INqaku loKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo: Le yitekisi yezemfundo egcinwe kuvimba 2017. unyaka, kwaye ingeyiyo iprojekthi, ukubala okumileyo okanye imiyalelo yanamhlanje yokulungisa uphahla. Ukusebenza kwindawo ephakamileyo, ukuxhasa isakhiwo, amanzi kunye nezinto ezinzima zithwala ingozi enkulu. Isicatshulwa ngokwembali sikhankanya i-asbestos-samente kunye neebhodi ze-salonite. Izinto eziqulethweyo okanye ezinokuthi ziqulethe i-asbestos akufanele ziqhutywe, zinqunywe, ziphulwe, zisuswe okanye zilahlwe ngaphandle kokuchongwa kunye neengcali ezigunyazisiweyo, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yangoku. Yonke imisebenzi kufuneka inikwe abaqulunqi abaqeqeshiweyo kunye neekontraka. Iifoto kunye nemizobo ziyimifanekiso kwaye ayimeli iiprojekthi eziqinisekisiweyo zeSavo Kusić.
Imisebenzi yokufulela ayiyonxalenye yentengiso entsha yenkampani. Ugxininiso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi zealuminiyam kunye neengcango ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.
Indima yophahla kunye neentlobo zokugquma
Uphahla yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zesakhiwo kwaye igalelo ekuzinzeni kwayo. Ngenxa yeemeko zemeteorological, ezifana nemvula enkulu ngokukhawuleza, ilanga elinamandla, umoya kunye nekhephu lidala imithwalo eyongezelelweyo, isicatshulwa sokuqala sichaza uphahla kunye ne-slope encinci kunye ne-attic space. Ukongeza kuphahla olumisiweyo, kukho nophahla olusicaba.
Phakathi kwemathiriyeli ekhankanywe kwinqaku lokuqala lokufulela kukho iingcongolo, iishingles zamaplanga, iithayile zophahla, i-eternite, i-salonite, i-sheet steel, iibhodi, i-ter-paper kunye nemathiriyeli yeplastiki.
*Gcina umzobo — imizekelo yezinto zokwakha.
Imilo yophahla
Ngokubhekiselele kwimilo, iyona nto ilula i-single-pitched, oko kukuthi uphahla olulodwa kunye ne-slope encinci ukuya kwelinye icala. Ilungele ngakumbi izakhiwo ezinesiseko soxande.
Uphahla lweGable luyisisombululo esiqhelekileyo kwaye sinzima ngakumbi, kodwa sinokwenziwa kwimiqadi emifutshane kwaye ikhusela iindonga ngcono. Umbhalo wokuqala ukhankanya uphahla olunentente njengesisombululo sezoqoqosho kwizakhiwo zentsapho zanamhlanje ezinesiseko sesikwere. Ulwakhiwo lwazo lunokwenziwa ngemiqadi emifutshane, ichazwa njengezithinteli ezifanelekileyo zobushushu kwaye yenza kube lula ukuyilwa indawo ephezulu yokumisa impahla.
Uphahla lweMansard kwinqaku lokuqala lulinganiswe njengobunzima bokwakha kunye nokugcinwa. Isicelo sabo sifanelekile xa indawo ye-attic isetyenziselwa amagumbi, kunye nebango lokuba nangona kunjalo kunoqoqosho ngakumbi ukwakha umgangatho ngenxa yokuba iindonga zinexabiso eliphantsi kunokwakhiwa kophahla.
Ngokwezoqoqosho, isicatshulwa sokuqala sikhetha uphahla lwentente kwizakhiwo zentsapho, kunye nophahla olulodwa lwezindlu zempelaveki, kuba zifuna imathiriyeli encinci kwaye kulula ukuyigcina.
Gcina umzobo — imilo yophahla esisiseko.
Canopy Function
Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wophahla kukukhusela isakhiwo kwimvula. Imvula kunye nekhephu azisoloko ziwa ngokuthe nkqo: umoya kunye nezaqhwithi zinokukhokelela imvula emacaleni ngasendongeni naxa uphahla luluhle. Umsebenzi wecanopy kwi-eves kukukhusela iindonga kwiimpembelelo ezinjalo.
Ukuze kube lula ukwakhiwa, iiplanga zenkxaso yephahla kunye neesilingi zihlala zixhaswa yi-cornice eyakhiwe kwiindonga. I-canopy ekwi-eves ingasonjululwa ngeecornices ezincanyathiselwe kunye nethambeka elincinane kwiimpondo ekwandisweni kwazo.
Iindonga eziphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwesakhiwo sephahla zihlala zingenalo ukukhuselwa kwephahla, ngelixa i-junction yophahla kunye nodonga yindawo ebuthathaka. Umbhalo wokuqala wamkela isisombululo esinjalo kuphela kwiindonga zegayibhile ezahlula isakhiwo kwisakhiwo esingummelwane.
Ubude bekhenopi nabo bubalulekile. Ukuba i-eves imfutshane, iindonga azikhuselwanga ngokwaneleyo, iindawo ezisezantsi zinokufuma kwaye udaka lunokuwa. I-canopy enkulu kakhulu, ngokwenqaku lokuqala, ishiya imbonakalo embi. Kwizakhiwo zentsapho ezinomgangatho omnye kunye nezindlu zangasese, ubunzulu obuhle sisinye kwisihlanu sobude bodonga olusecaleni.
Gcina umzobo — izinto zophahla kunye nemizekelo yecanopy.
Izinto kunye nesakhiwo esixhasayo sophahla
Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zephahla ziyi-rafters, i-ridge kunye ne-cornice ebekwe kwiindonga kwaye ixhunywe kwiifowuni. Iisilingi zinokuba yimiqadi yokhuni, kwaye umbhalo wokuqala ukhankanya nokwakhiwa kwekhonkrithi kwisiza. Okokuqala, iingubo zomtshato zibekwe ezindongeni, emva koko izixhaso ezibambe isigcina-ntloko, emva koko iimpondo kwisigcina-ntloko kunye neentsimbi ezithwala ingubo.
Xa uyila izakhiwo zephahla, injongo kukugxininisa imiqadi. Umthwalo wokolula uyaphetshwa, ukuphambuka kuthintelwa ngokuxhasa, kunye nokubopha ngokufaka izinto ezimfutshane.
Iiplanga zokhuni ezilayishwe ngokuphambuka zibekwe ukuze ubukhulu becala lecandelo labo elinqamlezayo lithe nkqo. Umbhalo wokuqala ucebisa ukuba kuthintelwe umthi onamaqhina, umthi apho iintsinga zingekho kwicala lobude kwaye umthi owomileyo ongonelanga othanda ukonakala.
Ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo idweliswe njengenye yezixhobo zokwakha uphahla. Ukungalungi kwayo ubunzima bayo obunzima, yingakho ngokuqhelekileyo ifakwe nge-crane. Kwiiplanga zekonkrithi ezomeleziweyo, icandelo elinqamlezayo 10 × 14 cm kunye nobude obulandelayo kunye nobunzima buchaziwe:
- 5,26 m — 145 kg;
- 4,62 m — 136 kg;
- 3,39 m — 94 kg;
- 2,14 m — 59 kg.
Emva kwale miqadi kuchazwe imivalo yentsimbi yokubeka iileyile, kunye neziphelo zentsimbi eziphelweni zokunamathisela kwi-cornice kunye nesigqoko.
Kwizakhiwo ezincinci, inqaku loqobo libhekisa kwigeyiji yeentsimbi ezimxinwa njengamaplanga. Iziphelo zeereyili zicutshungulwa kwi-angle efunekayo kunye neenyawo ezenziwe nge-sheet steel sheet kunye nobukhulu be-4–6 mm zifakwe kuzo. Iimpondo zifakwe kwi-screws kwimingxuma ezinyaweni, kunye ne-slats ngokusebenzisa imingxuma kwicala eliphezulu leeyile. Ubunzima bomzila obuxeliweyo ngemitha ende nganye ngu 12,5 kg.
Gcina umzobo — imizekelo yezixhaso zophahla kunye neenkcukacha zokugquma.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-SRB luxhasa
Olunye uhlobo lolwakhiwo lwephahla luchazwe kwisicatshulwa njengolwakhiwo lweenkxaso ze-SRB, oko kukuthi, i-spatial lattice isekela ezenziwe ngeeprofayili zetsimbi kunye namaphepha. Zichazwa njengezomeleleyo, zikhaphukhaphu kwaye kulula ukuzidibanisa nokubamba.
Iibakaki zecandelo le-triangular zixhaswa kwii-cornices ngokusebenzisa iiplati ze-sheet metal ezidityanisiweyo ukuya ekupheleni kwaye zilungiswe ngezikrufu. Kwindawo ephezulu, kwindawo yomqolo, zixhonywe ngeempondo zelinye icala, ngoko ke akukho mqolo ukhethekileyo ufunekayo.
Isiseko secandelo likanxantathu sibekwe kwicala eliphezulu. Amacwecwe esinyithi anemingxuma yokuncamathela ii-slats adityaniswe kuyo kwimigama ethile. Iimpondo zamacala achaseneyo zidityaniswe ngeentambo ezinezikhonkwane zoxinzelelo ukwenzela ukuhambisa uxinzelelo olusecaleni ukusuka kwiindonga ukuya kwiintambo.
Iipleyiti ezidityanisiweyo zichazwa njengemilinganiselo yeethayile zophahla. Kwizileyiti zesileyiti, ii-slate slats zifakwa kuqala, kuze emva koko kufakwe izileyiti ezixhasa amacwecwe.
Izakhiwo zophahla zeendawo ezincedisayo, ezifana neeterraces, iindawo zegadi ezivulekileyo, iigaraji kunye neeshedi zeenqanawa, nazo zichazwe kwinqaku lokuqala kunye nemibhobho enobubanzi obuncinci 50 mm kunye nobukhulu bodonga 3 mm. Ubunzima obuchaziweyo ngu 3,8 kg ngemitha ende kunye nokulungiswa ngezikrufu M8 okanye M10. Ngokwembali, iibhodi ze-asbestos-samente ezimdaka zikhankanywa kunye nolwakhiwo olunjalo, apho inqaku lokhuseleko elisekuqaleni kwenqaku libhekisa kulo.
Izigqubuthelo ezenziwe ngeethayile kunye neepleyiti ze-asbestos-samente
Isakhiwo sophahla kufuneka silungiswe kwangaphambili kwikhava ekhethiweyo. Njengesona sigqubuthelo sibanzi, umbhalo wokuqala ukhankanya iithayile ezibhakiweyo, ngeendlela ezimbini:
- umgangatho wethayile ehlaziyiweyo enemilinganiselo 40 × 21 × 2 cm;
- “pepper” ithayile enemilinganiselo 36 × 17,5 × 1,5 cm.
Kwithayile eqhelekileyo, isithuba se-slat se-32 cm sicacisiwe, kunye nethayile ye-“pepper” 28 cm, enika ukugqithela kwe-8 cm. 32–60°.
Iithayile zifakwe kwimiqolo ukusuka kwi-eves ukuya kwi-ridge. Iithayile emacaleni kunye neekona zenziwe ngehamile. Kwisicatshulwa sokuqala, ukulungiswa kuchazwa njengokutshintsha i-tile eyonakalisiweyo ukusuka kwindawo ye-attic. Ingca kunye nentlambo zigqunywe ngegrooves yemilinganiselo 33 × 20 × 12 cm, iigrooves ezidityanisiweyo.
Kwimitha yesikwere somgangatho wophahla, 16 iziqwenga zeethayile zichaziwe, kunye nemitha efunekayo yomqolo kunye nomqolo 3,5 iigutter. I-crest, i-crest kunye nesiphelo ngokwenqaku lokuqala zilungiswe ngodaka lwekalika olukumgangatho ophezulu.
Umthombo uchaza iibhodi ze-asbestos-samente zemilinganiselo 30 × 30 okanye 40 × 40 cm, kwisikwere, i-rhomboid okanye imilo eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kweekona, kunye neehafu kunye neengqungquthela eziqingqiweyo ze-skirting skirting. Kuba iipleyiti zinovakalelo kuxinzelelo kunye nokwaphuka, ii-battens zichazwa njengezibekwe ngokuchanekileyo kwinqwelomoya emiselweyo.
Iibhodi eziqhelekileyo, i-lap ye-8 cm, i-batten spacing ye-21,5 cm kunye nokuqiniswa kwebhodi nganye ngezikhonkwane ezibini ezinekliphu zicacisiwe. Kwiibhodi 40 cm, 10 iziqwenga kwi-square meter yophahla zichaziwe.
Inkcazo yembali ithi ukuqhekeka kunokulungiswa okwethutyana ngezinto ze-epoxy, ngelixa isisombululo sokugqibela kukubuyisela i-slab ngokususa amacwecwe ukusuka kumda osondeleyo okanye umgca kwindawo eyonakalisiweyo. I-20° icaciswe njenge-slope encinci, kunye nophahla oluthe tye, ukunyuka kwenyuka ukusuka ku-8 ukuya ku-10 cm kwaye isithuba se-batten siyancipha ukuya ku-20 cm. Ezi nkcazo akufanele zisetyenziswe kwizinto eziqulethe okanye ezinokuthi ziqulethe i-asbestos; inqaku lokhuseleko elisuka ekuqaleni kwenqaku liyasebenza.
Gcina umzobo — iintlobo kunye neenkcukacha zophahla lwembali.
Salonit plates
Iibhodi zeSalonite kwisicatshulwa sokuqala zidweliswe njengolunye uhlobo lweebhodi ze-asbestos-cement. Iipleyiti ezixinzelelweyo ezinobunzima obumalunga ne-5 mm, ububanzi be-93 cm kunye namaza amahlanu achazwe. Ubude obukhankanyiweyo bu 1.250, 1.600 kunye 2.500 mm okanye ii-multiples kunye nee-quotients ezipheleleyo.
Iileyiti ezinobungqingqwa 6 mm, ububanzi 105 cm, ezino 7,5 amaza nobude ukusuka 122 ukuya 244 cm kumanyathelo 15 cm zikhankanyiwe. Ukufakwa kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zephahla ngaphandle kwee-slats zichazwe.
*Umfanekiso - isigqubuthelo sephepha elidala; isixhobo asichongwanga elabhoratri.
Inqaku lokuqala lichaza ukuqina kweeplate ze-salonit kunye ne-U, J okanye i-S-screws ene-screws, kunye ne-rubber gasket, i-washer kunye ne-nut. Ukwaleka kwe4ukuya15 cmkunye nethambeka le50ukuya54°. Kukho kwakhona ukukhankanywa kweengcezu zefashoni kwi-helmet, i-ridge kunye neziphelo.
Le yinkcazo yembali, hayi incwadi yokusebenza. Iibhodi eziqulathe okanye ezinokuqulatha iasbestos akufuneki zombiwe, zibethelwe ngenqindi, zisuswe okanye zisuswe ngaphandle kwekontraka egunyazisiweyo kunye nokhuseleko olumiselweyo.
Amakhava enziwe ngezinto ezenziweyo, intsimbi kunye nekhadibhodi
Umthombo uchaza iphepha elicacileyo lezinto ezenziweyo eziqiniswe ngentsimbi yentsimbi kunye nemisonto yeglasi, imilinganiselo.2.060×800×2,5 mmkunye nobunzima3 kg. Ukwahluka kwe-opaque kwimiqulu yobubanzi ikwakhankanyiwe1.750 mmkunye nobunzima3,5 kg/m, kunye nemilinganiselo yebhodi edibeneyo680×870×2.000 mmkunye nemilinganiselo yeepleyiti zentsimbi630×800×2.000 mm.
Amacwecwe ensimbi kufuneka akhuselwe kwi-corrosion, ngelixa isicatshulwa sokuqala sichaza ukuba iipleyiti ze-aluminium kunye neeplate ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziweyo azidingi ukugcinwa okukhethekileyo.
Uphahla olugutyungelwe ngamashiti esinyithi esicaba, i-slope ichazwe ukuya kuthi ga4°. Ngaphantsi kwesigqubuthelo, i-formwork yebhodi yeplati ifakwe kwicala le-slope, kunye nakwiindawo ezidibeneyo ze-plate slats kunye ne-cross-section ye-triangular. Amaphepha adityaniswa kwezi slats ngokugoba nokugoba. Kwicala elinqamlezileyo, ukugotywa okusicaba kwe5ukuya15 cmokanye Songa ngogobe lwe4ukuya8 cm, kuxhomekeke kwithambeka.
Ngokufana nesigqubuthelo sentsimbi, isigqubuthelo sophahla sichazwe, sifakwe nge-tar okanye i-bitumen enzima ukuyinyibilika. Ekubeni zinokunyibilika kukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla, umthombo ucebisa umaleko wegrabile engqukuva necocekileyo, ebekwe ngelixa ibhitumene ishushu, okanye ipeyinte uphahla olumnyama.
Gcina umzobo — iinkcukacha zekonkile, inkonkxa kunye nodaka olugqunyiweyo.
Izigqubuthelo zekhonkrithi
Ukuze wenze isigqubuthelo sekhonkrithi, isicatshulwa sokuqala sichaza imfuno yebhodi eninzi yefom kunye neeplanga. Ixela ukusetyenziswa kwe-500 yesamente yophawu kunye nesilumkiso sokungatsibi kwizinto.
Umzekeliso — amacwecwe ophahla lwekhonkrithi ngexesha lokwakha.
Phambi kokuba uqhubeke nomsebenzi, kufuneka ulinde imathiriyeli ukuba imiswe ngokupheleleyo. Kwicala elisezantsi leeves, kukho iidrip ezithintela amanzi ukuba angavuzi esiya eludongeni. Uphahla luqale lugqunywe ngumaleko oshinyeneyo weenkozo ezifanayo njengogqumethelo lobushushu, kwaye kubekwa umaleko wekonkile phezu kwawo.
Inqaku lokuqala lilumkisa ukuba uphahla lwekhonkrithi olungakhiwanga kakuhle lunokubangela iingozi ezimandundu. Kwimeko yezakhiwo ezincinci, ukwakhiwa kwephahla lonke kanye kanye kuboniswa ukudibanisa okulungileyo kwekhonkrithi, kunye nokudibanisa kakuhle kwekhonkrithi kunye ne-insulation layer of mash. Ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe ekujikelezeni nasekukhupheni amanzi ajikeleze itshimini.
Ukulungisa uphahla lwekhonkrithi luchazwa njengomsebenzi onzima kakhulu, yingakho umsebenzi wokuqala womgangatho unconywa. Umthombo awucebisi kwizakhiwo zentsapho, ngelixa lichazwa njengezoqoqosho kwii-cottages zeveki, ngokulungiselela kakuhle kunye nenqaku elifudumeleyo. Yiyo loo nto isicatshulwa sicebisa ukuba kubekwe izakhiwo ezinesigqubuthelo sekhonkrithi emthunzini wezinye izakhiwo okanye imithi.