** Ceeb Toom Kev Nyab Xeeb Tseem Ceeb:** Nov yog cov ntawv sau tseg los ntawm 2017. xyoo, thiab tsis yog ib qhov project, static xam los yog cov lus qhia niaj hnub rau kev kho lub ru tsev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov siab, txhawb cov qauv, dej thiab cov khoom hnyav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj. Cov ntawv keeb kwm hais txog asbestos-cement thiab salonite boards. Cov khoom uas muaj lossis tej zaum muaj asbestos yuav tsum tsis txhob tho, txiav, tawg, tshem tawm lossis pov tseg yam tsis muaj kev txheeb xyuas thiab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, raws li cov cai tam sim no. Txhua yam haujlwm yuav tsum tau tso siab rau cov tsim nyog tsim nyog thiab cov neeg cog lus. Cov duab thiab cov duab kos yog qhov piv txwv thiab tsis sawv cev rau cov haujlwm uas tau lees paub ntawm Savo Kusić.
Roofing tej hauj lwm tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub tuam txhab txoj kev tshiab rau pej xeem. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim khoom tam sim no suav nrog ntoo qhov rais, ntoo-aluminium Qhov rais thiab lub qhov rooj tsim. Rau qhov project qhov rais lossis qhov rooj, koj tuaj yeem xa thov lus.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev thiab hom npog
Lub ru tsev yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev thiab ua rau nws ruaj khov. Vim yog huab cua huab cua, xws li nag lossis daus hnyav, lub hnub muaj zog, cua thiab daus ua rau muaj kev thauj khoom ntxiv, cov ntawv qub piav qhia txog lub ru tsev nrog txoj kab nqes me ntsis thiab qhov chaw qab nthab. Ntxiv rau lub ru tsev pitched, kuj muaj cov ru tsev tiaj tus.
Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais nyob rau hauv thawj tsab xov xwm rau vov tsev yog reeds, ntoo shingles, ru tsev vuas, eternite, salonite, ntawv hlau, boards, ter-paper thiab cov ntaub ntawv yas.
- Cov duab kos duab - piv txwv ntawm cov khoom tsim.*
Roof shapes
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov duab, nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ib leeg-pitched, piv txwv li ib lub ru tsev nrog ib txoj kab nqes me ntsis rau ib sab. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau cov tsev nrog lub hauv paus plaub.
Gable ru tsev yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem thiab me ntsis nyuaj, tab sis nws tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov kab teeb luv thiab tiv thaiv phab ntsa zoo dua. Cov ntawv qub hais txog lub ru tsev tented raws li kev daws teeb meem rau tsev neeg niaj hnub nrog lub hauv paus square. Lawv txoj kev tsim kho tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob luv luv, lawv tau piav qhia tias yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab ua kom muaj lub qhov rooj rau ziab khaub ncaws.
Mansard ru tsev nyob rau hauv thawj tsab xov xwm tau ntsuas raws li txoj kev tsim thiab tswj. Lawv daim ntawv thov yog kev ncaj ncees thaum lub qab nthab yog siv rau cov chav, nrog rau kev thov hais tias txawm ces nws yog ib qho kev lag luam ntau dua los tsim ib lub tsev vim cov phab ntsa pheej yig dua lub ru tsev.
Hais txog kev khwv nyiaj txiag, cov ntawv qub sau tawm cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub rau tsev neeg, thiab cov ru tsev ib leeg rau cov tsev so, vim lawv xav tau cov khoom siv tsawg dua thiab yooj yim rau kev tswj xyuas.
Archive drawing — yooj yim ru tsev duab.
Canopy Function
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub ru tsev yog tiv thaiv lub tsev los ntawm nag lossis daus. Los nag thiab daus tsis tas yuav poob ntsug: cua thiab cua daj cua dub tuaj yeem tso nag lossis daus los ntawm phab ntsa txawm tias lub ru tsev tsis zoo. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub canopy ntawm lub eaves yog los tiv thaiv cov phab ntsa los ntawm tej kev cuam tshuam.
txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim kho kom yooj yim, cov rafters ntawm lub ru tsev txhawb nqa thiab qab nthab feem ntau txhawb nqa los ntawm cornice ua rau ntawm phab ntsa. Lub canopy ntawm lub eaves yuav daws tau nrog cornices txuas nrog ib tug me me txoj kab nqes rau lub horns nyob rau hauv lawv extension.
Cov phab ntsa tsa saum lub ru tsev nyob twj ywm tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv lub ru tsev, thaum qhov sib txuas ntawm lub ru tsev thiab phab ntsa yog qhov chaw rhiab heev. Cov ntawv qub lees txais cov kev daws teeb meem no tsuas yog rau cov phab ntsa gable uas cais lub tsev ntawm lub tsev nyob sib ze.
Qhov ntev ntawm lub canopy kuj tseem ceeb. Yog tias cov eaves luv luv, cov phab ntsa tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus, qhov qis tuaj yeem ntub thiab cov plaster tuaj yeem poob. Ib tsob ntoo uas loj dhau, raws li cov ntawv qub, tawm qhov kev xav tsis zoo. Rau tsev neeg ib-zaj dab neeg thiab tsev tsev, qhov tob zoo yog ib feem tsib ntawm qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa.
Archive drawing — ru tsev cov ntsiab lus thiab canopy piv txwv.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub ru tsev
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ru tsev yog cov rafters, lub voj voog thiab cov cornice tso rau ntawm phab ntsa thiab txuas nrog lub qab nthab. Qab nthab tuaj yeem yog cov kab ntoo, thiab cov ntawv qub tseem hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm qhov chaw. Ua ntej, cov kab tshoob dresses tau muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa, tom qab ntawd cov kev txhawb nqa uas tuav lub kaus mom, tom qab ntawd cov horns ntawm lub kaus mom thiab cov battens uas nqa daim pam.
Thaum tsim cov qauv ru tsev, lub hom phiaj yog los txhawb cov kab teeb. Stretching load yog zam, deflections yog tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txhawb nqa, thiab buckling los ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntsiab lus luv.
Ntoo beams loaded nyob rau hauv deflection yog muab tso kom qhov loj tshaj plaws dimension ntawm lawv cross-section yog ntsug. Cov ntawv qub qhia kom tsis txhob muaj cov pob txha ntoo, ntoo qhov twg cov fibers tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntev thiab cov ntoo qhuav tsis txaus ua rau deformation.
Reinforced qhob yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho lub ru tsev. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog nws qhov hnyav, uas yog vim li cas nws feem ntau ntsia nrog lub crane. Rau cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv, ntu ntu 10 × 14 cm thiab cov qauv hauv qab no thiab qhov hnyav tau teev tseg:
- 5,26 m — 145 kg;
- 4,62 m — 136 kg;
- 3,39 m — 94 kg;
- 2,14 m — 59 kg.
Ntawm lub nraub qaum ntawm cov kab teeb no tau piav qhia cov hlau tuav rau kev tso cov laths, nrog rau cov hlau xaus ntawm qhov kawg rau kev txuas rau cornice thiab kaus mom hlau.
Ntawm cov tsev me me, thawj tsab xov xwm hais txog nqaim gauge rails li rafters. Qhov kawg ntawm cov ntsia hlau yog ua tiav ntawm lub kaum sab xis uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov ntawv hlau nrog lub thickness ntawm 4–6 mm yog welded rau lawv. Cov horns yog txuas nrog screws los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau hauv lub taw, thiab cov slats los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub ntsia. Qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub meter ntev yog 12,5 kg.
Khoom kos duab — piv txwv ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub ru tsev thiab npog cov ntsiab lus.
Kev tsim kho ntawm SRB txhawb
Ib qho txawv ntawm kev tsim kho lub ru tsev tau piav qhia hauv cov ntawv nyeem raws li kev tsim kho ntawm SRB kev txhawb nqa, uas yog, spatial lattice txhawb nqa ua los ntawm steel profiles thiab nplooj ntawv. Lawv tau piav raws li khov kho, lub teeb thiab yooj yim rau kev sib sau thiab tuav.
Cov hlua ntawm daim duab peb sab tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov cornices los ntawm cov ntawv hlau phaj welded mus rau qhov kawg thiab tsau nrog screws. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ridge, lawv hinged nrog lub horns ntawm lwm sab, yog li tsis muaj tshwj xeeb ridge yog xav tau.
Lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab peb sab yog muab tso rau sab sauv. Cov ntawv hlau hlau nrog qhov rau txuas slats yog welded rau nws ntawm qee qhov deb. Cov horns ntawm sab nraud yog txuas nrog cables nrog tensioning screws thiaj li yuav hloov lub lateral siab ntawm phab ntsa mus rau cables.
Welded daim hlau tau piav qhia raws li qhov ntev rau cov vuas vov tsev. Rau slate slabs, longitudinal slats yog ntsia ua ntej, thiab ces cov slats txhawb cov slabs.
Cov vaj tsev ntawm cov chaw pabcuam, xws li terraces, qhib vaj chaw, chaw nres tsheb thiab lub nkoj nkoj, kuj tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm tseem ceeb nrog cov kav dej uas muaj txoj kab uas hla tsawg kawg 50 mm thiab phab ntsa tuab ntawm 3 mm. Qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav yog 3,8 kg ib lub meter ntev thiab kho nrog cov ntsia hlau M8 lossis M10. Keeb kwm, corrugated asbestos-cement boards tau hais nrog xws li kev tsim kho, uas daim ntawv ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm hais txog.
Npog ua los ntawm cov vuas thiab asbestos-cement daim hlau
Cov qauv ru tsev yuav tsum tau kho ua ntej rau lub hau xaiv. Raws li kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws, cov ntawv qub hais txog cov vuas ci, ua ob hom:
- txheem recessed pobzeb nrog qhov ntev 40 × 21 × 2 cm;
- “kua txob” pobzeb nrog qhov ntev 36 × 17,5 × 1,5 cm.
Rau cov pobzeb qauv, qhov sib txawv ntawm 32 cm tau teev tseg, thiab rau cov pobzeb “kua txob” 28 cm, uas muab qhov sib tshooj ntawm 8 cm. 32–60°.
Vuas yog nruab rau hauv kab ntawm lub eaves mus rau lub ridge. Cov vuas ntawm cov npoo thiab cov ces kaum yog zoo li tus rauj. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntawv nyeem, kev kho yog piav raws li kev hloov cov pobzeb puas los ntawm lub qab nthab. Lub crest thiab ridge yog them nrog grooves ntawm qhov ntev 33 × 20 × 12 cm, interconnected grooves.
Rau ib square meter ntawm lub ru tsev saum npoo, 16 daim ntawm cov vuas yog teev, thiab rau qhov yuav tsum tau ‘meter’ ntawm ridge thiab ridges 3,5 gutters. Lub crest, crest thiab xaus raws li tus thawj tsab xov xwm yog tsau nrog zoo txiv qaub mortar.
Lub hauv paus piav qhia qhov ntev ntawm asbestos-cement boards30×30los yog40×40 cm, nyob rau hauv square, rhomboid los yog txheem daim ntawv tsis muaj fab, ua ke nrog halves thiab zoo li tus daim rau kaus mom hlau thiab skirting. Txij li cov phaj yog rhiab heev rau kev nro thiab tawg, cov battens tau piav qhia tias tau muab tso rau hauv lub dav hlau tau teem tseg.
Rau standard boards, ib tug quav ntawm8 cm, batten spacing ntawm21,5 cmthiab kho txhua lub vaj huam sib luag nrog ob tus ntsia hlau nrog ib qho clip. Los ntawm phaj qhov ntev40 cmnws tau hais10pieces ib square meter ntawm lub ru tsev.
Cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm hais tias cov kab nrib pleb tuaj yeem kho tau ib ntus nrog epoxy, thaum qhov kev daws teeb meem kawg yog los hloov cov slab los ntawm kev tshem cov slabs ntawm ntug ze tshaj plaws los yog ridge mus rau qhov chaw puas. Nws yog teev raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab nqes20°, thiab rau lub ru tsev flatter, qhov sib tshooj nce nrog8ntawm10 cmthiab qhov sib nrug ntawm cov slats txo mus rau20 cm. Cov nqe lus no yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau cov khoom uas muaj lossis muaj asbestos; daim ntawv ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb txij thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm siv.
- Cov duab kos duab - hom thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm vov tsev.*
Salonit daim hlau
Salonit boards nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntawv sau npe yog ib hom asbestos-cement boards. Corrugated pressed nplooj ntawv nrog lub thickness ntawm approx5 mm, dav93 cmthiab nrog tsib nthwv dej. Qhov ntev uas tau teev tseg yog1.250,1.600thiab2.500 mmlos yog lawv tus lej ntau ntau thiab cov quotients.
Cov phaj tuab kuj tau hais6 mm, dav105 cm, nrog7,5wavelength thiab ntev ntawm122rau244 cmhauv cov kauj ruam ntawm15 cm. Kev teeb tsa ntawm ntau lub ru tsev tsis muaj slats tau piav qhia.
- Cov duab kos - qub corrugated ntawv npog; cov khoom tsis raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev kuaj.*
Thawj tsab xov xwm piav qhia txog kev fastening ntawm salonit daim hlau nrog U, J los yog S-shaped screws, nrog ib tug roj hmab gasket, ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab txiv ntseej. Lub overlay ntawm4rau15 cmthiab txoj kab nqes ntawm50rau54°. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus hais txog kev zam rau lub kaus mom hlau, ridges thiab xaus.
Qhov no yog cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm, tsis yog phau ntawv ua haujlwm. Cov laug cam uas muaj lossis muaj cov asbestos yuav tsum tsis txhob tho, xuas nrig ntaus, txav los yog tshem tawm yam tsis muaj tus neeg cog lus tso cai thiab kev tiv thaiv.
Npog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog, hlau thiab duab los qhia
Lub hauv paus piav qhia txog daim ntawv pob tshab ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog ntxiv nrog cov ntawv hlau thiab iav xov, qhov ntev2.060×800×2,5 mmthiab hnyav3 kg. Ib qho opaque variant nyob rau hauv dav yob kuj tau hais1.750 mmthiab hnyav3,5 kg/ m, nrog rau corrugated board qhov ntev680×870×2.000 mmthiab steel phaj qhov ntev630×800×2.000 mm.
Cov ntawv hlau yuav tsum raug tiv thaiv los ntawm kev xeb, thaum cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb hais tias cov ntawv txhuas thiab cov phaj ua los ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog tsis tas yuav muaj kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb.
Rau cov ru tsev npog nrog cov ntawv hlau tiaj tus, txoj kab nqes yog teev txog li4°. Nyob rau hauv lub hau, ib tug ca board formwork yog muab tso rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kab nqes, thiab nyob rau hauv cov pob qij txha ntawm cov phaj slats nrog ib tug triangular cross-section. Cov nplooj ntawv tau koom nrog cov slats no los ntawm folding thiab khoov. Nyob rau hauv lub transverse kev taw qhia, ib tug ca quav ntawm5rau15 cmlos yog quav nrog quav ntawm4rau8 cm, nyob ntawm txoj kab nqes.
Zoo ib yam li daim ntawv hlau npog, lub ru tsev npog kuj tau piav qhia, coated nrog tar los yog nyuaj-rau-melt bitumen. Txij li thaum lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci muaj zog, qhov chaw pom zoo ib txheej ntawm finely rounded thiab huv gravel, teem thaum lub bitumen sov, los yog pleev xim rau ib tug tsaus ru tsev nto.
- Cov duab kos duab - cov ntsiab lus ntawm pob zeb, tin thiab plaster npog.*
Qhob npog
Yuav kom ua tau ib lub npog pob zeb, cov ntawv qub hais tias yuav tsum muaj ntau lub rooj tsavxwm thiab rafters. Nws hais txog kev siv 500 hom cement thiab ceeb toom kom tsis txhob skimp ntawm cov khoom.
- Cov duab kos - pob zeb ru tsev slabs thaum siv.*
Ua ntej ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv, koj yuav tsum tos kom cov khoom teeb tsa tiav. Nyob rau sab qis ntawm eaves, muaj cov drippers uas tiv thaiv dej los ntawm cov phab ntsa. Lub ru tsev yog thawj zaug them nrog ib txheej tuab ntawm mash ntawm cov nplej zoo li thermal rwb thaiv tsev, thiab ib txheej ntawm pob zeb muab tso rau nws.
Thawj tsab xov xwm ceeb toom tias lub ru tsev ua tsis raug cai tuaj yeem ua rau muaj xwm txheej loj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsev me, kev tsim kho ntawm tag nrho lub ru tsev nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm yog qhia rau kev ua vaj tse zoo, nrog zoo compaction ntawm cov pob zeb thiab cov rwb thaiv tsev txheej ntawm mash. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau edging thiab tso dej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub chimney.
Kev kho lub ru tsev pob zeb tau piav qhia tias yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj, uas yog vim li cas kev ua haujlwm thawj zaug tau pom zoo. Lub hauv paus tsis pom zoo rau tsev neeg cov tsev, thaum nws tau piav raws li kev lag luam rau lub tsev so rau hnub so, nrog kev npaj zoo thiab sau ntawv tias nws sov. Yog vim li ntawd cov ntawv qhia kom muab cov tsev nrog cov pob zeb npog hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lwm lub tsev lossis ntoo.