Inothi Lokuphepha Elibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ofakwe kungobo yomlando ovela ku-2017. unyaka, hhayi iphrojekthi, ukubala okumile noma imiyalelo yesimanje yokulungisa uphahla. Ukusebenza ekuphakameni, isakhiwo esisekelayo, amanzi kanye nezinto ezinzima zithwala izingozi ezinkulu. Umbhalo ukhuluma ngokomlando usimende we-asbestos kanye namabhodi e-salonite. Impahla equkethe noma engase ibe ne-asbestos akufanele ibhojwe, isikwe, iphulwe, isuswe noma ilahlwe ngaphandle kokuhlonza futhi ngochwepheshe abagunyaziwe, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yamanje. Yonke imisebenzi kufanele inikezwe abaklami abaqeqeshiwe kanye nosonkontileka. Izithombe nemidwebo ziyimifanekiso futhi azimeli amaphrojekthi aqinisekisiwe we-Savo Kusić.
Imisebenzi yokufulela ayiyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha wenkampani. Ukugxila kokukhiqiza kwamanje kufaka amafasitela okhuni, amawindi e-aluminium okhuni kanye neminyango eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Indima yophahla nezinhlobo zokumboza
Uphahla lungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo futhi lunomthelela ekuzinzeni kwaso. Ngenxa yezimo zezulu, njengemvula enamandla engazelele, ilanga elinamandla, umoya neqhwa kudala imithwalo eyengeziwe, umbhalo wangempela uchaza uphahla olunomthambeka omncane kanye nesikhala se-attic. Ngaphezu kophahla olumisiwe, kukhona nophahla oluyisicaba.
Phakathi kwezinto ezishiwo esihlokweni sokuqala sokufulela kukhona imihlanga, amashingles okhuni, amathayela ophahleni, i-eternite, i-salonite, insimbi yeshidi, amabhodi, i-ter-paper nezinto zepulasitiki.
Umdwebo wokufaka kungobo yomlando — izibonelo zezinto zokwakha.
Izimo zophahla
Ngokomumo, iwuphahla olulodwa olulula kakhulu, okungukuthi uphahla olulodwa olunomthamo omncane oya ohlangothini olulodwa. Ifaneleka ngokukhethekile izakhiwo ezinesisekelo esingunxande.
Uphahla lwegalaji luyisixazululo esivamile futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa lungenziwa ngemishayo emifushane futhi luvikele izindonga kangcono. Umbhalo wangempela ukhuluma ngophahla olunamatende njengesixazululo esingokomnotho sezakhiwo zomndeni zesimanje ezinesisekelo sesikwele. Ukwakhiwa kwazo kungenziwa ngemishayo emifushane uma kuqhathaniswa, achazwa njengezivikeli zokushisa ezinhle futhi anike amandla ukwakheka kwendawo ephezulu yokuwasha izingubo.
Uphahla lwe-Mansard ku-athikili yoqobo zilinganiselwe njengeziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zakhiwe futhi zigcinwe. Isicelo sabo siyafaneleka lapho isikhala se-attic sisetshenziselwa amakamelo, ngesimangalo sokuthi noma kunjalo ukonga kakhulu ukwakha phansi ngoba izindonga ishibhile kunokwakhiwa kophahla.
Ngokwezomnotho, umbhalo wokuqala uveza uphahla lwamatende ezakhiwo zomndeni, kanye nophahla olunophahla olulodwa lwezindlu zangezimpelaviki, ngoba zidinga impahla encane futhi kulula ukuzinakekela.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo — izimo zophahla eziyisisekelo.
Umsebenzi we-Canopy
Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wophahla ukuvikela isakhiwo emvuleni. Imvula neqhwa akuhlali kuthe njo: umoya neziphepho zingaqondisa imvula iqonde ezindongeni ngisho nalapho uphahla luqinile. Umsebenzi we-canopy kuma-eaves ukuvikela izindonga emiphumeleni enjalo.
Ukuze kwenziwe lula ukwakhiwa, imishayo yokusekela uphahla kanye nophahla ngokuvamile isekelwa i-cornice eyakhelwe ezindongeni. I-canopy ema-eves ingaxazululwa ngama-cornices anamathiselwe ngomthambeko omncane ezimpondweni esandisweni sawo.
Izindonga eziphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwesakhiwo sophahla zihlala ngaphandle kokuvikela uphahla, kuyilapho ukuhlangana kophahla nodonga kuyindawo ebucayi. Umbhalo wangempela wamukela isisombululo esinjalo kuphela sezindonga ezigayiwe ezihlukanisa isakhiwo nesakhiwo esingumakhelwane.
Ubude be-canopy nabo bubalulekile. Uma izikhonkwane zimfushane, izindonga azivikelekile ngokwanele, izingxenye ezingezansi zingase zibe nomswakama futhi ukhonkolo ungawa. I-canopy enkulu kakhulu, ngokusho kwesihloko sokuqala, ishiya umbono omubi. Emabhilidini omndeni anesitezi esisodwa namakotishi, ukujula okuhle kuyingxenye yesihlanu yobude bodonga oluseceleni.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo — izici zophahla nezibonelo ze-canopy.
Izinto kanye nesakhiwo esisekelayo sophahla
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zophahla yizintambo, i-ridge kanye ne-cornice ebekwe ezindongeni futhi ixhunywe ophahleni. Uphahla lungaba imishayo yokhuni, futhi umbhalo wokuqala ubuye ukhulume ngokwakhiwa kwendawo kakhonkolo. Okokuqala, izingubo zomshado zifakwa ezindongeni, bese kuba izisekelo ezibamba isigqoko, bese kuba izimpondo kusigqoko kanye nezinsimbi ezithwala ingubo.
Uma uklama izakhiwo zophahla, inhloso ukugcizelela imishayo. Umthwalo owelula uyagwenywa, ukuchezuka kuvinjelwa ngokusekela, nokubopha ngokufaka ama-elementi amafushane.
Amapulangwe okhuni alayishwe ngokuchezuka abekwe ukuze ubukhulu obukhulu besigaba esiphambanayo bume mpo. Umbhalo wangempela weluleka ukugwema ukhuni olunamafindo, ukhuni lapho amafayibha engekho ohlangothini lwe-longitudinal kanye nokhuni olomile olunganele oluthanda ukuguquguquka.
Ukhonkolo oqinisiwe ubhalwe njengenye yezinto zokwakha uphahla. Ububi bayo isisindo sayo esinzima, yingakho ivamise ukufakwa ne-crane. Kumapulanga kakhonkolo aqinisiwe, isigaba esiphambanayo 10 × 14 cm kanye nobude obujwayelekile nezisindo ezilandelayo kucacisiwe:
- 5,26 m — 145 kg;
- 4,62 m — 136 kg;
- 3,39 m — 94 kg;
- 2,14 m — 59 kg.
Emuva lale mishayo kuchazwe izinsimbi zensimbi zokubeka ama-laths, kanye neziphetho zensimbi ekugcineni ukuze zinamathiselwe ku-cornice nesigqoko sokuzivikela.
Emabhilidini amancane, i-athikili yoqobo ibhekisela kuma-gauge rails amancane njengamapulangwe. Iziphetho zama-rails zicutshungulwa nge-engeli edingekayo futhi izinyawo ezenziwe ngeshidi lensimbi enogqinsi lwe-4–6 mm zishiselwe kuzo. Izimpondo zixhunywe ngezikulufo ezimbotsheni ezinyaweni, nama-slats emigodini engaphezulu kwezinsimbi. Isisindo sesitimela esishiwo imitha ende ngu-12,5 kg.
Faka kungobo yomlando umdwebo — izibonelo zezisekelo zophahla nemininingwane yokumboza.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-SRB kusekela
Okuhlukile okukodwa kokwakhiwa kophahla kuchazwa embhalweni njengokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ze-SRB, okungukuthi, izisekelo ze-lattice ezenziwe ngamaphrofayili ensimbi namashidi. Zichazwa njengeziqinile, zilula futhi kulula ukuzihlanganisa nokubamba.
Abakaki bengxenye engunxantathu basekelwa kumakhoni kusetshenziswa amapuleti ensimbi eshidi ashiselwe emaphethelweni futhi ahlanganiswe ngezikulufo. Engxenyeni engenhla, endaweni yokhahlamba, ahlotshaniswa nezimpondo zolunye uhlangothi, ngakho-ke akukho ukhamba olukhethekile oludingekayo.
Isisekelo sesigaba sikanxantathu sibekwe ohlangothini olungaphezulu. Amapuleti ensimbi anezimbobo zokunamathisela ama-slats ashiselwe kuwo emabangeni athile. Izimpondo zezinhlangothi eziphambene zixhunywe izintambo ezinezikulufu eziqinisayo ukuze kudluliswe ukucindezela kwezinhlangothi kusuka ezindongeni kuya ezintanjeni.
Amapuleti ashiselwe achazwa njenganobukhulu bamathayela ophahleni. Kuma-slate slabs, kufakwa ama-longitudinal slats kuqala, bese kuba ama-slate asekela ama-slate.
Izakhiwo zophahla zezindawo ezisizayo, njengamathala, izikhala zengadi ezivulekile, amagaraji namashedi ezikebhe, nazo zichazwe esihlokweni sokuqala esinamapayipi anobubanzi okungenani obungu-50 mm kanye nobukhulu bodonga obungu-3 mm. Isisindo esishiwo ngu-3,8 kg imitha ngayinye ende futhi kulungiswa ngezikulufu M8 noma M10. Ngokomlando, amabhodi e-asbestos-simende kathayela ashiwo ngokwakhiwa okunjalo, lapho inothi lokuphepha elisekuqaleni kwesihloko libhekisela kukho.
Amakhava enziwe ngamathayili namapuleti kasimende we-asbestos
Isakhiwo sophahla kufanele silungiswe kusengaphambili kukhava ekhethiwe. Njengesembozo esivame kakhulu, umbhalo wokuqala ukhuluma ngamathayela abhakiwe, ngezindlela ezimbili:
- ithayela elimisiwe elijwayelekile elinobukhulu 40 × 21 × 2 cm;
- “upelepele” obunobukhulu 36 × 17,5 × 1,5 cm.
Kuthayela elijwayelekile, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-slat kokuthi 32 cm kucacisiwe, kanye nethayela elithi “pepper” 28 cm, elinikeza ukugqagqana kokuthi 8 cm. 32–60°.
Amathayili afakwe emigqeni ukusuka e-eaves ukuya ekhalweni. Amathayela emaphethelweni nasemakhoneni akhiwe ngesando. Embhalweni wangempela, ukulungiswa kuchazwa njengokuthatha indawo yethayela elilimele kusuka endaweni ye-attic. I-crest kanye ne-ridge kumbozwe ngemisele yobukhulu 33 × 20 × 12 cm, imisele exhumene.
Ngemitha yesikwele yendawo yophahla, 16 izingcezu zamathayela zicacisiwe, kanye nemitha edingekayo ye-ridge ne-ridge 3,5 amagatha. I-crest, i-crest kanye nokuphela ngokuvumelana ne-athikili yoqobo kuhlanganiswe nodaka lwekhwalithi ephezulu.
Umthombo uchaza ubukhulu bamabhodi osimende we-asbestos30×30noma40×40 cm, ngesikwele, i-rhomboid noma ifomu elijwayelekile elingenawo amakhona, kanye nama-halves nezingcezu ezimise okwezigqoko zokuzivikela kanye ne-skirting. Njengoba amapuleti ezwela ukungezwani nokuphuka, ama-battens achazwa ngokuthi abekwe ncamashi endizeni enqunyiwe.
Okwamabhodi ajwayelekile, ukugoqa kwe8 cm, batten izikhala ze21,5 cmnokulungisa iphaneli ngayinye ngezipikili ezimbili ngesiqeshana. Kusukela kubukhulu bamapuleti40 cmkuyashiwo10izingcezu ngemitha yesikwele sophahla.
Incazelo yomlando ithi imifantu ingalungiswa okwesikhashana nge-epoxy, kuyilapho isisombululo sokugcina siwukuthatha indawo ye-slab ngokususa ama-slabs onqenqemeni oluseduze noma i-ridge endaweni eyonakele. Ishiwo njengomthamo omncane omncane20°, futhi ophahleni oluyisicaba, ukunqwabelana kuyanda8ku10 cmfuthi ukuhlukana kwama-slats kunciphisa20 cm. Lezi zitatimende akufanele zisetshenziswe ezintweni eziqukethe noma ezingaqukatha i-asbestos; inothi lokuphepha kusukela ekuqaleni kwesihloko liyasebenza.
Ukudweba kungobo yomlando — izinhlobo nemininingwane yokufulela okungokomlando.
Salonit plate
Amabhodi e-salonit embhalweni wokuqala abhalwe njengolunye uhlobo lwamabhodi osimende we-asbestos. Amashidi acindezelwe ngothayela anogqinsi olulinganiselwa5 mm, ububanzi93 cmkanye namagagasi amahlanu. Ubude obaluliwe buyi1.250,1.600futhi2.500 mmnoma izinombolo eziphindwe kabili nama-quotients.
Kuphinde kukhulunywe namapuleti okuqina6 mm, ububanzi105 cm, nge7,5ubude begagasi nobude be122ku244 cmngezinyathelo ze15 cm. Ukufakwa ezakhiweni ezihlukahlukene zophahla ngaphandle kwama-slats kuchazwe.
Umfanekiso — ikhava yeshidi elidala likathayela; impahla ayizange ikhonjwe ilabhorethri.
I-athikili yoqobo ichaza ukuqiniswa kwamapuleti e-salonit anezikulufu ezimise okuka-U, J noma u-S, nge-gasket yerabha, iwasha namantongomane. Imbondela ye4ku15 cmkanye nomthambeka we50ku54°. Kukhona futhi okukhulunywa ngakho ngezingcezu zemfashini ze-helmet, i-ridge neziphetho.
Lena incazelo yomlando, hhayi incwadi yokusebenza. Amabhodi aqukethe noma angaqukatha i-asbestos akufanele abhojwe, ashaywe ngezibhakela, asuswe noma asuswe ngaphandle kosonkontileka ogunyaziwe kanye nesivikelo esinqunyiwe.
Amakhava enziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa, insimbi namakhadibhodi
Umthombo uchaza ishidi elibonisa ngale lezinto zokwenziwa eziqiniswe ngeshidi lensimbi nemicu yengilazi, ubukhulu2.060×800×2,5 mmkanye nesisindo3 kg. Kuphinde kubalulwe okwehlukile okufiphele kumaroli obubanzi1.750 mmkanye nesisindo3,5 kg/m, kanye nobukhulu bebhodi likathayela680×870×2.000 mmkanye nobukhulu bamapuleti ensimbi630×800×2.000 mm.
Amashidi ensimbi kufanele avikelwe ekugqwaleni, kuyilapho umbhalo wokuqala uthi amapuleti e-aluminium namapuleti enziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa akudingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.
Ophahleni olumbozwe ngamashidi ensimbi ayisicaba, i-slope icacisiwe kuze kube4°. Ngaphansi kwesembozo, i-formwork yebhodi eliyisicaba ifakwe ohlangothini lwe-slope, futhi emalungeni ama-plate slats ane-cross-section engunxantathu. Amashidi ahlanganiswa kulawa ma-slats ngokugoqa nokugoba. Ehlangothini eliphambene, ukugoqa okuyisicaba kwe5ku15 cmnoma goqa ngokugoqa kwe4ku8 cm, kuye ngomthambeka.
Ngokufanayo nesembozo sensimbi yeshidi, ukumbozwa kophahla kubuye kuchazwe, kuhlanganiswe ne-tar noma i-bitumen enzima ukuncibilika. Njengoba zikwazi ukuncibilika ekukhanyeni kwelanga okunamandla, umthombo utusa ungqimba lwetshe eliyindilinga elicolisekile nelihlanzekile, elibekwe ngesikhathi itiyela lifudumele, noma ukupenda uphahla olumnyama.
Ukudweba kungobo yomlando — imininingwane kakhonkolo, ithini nesembozo sikakhonkolo.
Amakhava kakhonkolo
Ukuze wenze ikhava ekhonkolo, umbhalo wangempela usho isidingo sebhodi lesakhiwo esiningi kanye namapulanga. Isho ukusetshenziswa kukasimende webhrendi 500 kanye nesexwayiso sokuthi ungayeqi izinto.
Umfanekiso — ama-slabs ophahla lukakhonkolo ngesikhathi sokwakha.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nomsebenzi, kufanele ulinde ukuthi okokusebenza kumiswe ngokuphelele. Ohlangothini olungezansi lwe-eaves, kukhona ama-drippers avimbela amanzi ukuthi angangeni ezindongeni. Uphahla luqala lumbozwe ungqimba oluwugqinsi lwezinhlamvu ezifanayo njengokufakwa kwe-thermal, futhi ungqimba lukakhonkolo lubekwe phezu kwalo.
Isihloko sokuqala sixwayisa ngokuthi uphahla lukakhonkolo olungakhiwe ngendlela efanele lungabangela izingozi ezimbi. Endabeni yezakhiwo ezincane, ukwakhiwa kophahla lonke ngesikhathi esisodwa kuboniswa ukubopha okuhle kwekhonkrithi, ngokuhlanganiswa okuhle kwekhonkrithi kanye nongqimba lwe-insulation of mash. Ukunakekela okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekuphetheni nasekukhipheni amanzi eduze kukashimula.
Ukulungisa uphahla lukakhonkolo kuchazwa njengomsebenzi onzima kakhulu, yingakho umsebenzi wokuqala wekhwalithi unconywa. Umthombo awuyincomi ezakhiweni zomndeni, kuyilapho kuchazwa ukuthi iyonga kumakotishi angempelasonto, ngokulungiselela kahle futhi inothi elifudumele. Kungakho umbhalo uphakamisa ukuthi kubekwe izakhiwo ezinesembozo sikakhonkolo emthunzini wezinye izakhiwo noma izihlahla.