Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lo mbhalo uhlala uyingobo yomlando yobuchwepheshe emisebenzini yokwenza iphephadonga futhi awusona isipho samanje sezithombe zangemuva, izinto ezinamathelayo noma ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokudweba neyokwenza iphephadonga.
Ukulungiswa kwegumbi, udonga kanye nephepha lodonga
Ezicini eziningi ezinhle zesithombe sangemuva, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izindonga ezilayishwe ngephephadonga ziqinile, zingahlanzwa ngakho-ke - naphezu kwentengo ebonakala sengathi iphezulu - zishibhile.
Nakuba ukudweba, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kuwubuchwepheshe bansuku zonke obaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu, ukumboza izindonga ngephephadonga akwaziwa kakhulu. Yiqiniso, kunezizathu ezithile zobuchwepheshe zalokhu. Okungukuthi, amaphephadonga ahlala unomphela kuphela ezindongeni ezome ngokuphelele futhi ahlobisa kuphela ezindongeni eziyisicaba.
Okokuqala sidinga ukukala ubude, ububanzi nobude begumbi esifuna ukulenza iphepha lodonga (4 udonga oluseceleni nosilingi) bese sibala indawo, sidonsa umnyango nezindawo zamawindi.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi amakamelo omile kuphela ahlanganiswe ngokunengqondo ngephepha lodonga! Izindonga ezinamaphephadonga ezimanzi zizoba namabala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi isithombe sangemuva sizohlukana nodonga.
Ake sikhethe iphethini kanye nekhwalithi evumelana kangcono nokunambitheka kwethu (ngasikhathi sinye, singakhetha futhi iphepha lodonga lepulasitiki).
Sidinga ukuthenga i-»Tapetol«»Thepha« (noma enye) okunamathelayo kwesithombe sangemuva. Indlela yokusetshenziswa kanye nesilinganiso sokuxuba namanzi kuchazwe embhalweni osebhokisini.
Okokuqala sidinga ukuhlela ifenisha phakathi negumbi. Ake sinake iqiniso lokuthi ifenisha encane ngangokunokwenzeka ihlala ekamelweni, ngoba lapho uvala uphahla, kuzodingeka ukuthi ufinyelele bonke ububanzi besithombe sangemuva ukusuka ku-50-70 cm. Ifenisha, ehlala ekamelweni, kufanele imbozwe ngokucophelela.
Ngemva kwalokhu, kufanele umanzise ngokuphelele izindawo ezingaphezulu zezindonga ezisemaceleni kanye nosilingi ngebhulashi lokuminyanisa. Phakathi nalokhu kusebenza, kufanele sivale amafasitela neminyango ngoba ngale ndlela ukugqoka okudala kuzothamba ngokushesha ngenxa yomhwamuko wamanzi. Manje sizosusa kalula i-coat endala, ethambile nge-spatula. Ngemuva kwalokhu, sizovula amafasitela neminyango ukusheshisa ukomisa, futhi izinsalela zokugqoka zizohlanzwa ngokushesha. Ngemva kokuba izindonga zomile, kufanele zihlanzwe ngomshanelo.
Ukuzwa ubuso bezindonga kuwumsebenzi olandelayo. Kufanele ubilise i-kilogram yenhlama nge-approx5ilitha lamanzi bese uligcoba ezindongeni esimweni esivivi. Ukufakwa kwe-putty kufanele kwenziwe ngebhulashi elinama-bristles amafushane ngaphandle kokuconsela odongeni. Ukunamathisela kuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ubopha izinhlamvu zesihlabathi odongeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwephepha lodonga elinamathiselwe odongeni. Ngemuva kokukhonkoloza, ukungalingani kanye nezimbobo odongeni kufanele zigcwaliswe nge-plaster. Ukuze i-plaster ingami ngokushesha, ixube namanzi akhishwe kancane. Ukunamathisela kufanele kwenziwe nge-spatula kanye ne-level. Ngemuva kwale misebenzi yokulungiselela, ukusika amaphepha kungalandela.
Kanye nokulinganisa, siqala kusukela ophahleni. Ubude bophahla kufanele buhlale bulinganiswa ngefasitela (isb., uma amafasitela ekamelo avela5x4modongeni lwe4mziyadingeka8 izingcezu zephepha lodonga ubude5,05mkanye nobubanzi50 cm). Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ungathola futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ububanzi bephephadonga lesiNgisi70 cm!
Ngaphambi kokuthi sisike isithombe sangemuva sezindonga eziseceleni, sidinga ukunquma ubude kuqala. Okungukuthi, emakamelweni aphakeme asikwazi ukunamathisela iphepha lodonga lezindonga eziseceleni kuze kube sephahleni, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, emakamelweni aphansi anamuhla asikwazi ukunamathisela iphepha lodonga lophahla kuze kube sezindonga eziseceleni (umkhiwane 1, 1. ingxenye). Ngaphambi kokufaka amaphephadonga, kufanele siphawule unqenqema olungaphezulu lwamaphephadonga asemaceleni. Ukumakwa kungenziwa ngentambo egcotshwe nge-graphite, futhi isilinganiso kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi senziwe kusukela ophahleni kuya phansi (hhayi ukusuka phansi ukuya phezulu).
Uma sesiqedile ngokuthunga, sidinga ukulungisa ingcina.
SLIKA 1
Ifaka isithombe sangemuva
Okulandelayo kuza i-gluing, okufanele futhi iqale ophahleni. Ingemuva lephephadonga lisakazwa kancane etafuleni lasekhishini (fig. 1, 2. ingxenye), ukuze iglue lingaphumi emaphethelweni. Khona-ke iphepha lodonga kufanele ligoqwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imiphetho ifana ncamashi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ekusebenzeni okulandelayo umkhawulo omhlophe wephepha lodonga kufanele unqunywe ngokulinganayo eduze komkhawulo wetafula eliphezulu. Vumela isithombe sangemuva esigoqiwe simele 3-4 mimizuzu ukuze iphepha lithambe ngokuphelele kusukela kuglue. Khona-ke sidinga ukufaka ibhulashi elithambile ephaketheni lethu (isibonelo, i-portvish yasendlini) futhi sithathe isikhundla esizinzile esiteji. Sivula iphepha lodonga elithambile, kusukela ekugoqeni okude, bese silibeka ophahleni ngezandla ezimbili. Sisekela ingxenye elengayo ngesandla sobunxele, futhi ngesandla sokunene, sisebenzisa ibhulashi, siqala ukushelela phakathi nendawo ebekiwe, kancane kancane siqhubekele emaphethelweni. Sizokwenza lo msebenzi ofanayo ngokugoba okufushane.
Lapho ufaka imichilo engezansi, elandelayo akumele idlule eyangaphambili ngaphezu kukahhafu we-cm. Uma sifinyelela ku-chandelier ophahleni, i-strip eqalisiwe kufanele ixutshwe kuze kufike ku-chandelier bese isithombe sangemuva kufanele sisikwe ngesikelo, ngokuvamile sifinyelele endaweni ye-chandelier, ukuze umugqa oqalisiwe ubekwe futhi ubushelelezi phezu kobude bonke (fig. 2).
SLIKA 2
Uphahla lulandelwa izindonga eziseceleni. Ukunamathisela amapheshana kufanele njalo kuqale ohlangothini olukhanyayo (kusuka ezindongeni eduze kwefasitela) (umkhiwane 3). Ukusabalalisa nokugoba imichilo kuyafana nophahla. Uma amaphephadonga ezindongeni ezisemaceleni aminyene, kufanele ashiywe isikhathi esithe xaxa ukuze athambe ngemuva kokusebenzisa iglue. Ngemva kokwembuleka, beka isiphetho somugqa ogcotshwe ngonyawo olulodwa ukuze singadabuki ngaphansi kwesisindo sawo. Uma sifika emaphethelweni alandelayo ngokubeka itheyipu, sibeka itheyipu eduze kodonga ngesandla esisodwa, ngokuhlangana kwesigamu se-cm, futhi ngesinye isandla silungisa ukunqwabelana okudingekayo ngobude phezulu naphansi. Ezindongeni ezisemaceleni, sidinga ukususa izembozo zokushintsha (uma zikhona) futhi, lapho ululaza isithombe sangemuva, senze ukuvuleka ngokusika usayizi ofanele (umkhiwane 2). Ngemva kwalokho, udinga ukufaka amakhava akhishiwe bese ubushelelezi izingxenye zikanxantathu wephephadonga (fig. 2).
SLIKA 3
Okubalulekile! Ngesikhathi se-upholstery nokudweba “okumanzi” kusebenza, amaswishi kagesi namapulaki kufanele avalwe kahle noma acishwe ukuze kungabi khona ukushaqeka kukagesi!
Uma sisebenzise into enamathelayo ijiyile kunalokho okudingekayo, kufanele sisule ngokucophelela imiphetho ebushelelezi yesithombe sangemuva ngendwangu ehlanzekile neyomile. Masikhethe amaphethini aphaphathekile, angacacile esizokwazi ukuwabeka ngembondela ngaphandle kobunzima.
Izithombe zangemuva ezinamaphethini ejiyomethri zingafakwa kuphela “ngama-stunts” futhi lokhu kudinga umsebenzi wochwepheshe nokucophelela.
Ikhwalithi yamaphephadonga ihluke kakhulu. Ukufaka okushibhile kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo izinhlobo ezincane zephepha lodonga (ezidabuka kalula) kuwumsebenzi onzima kwabaqalayo abangenalwazi. Kodwa futhi ngenxa yezinye izizathu, kungcono ukuthatha iphepha lodonga elinamandla futhi elinamandla, okungenzeka ukuthi ipulasitiki futhi iyawasheka. Kulula ukusebenza nabo, futhi umphumela womsebenzi uzinzile.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesithombe sangemuva
Izithombe zangemuva zemvelo. Zivame ukuphenduka zibephuzi, azivimbeli amanzi, zivuza umoya, isisindo sazo ngu-75-90 g/m2. Enziwe ngamathoni ampofu futhi ashibhile.
Isithombe sangemuva esingokwemvelo esinamaphethini. Zinezici ezifanayo njengezangaphambili, kodwa zinamaphethini.
Cast (ethandwayo) iphepha lodonga. Enziwe ngekhwalithi engcono enesisindo sephepha esiqinile 85-100 g/m2 ngamathoni anothile namaphethini anambithekayo.
Silk (noma i-Metaxa) isithombe sangemuva. Lezi zithombe zangemuva zephepha ziqine kakhulu, zinesisindo esingu-80-90 g/m2. Ubuso babo bucwebezela bucwebezela ngamaphethini agqamile, ahlotshiswe nge-mica, i-aluminium pigments nemibala yethusi. Zinokugcina umbala okuhle kakhulu, ziyaphefumula kodwa azikwazi ukuwashwa. Zingezezinhlobo ezingcono zephephadonga.
Velor noma amaphephadonga we-somatic. Zenziwe ngephepha eliqinile lapho izingcezu ezincane zikasilika nentambo kakotini zinanyathiselwa ngeglue enwebekayo. Ngale ndlela, iphepha lodonga lithola ukubukeka kwesici sendwangu, noma. i-velvet. Zenziwe ngemibala ehlukene ye-pastel futhi kungenzeka ukuthi amaphethini kuphela ahlanganiswe ngemicu kasilika (semi-velvet) noma yonke indawo (i-velvet egcwele). Zingagezwa ngokucophelela futhi ziyizinhlobo ezizinzile futhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Salubra sangemuva. Zenziwe ngephepha elifana nesikhumba ngamathoni acebile futhi anambithekayo, anama-prints aqoshiwe ukuze agcwalise izimbotshana zephepha ngopende wamafutha. Ngale ndlela, kutholakala amaphephadonga aqinile ahlangabezana nezidingo ezidlulele kakhulu futhi angahlanzwa kalula ngokugeza. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphephadonga wekhwalithi kusabalele kakhulu.
Isithombe sangemuva esinwetshiwe. Amaphephadonga wamaphepha wekhwalithi ephansi ngaphambilini anemibala ehlanganisa i-agent yokuhlakazeka kwamanzi (isb. nge-glutolin-tutcal) futhi ngemva kokoma ambozwa ngevarnish engenambala.
Ngale ndlela, isithombe sangemuva sekhwalithi ephezulu sitholakala, esihlala isikhathi eside futhi kulula ukusihlanza ngamanzi. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside (8-10 yrs.) i-varnish iyaguga futhi ithole imifantu.
Thinta (okunamathelayo ekuthinteni) isithombe sangemuva esinesisekelo esenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa. Zenziwe ngamathoni ahlukene kanye namaphethini ahlukene. Izinto zabo eziyisisekelo ziyiphepha (noma i-resin yokwenziwa), ubuso bawo bufakwe ngaphambili nge-resin yokwenziwa, futhi ngemuva wenziwe ngepulasitiki enamathelayo enefilimu evikelayo. Ngokuvamile ziba 0,56 m ngobubanzi futhi zithengiswa ngamaroli. Ukunamathisela lezi zithombe zamaphephadonga kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi i-foil yokuzivikela isuswe futhi amaphephadonga abekwe odongeni futhi abushelelezi ngendlela evamile. Abukho ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile obudingekayo ukuze ufake lawa maphephadonga. Ziphakathi kwezinhlobo zesimanjemanje nezisezingeni eliphezulu zesithombe sangemuva esihlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile.
Amaphephadonga azinamathiselayo
Izinhlobo zesimanjemanje zesithombe sangemuva amaphephadonga azinamathiselayo angahlanzwa ngamanzi.
Njengoba lezi zithombe zangemuva zibiza kakhulu, ukumboza izindawo ezinkudlwana zodonga ngazo ngeke kukonga. Noma kunjalo, kusanconywa futhi kushibhile ukumboza izingxenye zezindonga ekhishini nasendlini yokugezela - esikhundleni sama-tile - ngalawa maphephadonga.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isithombe sangemuva esinamathelayo asikwazi ukubekwa ngokuqondile odongeni oluncane ngoba uhlamvu oluxekethile lodonga oluncane aluqinisekisi ukunamathela okuhle, ngakho isithombe sangemuva sizohlukana nodonga.
Iphephadonga elizinamathiselayo lingafakwa kuphela ezindongeni ezikhonkolowe futhi ezinesihlabathi ezipendwe ngopende obungamafutha. Sizozisindisa ekumangaleni okungajabulisi uma sizama ukunamathisela nge-tape eyodwa encane. Uma itheyiphu yokuhlola ingasuswa kuphela odongeni ngomzamo omkhulu, noma uma singakwazi ukufinyelela ngaphansi kwesithombe sangemuva ngezinzipho zethu, singase siqale ukumboza yonke indawo (isib.4, ingxenye a).
Iphephadonga elinamathelayo elizinamathelayo
Uma ubuso bodonga esifuna ukumboza lukhulu, khona-ke ukunamathisela iphepha lodonga kufanele kuqale kusuka phezulu futhi kuqhubeke phansi. Ngezinzipho zethu, sidinga ukususa ucwecwe oluyisivikelo ngemuva kwephepha lodonga kubo bonke ububanzi beso70 mmubude bese unamathisela le ngxenye engxenyeni engenhla yodonga esifuna ukuyivala. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi isithombe sangemuva sime mpo. Khona-ke sithatha esandleni sethu sobunxele umqulu wephepha lodonga kanye nengxenye evuliwe ye-foil yokuzivikela bese siyehlisa kancane kancane, futhi ngendwangu ethambile, esiyibambe ngesandla sokunene, sicindezela futhi siqondanise iphepha lodonga odongeni (fig.4, ingxenye b). Kudinga iso ukuze kulungiswe amakhona100 mmgoqa (isib.4, ingxenye c).
SLIKA 4
Ubukhulu bephephadonga (imiqulu)
Igama Ububanzi (m) Ubude (m) Indawo (m)
evamile (okujwayelekile) 0,50 7,5 3,75
izilinganiso
Izilinganiso ezimaphakathi 0,57 10,5 5,97
I-Salubra - ubukhulu 0,80 10,5 8,40
Ubukhulu bezimbambo (10itheyiphu) 0,50 7,5 3,75
Izinto ezisizayo zokuqopha iphepha lodonga
Amashaja
Ingemuva lesithombe sangemuva. I-substrate ngokuya ngesimo esihlanganisiwe ingaqina futhi ibe uketshezi. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa iphepha eliqinile lemfucuza, okungukuthi i-newsprint endala. Uma iphephandaba likhulu futhi lidala, lizonamathela kangcono odongeni. Amaphephandaba aphrintiwe ngombala, anezinhlamvu ezigqamile, bese kuthi omagazini abanezithombe abafanele le njongo, njengoba imibala izovela ngamaphephadonga ephepha angenalutho.
Waste iphepha emiqulu. Lawa amaphepha ajwayelekile okuphrinta angenazo izinhlamvu eziphrintiwe, ngokuvamile amhlophe ngombala, awavamile ukuba nombala omncane. Okungukuthi, izinhlamvu eziphrintiwe zamaphephadonga wephepha ezilula uma kwenzeka zimanzi zingangena kupende futhi zingabangela amabala ahlukahlukene. Ububanzi bephepha lemfucuza ngokuvamile0,5 mnobude bomqulu20-50 m.
I-Gypsum plaster ene-glutolin
Kufanele kuthathwe500izingxenye ngesisindo sesisombululo se-glutolin, engeza kuso1000izingxenye ngesisindo se-stucco plaster,3. izingxenye ngesisindo sikafulawa wokhuni olucolisekile i1-2izingxenye ngesisindo se-talc. Xuba yonke into kahle namanzi ukuze ijiye ngokwanele isakazeke. Udaka kufanele lusetshenziswe ngaphakathi2ihora ngoba kungenjalo izobopha.
I-plaster ene-puttkal. Kufanele kuthathwe6izingxenye ngesisindo somnkantsha wethambo ozaciwe ngawo5%ngensipho ye-potassium ngesilinganiso se-approx1:1futhi uhlanganise1ngesisindo se-varnish yamafutha e-linseed bese wengeza ushoki okwanele ukuze usakaze ngokulinganayo odongeni nge-trowel. Le ngxube izonikeza ungqimba oloma ngokushesha futhi olungajwayele ukuqhekeka.
Izinto zokuvikela ukushisa
Iphepha le-asphalt yiphepha elilahliwe noma iphepha elijiyile kancane elifakwe kwisisombululo setiyela. Ithengiswa ngemiqulu yobubanzi 1,0 m. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, uhlangothi olukhulelwe nolucwebezelayo lubekwe odongeni, luqiniswe futhi luhlanganiswe nezinzipho.
Izinamathiselo
Ngaphezu kwezinamatheliso ezishiwo kakade zokukhiqiza kwethu - i-Tapetola ne-Tapa, amaglue e-cellulose (i-glutolin, i-methyl-cellulose, i-carboxy-methyl-cellulose, njll.) isetshenziswa. Zingahlakazeka kalula emanzini, azikwazi ukubunjwa, kulula ukusebenza nazo, futhi amandla azo okunamathela ayanelisa. Kwamanye amazwe, athengiswa ngendlela ye-granular, ngakho-ke ngokungeza inani elilungile lamanzi, angahlakazwa ngemva kwamaminithi angu-2-3 mamaminithi. Ngokuvamile ziqukethe izithasiselo zokuvimbela ukwakheka kwesikhunta nesikhunta.
Iglue eyenziwe ngama-resin okwenziwa. Imvamisa, lezi zinamathiselo zitholakala ngokwentengiso ngendlela yokuthi zingasetshenziswa ngokushesha. Zisetshenziselwa iphepha lodonga lepulasitiki lekhwalithi engcono. Ngalezi zinamathiselo, kungenzeka ukunamathisela isithombe sangemuva kuma-substrates anamandla aphansi okumunca (isb. imabula, imabula yokwenziwa).
Izinqubo ezisohlwini, izinto zokwakha namagama adluliselwe emthonjeni womlando. Ngaphambi komsebenzi, hlola umswakama, isikhunta, ukuthwala umthamo we-substrate, ukwakheka kwezingubo ezindala kanye nemiyalo yabakhiqizi bephephadonga lesimanje kanye nama-adhesives. Ukuhlinzeka ngokungenisa umoya kanye nesivikelo somuntu siqu esifanele; sebenza ngemimese nama-scrapers endaweni ezinzile, futhi usebenzise izitebhisi kuphela uma zibekwe kahle. Ngaphambi kokukhipha amakhava amaswishi, ukusebenza eduze kwezinto ezifakiwe noma ukusebenza eduze nezindawo zokukhanyisa, nqamula futhi uvikele ugesi, hlola ukuthi awekho amandla kagesi ngesihloli esifanelekile futhi uqashe osebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiwe uma kudingeka.