo zokha zomwe zimayikidwa m’masaya akuya 20–30 mm. Kunenepa kwa soles ndi 30–50 mm.

Masitepe ofunikira kwambiri amatabwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi kulumikiza pansi, amaphatikizapo masitepe okhala ndi masitepe opindika. Kuponda kwake ndi mphumi zake ndi zopindika m’masaya onse awiri mozama 18–20 mm. Kukhuthala kwa tsaya lakunja ndi 45–70 mm, ndipo mkati 36–60 mm.