** Muhimmin bayanin kula na ƙwararru:** Wannan rubutun ilimi ne na kayan tarihi, ba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanzu ba, ma’aunin gwaji, aikin kiyayewa ko jagora don zaɓin dutse, shigarwa da kariya. Nau’in dutse, ruwa, gishiri, sanyi, substrate, turmi, hanyar sarrafawa da murfin kariya dole ne a kimanta shi don takamaiman abu bisa ga ingantattun ka’idoji, takaddun masana’anta da shawarwarin masana masu dacewa.
Dutse na halitta, sutura da ayyukan kiyayewa ba wani ɓangare na tayin jama’a na yanzu na Savo Kusić. Abubuwan da aka fi mayar da hankali kan samarwa a yau sun ƙunshi gilashin katako, tagar itace-aluminum da ƙofofin al’ada.
Gabaɗaya Concepts
Yana da matsala ga injiniyoyi da masu gine-gine don zaɓar dutse mafi dacewa don dalilai masu dacewa; lokacin zabar dutse don abubuwa masu mahimmanci na gine-gine, ba dole ba ne a manta da cewa gwada kayan aiki, tare da haɗin gwiwar masana ilimin geologists da ma’adinai, yana ba da taimako mai mahimmanci.
Masana ilmin kasa sun raba duwatsu zuwa kungiyoyi masu zuwa: duwatsu masu ban tsoro, ko in ba haka ba duwatsu masu fashewa, tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙananan duwatsu masu zurfi da kuma fitar da duwatsu masu banƙyama (misali granite, diorite, gabbro, porphyry, diabase, basalt), sa’an nan kuma sedimentary ko Layered rocks (misali sandstone, Jurassic limestone ko condimented metastones), (misali gneiss, schist). Masanin kimiyyar ma’adinai yayi nazarin tsarin duwatsu (nau’i da siffar crystallites, girman da canji na iri ɗaya, sabo, nau’in ɗaure, da dai sauransu). Injiniyan yana kimantawa bisa ga launi, rarraba launi, tsari, hanyar samun, iya aiki, juriya ga yanayin yanayi da ƙarfi.
Tsarin da sinadarai na dutse
Ya kamata a yi la’akari da tsarin da abun da ke ciki na dutse idan kayan zai zama mai jurewa yanayi ko kuma idan an zaɓi dutsen don dalilai na musamman, kamar a cikin masana’antar sinadarai. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira mai ƙima na matsakaicin girman su ne, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, halayyar granite mai kyau; a gefe guda, granite tare da mai yawa mica mai banƙyama da ɓarna na feldspar ba ya dace da abubuwa masu mahimmanci na ginin. Duwatsu na hatsi na quartz daidai-daidai, tare da ɓangarorin da ke ɗauke da ɗan ƙaramin abin ɗaure, suna ba da damar samun ruwa fiye da dutsen da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari (wato tsarin da ba shi da kaɗan ko babu) ko dutsen da tsarinsa ke danne tare da taimakon abin ɗaure. Abubuwan da ke cikin ɗaure a cikin dutsen yashi yana da matukar mahimmanci don juriya ga tasirin sinadarai wanda ya kamata a sa ran a sararin da za a shigar da dutsen.
Taurin dutse
A cikin ƙayyadaddun kalmomi da gwaji, akwai nau’ikan ƙarfi da yawa: ƙarfin matsawa, ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin sassauƙa, da dai sauransu. Don manufar ƙarfin ƙarfin dutse, ɗaukar nauyi (don ginin dutse), ɗora nauyi mai wuya (watau ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi), ɗaukar nauyi, tasirin tasiri (don dutsen cobble), kuma a ƙarshe sanya gwaji (sake don dutsen cobble, ƙafar ƙafa) ana yin slabs, stats.
1. Karfin matsawa
Don ƙarfin ƙarfi na dutse - ƙaddara akan cubes tare da tsayin gefen akalla 4 cm - a Cibiyar Bincike don Injiniyan Jama’a a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Stuttgart, an samo waɗannan dabi’u don gina samfuran dutse:
Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna dabi’u masu nuni ga zaɓi da kima na kaddarorin dutse na halitta. Ma’auni na buƙatar, don ayyuka daban-daban na gini, mafi ƙarancin ƙima dangane da ƙima; alal misali a baya, don dutsen titin na tituna na ƙasa, ƙarfin matsawa dole ne ya kasance aƙalla a cikin rabi na sama na ƙimar tunani kuma dole ne ya kasance aƙalla 2000 kg/cm2. Don ginawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, babu buƙatar iyakance ƙarfin dutse. Ƙarfin matsawa na dutse yana raguwa sosai lokacin da aka bar dutse a cikin ruwa.
2. Ƙarfin sassauƙa
An gwada shi a kan prisms na dutse da aka yanke tare da zato (gwaji a wannan Cibiyar kamar ƙarfin matsawa); An ƙaddara ƙarfin sassauƙan ya zama:
Ana ba da shawarar cewa don kankare wanda dole ne ya sami babban ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, kawai a yi amfani da dutse mai ƙarfi na aƙalla 100 kg/cm2. Ga sauran, duba teburin darajar jagora don zaɓi da kima na dutse na halitta (a sama).
3. Ƙarfin tasiri
Ana yin gwajin akan cubes tare da tsawon gefen 4 cm. Ana auna aikin da ake buƙata don lalata cube dutse ɗaya a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. A Stuttgart, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, an kafa dabi’u masu zuwa:
4. Juriya abrasion
Ana gwada ta da niƙa; An kafa dabi’u masu zuwa a Stuttgart:
Ya kamata a nuna a nan cewa ƙarfin matsawa da juriya ba sa tsayawa a kowace dangantaka ta yau da kullum; ba za a iya sa ran ba tare da ƙarin jin dadi ba cewa dutse mai kyau mai ƙarfi yana nuna kyakkyawan juriya ga lalacewa. Ana buƙatar dutse don hanyoyin siminti, bisa ga umarnin don gina shingen shingen, don sanyawa a mafi yawan0,2 cm(10 cm3) ku50 cm2. Bugu da ƙari, wajibi ne don ƙayyade lalacewa na jika jika da ruwa, da kuma dutsen simintin hanyoyi, saboda akwai bambance-bambance mafi girma a cikin lalacewa. Kwarewa ta nuna cewa a cikin yanayi mai amfani ana samun mafi kyawun kima ta wannan hanyar fiye da gwaje-gwajen da aka saba yi na busassun dutse.
Juriya na dutse ga yanayin yanayi
Ga dutsen da za a ga yanayin, sai a gwada juriyarsa ga sanyi (daskarewa), watau shin ya kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba tunda ya cika da ruwa.25daskarewa sau da yawa kuma ya sake yin kiwo. Idan an shigar da dutse mai dauke da danshi na halitta, to ya kamata a kula; a wannan yanayin, wajibi ne a gwada dutse tare da zafi na yanayi, kuma ba a cikin yanayin ruwa mai cike da ruwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, daga dutse don bangon waje, abubuwan tarihi, da dai sauransu ana buƙatar dutsen ya nuna isasshen juriya ga yanayin yanayi, watau cewa zai iya jurewa na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarin damuwa da ke fitowa daga hasken rana, canje-canje da ke haifar da jika da bushewa, saboda ajiyar iska, yanayin yanayi daga iska, da dai sauransu lokacin zabar dutse, ya kamata ka sami shawarar kwararrun masana.
Lokacin da aka tsara dutsen ginin, wajibi ne a kula da hankali don ba da damar ruwan sama, har ma da ruwa daga yayyafawa, da sauri da sauri don ya sami damar da za ta iya shiga cikin dutsen da bangon bango. Dutse tare da magudanar ruwa, da kuma dutse mai tsauri, yana haifar da yiwuwar riƙe da sot, dusar ƙanƙara, ruwa, da dai sauransu wanda ke ƙara yawan illa mai cutarwa fiye da yanayin da ya dace. Filayen da aka goge su ne mafi ƙarancin fallasa ga riƙewar ƙura da soot, da kuma daidaitawar ƙwayoyin shuka. Sabili da haka, hanyar sarrafawa yana rinjayar tsayin daka na dutse da aka fallasa zuwa yanayin.
Dole ne a sarrafa dutsen da aka yi da shi bisa ga yadudduka, watau yadudduka dole ne a jera su a kwance, in ba haka ba ruwa, da abubuwa masu haɗari tare da shi, za su shiga cikin raƙuman rauni da fissile; Ana iya tsammanin lalacewa da wuri fiye da idan an sarrafa dutsen da fasaha.
Ruwan cikin ƙasa zai iya tashi saboda ƙarfin capillary da yaduwa. A lokaci guda, wasu gishiri na iya kai hari kan dutse da turmi. A cikin yanki na ƙafewar ruwa mai tasowa, gishiri ya yi raye-raye kuma ya haifar da matsalolin ciki wanda ke haifar da lalacewa. A nan ma, game da hana ruwa shiga cikin dutse, wanda a wannan yanayin ana samun shi ta hanyar yin rufi a cikin ƙasa.
Dangane da tsayin daka na bango, ana tattaunawa da yawa game da zabin turmi don gina katangar dutse. Idan bangon ba zai bayyana ga yanayin ba kuma ya kasance bushe, to, za a iya yin zaɓin turmi kawai bisa ga aikin sa, ƙarfinsa da bayyanarsa. Dangane da katangar waje kuwa, ana la’akari da cewa ruwan sama da ke shiga bangon yana shakar kayan turmi, idan bangon ya bushe sai ya kawo su saman ya ajiye a wurin. Misali, idan bangon dutsen yashi mai bakin ciki ya raba ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba, ruwa yana tara gishiri sama da haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da ƙarin damuwa a cikin dutse.
Stone, kamar duk sauran kayan, yana jurewa girma ko ƙarami canje-canje saboda canjin yanayin zafi, wanda shine, misali, a cikin farar ƙasa, da yawa ƙasa da na quartzite stone. A ƙarƙashin yanayi na al’ada, waɗannan canje-canjen ƙarar suna da mahimmanci na biyu idan an yi la’akari da su lokacin amfani da dutse. Matsaloli na iya tasowa a kan cornice a ƙarƙashin rufin, a kan fuskantar shinge na gadoji na masonry, da dai sauransu. Don abubuwan gine-ginen da ke da zafi sosai, ana ba da shawarar zaɓar dutse wanda ke nuna ƙarami da fadadawa a hankali a zafin jiki na 500-1000oC, kamar misali. lumpy slag ko sintered yumbu.
Rigakafin lalacewar dutse
A yau, akwai kayan kariya daban-daban (varnishes, coatings) waɗanda ke kare dutse, duka masu gogewa da m, daga yanayi da sauran tasiri. Rubutun sun dogara ne akan silicone, kakin zuma ko wasu nau’ikan kayan da ke haifar da shinge tsakanin dutse da muhalli. Tsabtace dutse na yau da kullun yana hana tara ƙura da datti a kan lokaci, wanda kuma zai iya cutar da dutsen da kansa. Sanya saman dutse a cikin yankin da aka rufe yana rage yiwuwar samun ruwa zuwa gare shi. Ainihin, abu mafi mahimmanci shine tuntuɓar masana kuma zaɓi dutsen da ya dace don hana duk wani lalacewa kamar yadda ya kamata.
** Bayanin aikace-aikace:** Ma’aunin tarihi, hanyoyin gwaji da shawarwarin shafi ba su maye gurbin ma’auni na yanzu, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, farfajiyar gwaji, duba dacewa da kayan aiki da tsarin kiyaye kayan aiki.