Qaphela kungobo yomlando: Umbhalo ulondoloza izimangalo zomlando nezibalo ezivela ku-athikili yoqobo. Azibuyekezwanga kontanga futhi azimeleli iphrojekthi yamanje, ukubala okumile, ukucaciswa komlilo, isimemezelo semvelo noma isilinganiso sezindleko. Ukuze uthole isicelo esithile, imithethonqubo esebenzayo, imibhalo yomkhiqizi kanye nochwepheshe abagunyaziwe abafanelekile kuyadingeka.
Amaphaneli e-CLT kanye nomklamo wezakhiwo ze-CLT akwethulwanga njengengxenye yesipho somphakathi samanje se-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela neminyango ngokwezifiso.
Esihlokweni esandulele “Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokwakha - CLT” sikwethulele ingqikithi yokwakhiwa kwe-CLT, futhi kulo mbhalo sizofaka kuhlu izinzuzo eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo ezinikezwa ubunjiniyela be-CLT.
Zisuka nje, sizoveza ukuthi yonke inzuzo ikufanele ukunakwa nokuthi ngakho konke ukutadisha kwalo mkhakha, izinzuzo zikhula ihora nehora. Nokho, okwamanje sizogqamisa 6 asobala kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe bamaphaneli okhuni anamapulangwe anezingqimba eziningi bumele ubuchwepheshe besimanjemanje futhi into ezokwaziswa kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Thola ngezansi ukuthi i-CLT ithengeka kuphela kubantu abanamaphakethe ajulile.
Inzuzo 1 - Ukuzinza
Ukuqina kokhuni sekuvele kwaziwa kakhulu, kodwa akukubi ukukuphinda. Izihlahla zisebenza njengesipontshi esimunca i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Nakuba simunca isikhutha, lesi sihlahla ngesikhathi esisodwa sikhipha umoya-mpilo emoyeni. Uma ukhuni “lumunca” ikhabhoni, kamuva lukhishwa okhunini kuphela uma loma ngokwemvelo noma uma lushisiwe. Lapho ukhuni lucutshungulwa ngomshini, isikhutha sivaleleke entweni ebunjiwe.
Ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yokhuni oluqinile ekwakheni isakhiwo, izinto zizonciphisa i-carbon dioxide:
- 1m3 CLT amaphaneli azosusa 0.8 amathani e-carbon dioxide emkhathini, ngakho-ke amaphaneli 1m3 CLT azoba nesilinganiso esingu-240 kuya 250kg carbon dioxide kuwo
- Ukukhiqizwa kukasimende kuphumela ekukhishweni kwe-870kg carbon dioxide ngethani likasimende (“Imboni kasimende inendima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu”, uDkt. Robert McCaffrey wephephabhuku elithi “Cement and lime”.
- Ukukhiqizwa kukasimende kudala cishe amathani angu-1.75 okukhishwa kwesikhutha ngethani ngalinye lensimbi ekhiqizwayo (The Carbon Trust)
- I-Granular slag (ingxube evamile yokuthi 40-50%) inganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide, kodwa cishe 100-130kg ngethani (Ecocem)
Amaphaneli ezinkuni ze-CLT angakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuncane bokungcolisa, amandla aphansi, amanzi ahlanzekile amancane kanye nemfucuza eyi-zero ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza.
Inzuzo 2 - Ukuqina kwesakhiwo
Amaphaneli esakhiwo esinamathelisa amaningi angasetshenziselwa ukwakha (izindonga, phansi, ophahleni) noma njengengxenye yezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe, futhi ngenxa yenqubo yokukhiqiza “yokuhlobisa i-lamination”, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza amaphaneli azinzile anomamo ahlukahlukene abukekayo. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwamaphaneli kunikeza ukuqina okubalulekile kanye nezakhi zodonga ezinganwetshwa njengama-cantilevers. Amakhono esakhiwo sokuhlobisa amaphaneli ezinkuni aminated afana nalawo okhonkolo futhi angasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo.
Okunye okubakhathaza kakhulu abasebenzisi bokugcina abanemikhiqizo yokhuni oluqinile kanye nokwakhiwa kwamapulangwe ahlukene phakathi umlilo. Ukwesaba ukuthi isakhiwo esenziwe ngokhuni sizoshisa ngokuphelele uma kunomlilo, kodwa-ke, siwukhuni; njengoba nje ingilazi izoncibilika, njengoba nje ukhonkolo uzoqhekeka. Umbuzo obalulekile empeleni ukubikezelwa kwempahla emlilweni nokuthi ingashisa isikhathi esingakanani ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo. Izinkuni empeleni zibikezelwa kakhulu emlilweni - ungqimba lwangaphandle lwephaneli yamapulangwe e-cross-laminated luzovutha umlilo kuqala, bese lwakha ungqimba lwe-insulation oluhlinzeka 30,60 noma amaminithi amaningi okumelana nomlilo, kuye ngenombolo nosayizi wephaneli.
Inzuzo 3- Izindlela zokwakha ezilula
CLT amasistimu afakiwe kubuchwepheshe be-MMC ngenxa yenqubo elula nesheshayo yokwakha. Amaphaneli ahlome kakhulu ngezikulufo zokhuni ezizishayayo kanye nezisekelo zensimbi, okusheshisa kakhulu inqubo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokwakha zendabuko. Ividiyo http://youtu.be/bURy80-ZE7Y ibonisa ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlala yangasese e-Highgate (United Kingdom) eyakhiwe ngu-“BLISS” kusetshenziswa amaphaneli e-CLT ahlinzekwe ngu-“KLH UK”. Ngenxa yokubekezelelana okuhle kwamaphaneli enziwe efektri, ukuvala ie. ukuqina komoya phakathi kwamalunga kungafinyelelwa ngegwebu elicindezelwe ngaphambili kanye/noma i-tape ekhethekile enamathiselwe phezu kwamalunga angaphandle. Njengoba exhumene, amaphaneli ane-laminated ahlinzeka ngokushesha okomile, okumelana nesimo sezulu ngaphandle kwezinsiza zesikhashana. Lokhu kunikeza ungqimba olungaphandle oluvikelayo olusebenza njengegobolondo elingangenwa amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu. Amapaneli e-CLT angalethwa ngokuqeda okuhlukene, ngakho-ke ikhasimende linethuba lokukhetha ukuthi lifuna imvelo eveza ukubukeka kwemvelo kwezinkuni, noma ukuthi udonga luzombozwa ngenye impahla. Njengoba amaphaneli enziwa ukulinganisa efektri, imfucuza endaweni yokufaka incane futhi inqubo yokwakha ithulile futhi ihlanzekile ngemishini namathuluzi amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokwakha zendabuko. Ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lwe-CLT kusekela ukugunyazwa kosonkontileka.
Inzuzo 4 - Ukonga Imali
Izindleko zokwakha isakhiwo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bephaneli ye-CLT kufanele zibhekwe endaweni ebanzi futhi isikhathi eside. Okunikezwa ngokubalwa kwamanje kokwakhiwa, ngesikhathi sokuxhashazwa kwesakhiwo, kuba isibalo esincishiswa kakhulu kumsebenzisi. Ukonga izindleko ngalokhu kwakhiwa kutholakala kuyo yonke impilo yephrojekthi eyakhiwe. Ijubane lokwakha linciphisa lonke uhlelo lokwakha, okuholela ekuncipheni komsebenzi wokuqala kasonkontileka, kunciphisa izindleko zikasonkontileka futhi kwehlisa izindleko zokwakha zeklayenti lokugcina. Ukwehliswa kwesamba sezindleko zokwakha iphrojekthi kusekelwe kulokhu:
- Isisindo esincane esakhiweni sisonke siphumela ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esingaphansi/isisekelo esongayo (ukhonkolo oluncane)
- Ukuhlela kungasheshiswa; isibonelo amafasitela anga-odwa kusengaphambili njengoba kunezinga eliphezulu lokunemba elinikezwa ngokunemba ukusika kwe-CNC
Inzuzo ye-5 - Ukonga isikhathi
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, isivinini esisebenzayo sokwakha ngalawa maphaneli ezinkuni singaqinisekisa ukonga isikhathi esibalulekile kuphrojekthi. Njengezinto ezenziwe ezimbonini, azidingi ezinye izinto ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ngakho-ke bambalwa abantu abahilelekile ekwakhiweni, futhi amaphaneli e-CLT afika esizeni alungele ukuhlanganiswa. Ukonga okulandelayo kuyafinyelelwa:
- Amasevisi okwakha - cishe 30-50% ngokushesha
- Ukufakwa kwamawindi nezicabha- 20-30% ngokushesha
- Ukufaka- 20-30% ngokushesha
Inzuzo ye-6 - Ukuvumelana nezimo komklamo
Izindlela amaphaneli we-CLT angasikwa futhi ahanjiswe ngayo zivumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwedizayini kanye nenkululeko yezakhiwo.
Ukuze usebenzise amandla amakhulu e-CLT, kubalulekile ukuba nomklamo ocacile osayinwe kusengaphambili yiklayenti kanye neqembu lonke lokuklama, ngoba ukucaca nokunemba kwepulani yephrojekthi ngokwayo (ukulungiselela) kubaluleke kakhulu njengokwakhiwa ngokwayo.
Izinkuni ziwumsebenzi okulula ukuwucubungula, futhi imishini yanamuhla ye-CNC inikeza ithuba lokucutshungulwa okufanayo kwezakhi namajika, ngendlela abaklami nabadwebi bezakhiwo ababekucabange ngayo.
Kuze kube manje, ngaphezu kuka-280 kwezindlu ezinjalo zakhiwe e-Great Britain. Njengoba ukuqwashisa ngemibono enjalo kuye kwakhula eminyakeni yamuva, izinkampani eziningi ziye zathuthuka ezenza lolu hlobo lwezinto. Umdwebi wamapulani u-Alek de Rijke uthi: “Uma 19. ikhulu leminyaka kwakuyikhulu lensimbi, 20. ikhulu leminyaka likakhonkolo, bese 21. ikhulu leminyaka lihlobene nokwakha ngokhuni”.