Chidziwitso Chosunga Kale: Mawuwa akusunga mbiri yakale komanso ziwerengero zochokera m’nkhani yoyambirira. Sanawunikidwe ndi anzawo ndipo sakuyimira pulojekiti yamakono, kuwerengera kosasunthika, mawonekedwe amoto, kulengeza zachilengedwe kapena kuyerekezera mtengo. Pa ntchito yapadera, malamulo ovomerezeka, zolemba za opanga ndi akatswiri ovomerezeka oyenerera amafunikira.
Mapanelo a CLT ndi mapangidwe a nyumba za CLT sizikuperekedwa ngati gawo lazopereka zapagulu za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika pano ndi mazenera ndi zitseko.
M’nkhani yapitayi “Tekinoloje yatsopano yomanga - CLT” tidakudziwitsani zoyambira za zomangamanga za CLT, ndipo m’malembawa tilemba maubwino asanu ndi limodzi operekedwa ndi uinjiniya wa CLT.
Pachiyambi pomwe, tidzalongosola kuti ubwino uliwonse uli wofunika kuusamalira ndi kuti ndi phunziro lililonse la gawoli, mapindu amatuluka ola ndi ola. Komabe, tiwunikira pakadali pano 6 zowonekera kwambiri.
Ukadaulo wamitundu yambiri yomatira matabwa umayimira ukadaulo wamakono wamakono ndi chinthu chomwe chidzayamikiridwa kwambiri m’tsogolomu. Dziwani pansipa ngati CLT ndi yotsika mtengo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matumba akuya.
Ubwino 1 - Kukhazikika
Kukhazikika kwa nkhuni kale kumadziwika bwino, koma sikuli koipa kubwereza. Mitengo imakhala ngati siponji yomwe imayamwa mpweya woipa kuchokera mumlengalenga. Pamene mtengowo umayamwa carbon dioxide, nthawi imodzi umatulutsa mpweya m’mlengalenga. Mtengowo ukangotenga mpweya wa carbon, umatuluka mumtengowo pokhapokha ukauma mwachibadwa kapena ukawotchedwa. Mitengo ikakonzedwa mwamakina, mpweya woipa umatsekeredwa m’chinthucho.
Pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa olimba pomanga, zinthuzo zimachepetsa mpweya woipa:
- 1m3 CLT mapanelo adzachotsa 0.8 matani a carbon dioxide kuchokera mumlengalenga, kotero 1m3 CLT mapanelo azikhala ndi 240 mpaka 250kg carbon dioxide mkati mwake.
- Kupanga simenti kumabweretsa 870kg carbon dioxide pa tani imodzi ya simenti (“Makampani a simenti ali ndi gawo lofunikira pakusintha kwanyengo”, Dr. Robert McCaffrey wa magazini ya “Cement ndi lime”.
- Kupanga simenti kumapanga pafupifupi 1.75 matani a mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide pa tani imodzi yazitsulo zopangidwa (The Carbon Trust)
- Granular slag (kusakaniza kokhazikika kwa 40-50%) kungachepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide, koma pafupifupi 100-130kg pa tani (Ecocem)
Mapanelo amatabwa a CLT amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wocheperako woipitsa, mphamvu zochepa, madzi abwino ochepa komanso ziro zowononga pazigawo zopanga.
Ubwino 2 - Kukhazikika kwamapangidwe
Mipikisano wosanjikiza zomatira structural mapanelo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga zinthu (makhoma, pansi, madenga) kapena ngati gawo la zomanga wosakanizidwa, ndipo chifukwa cha “zokongoletsa lamination” ndondomeko kupanga, n’zotheka kupanga mapanelo dimensionally khola zosiyanasiyana zowoneka wokongola akalumikidzidwa. Kuwumitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mapanelo kumapereka mphamvu zolimba komanso zapakhoma zomwe zimatha kukulitsidwa ngati cantilevers. Kuthekera kwamapangidwe a mapanelo okongoletsa a matabwa a laminated ndi ofanana ndi a konkriti ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazofanana.
Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi matabwa olimba komanso kumanga matabwa opangidwa ndi matabwa ndi moto. Mantha ndi kuti nyumba yomangidwa ndi matabwa idzapsa kwathunthu ngati pali moto, koma ndithudi, ndi nkhuni; monga momwe galasi lidzasungunuka, monga momwe konkriti idzasweka. Funso lofunika ndilodziwikiratu kwa zinthu zomwe zili pamoto komanso kuti zimatha kuyaka nthawi yayitali bwanji osataya katundu wake. Mitengo imakhala yodziwikiratu pamoto - mbali yakunja ya matabwa yopingasa idzayamba kuyaka moto, kenaka panga chitsekerero chomwe chimapereka 30,60 kapena mphindi zingapo zotha moto, kutengera kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa gululo.
Ubwino 3- Njira zosavuta zomangira
CLT akuphatikizidwa muukadaulo wa MMC chifukwa cha njira yosavuta komanso yofulumira yomanga. Makanemawa amakhala ndi zomangira zamatabwa zodzipangira okha komanso zothandizira zitsulo, zomwe zimafulumizitsa ntchitoyi poyerekeza ndi zida zomangira zakale. Kanema http://youtu.be/bURy80-ZE7Y akuwonetsa kumangidwa kwa nyumba yogona ku Highgate (United Kingdom) yopangidwa ndi “BLISS” pogwiritsa ntchito mapanelo a CLT operekedwa ndi “KLH UK”. Chifukwa tolerances ndi zabwino za mapanelo anapanga fakitale, kusindikiza mwachitsanzo. kutsekeka kwa mpweya pakati pa zolumikizira kungathe kupezedwa ndi thovu loponderezedwa kale ndi / kapena tepi yapadera yomwe imakutidwa pamagulu akunja. Monga momwe zimalumikizirana, mapanelo a laminated mwachangu amapereka zinthu zowuma, zolimbana ndi nyengo popanda zida zosakhalitsa. Izi zimapereka chitetezo chakunja chomwe chimakhala ngati chipolopolo chomwe chimatha kutetezedwa ndi madzi mofulumira kwambiri. Mapanelo a CLT amatha kuperekedwa mosiyanasiyana, kotero kasitomala ali ndi mwayi wosankha ngati akufuna chilengedwe chomwe chimatulutsa mawonekedwe achilengedwe amitengo, kapena ngati khomalo lidzaphimbidwa ndi zinthu zina. Pamene mapanelo amapangidwa kuti ayese mu fakitale, zowonongeka pa malo oyikapo zimakhala zochepa ndipo ntchito yomanga imakhala yabata komanso yoyera ndi zipangizo ndi zida zochepa poyerekeza ndi njira zomangira zachikhalidwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la CLT kumathandizira kuvomerezeka kwa makontrakitala.
Ubwino 4 - Kupulumutsa Ndalama
Ndalama zomangira nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CLT panel ziyenera kuwonedwa mokulirapo komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mawerengedwe amakono a zomangamanga, panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito nyumbayo, zimakhala zowerengetsera zomwe zimapindula kwambiri kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Kusungidwa kwa mtengo ndi zomangamanga kumapezedwa pa moyo wonse wa ntchito yomanga. Kuthamanga kwa zomangamanga kumachepetsa ntchito yonse yomanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yoyambirira ya kontrakitala ichepetse, imachepetsa ndalama za kontrakitala ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomanga kwa kasitomala womaliza. Kuchepetsa ndalama zonse zomangira projekiti kumatengera izi:
- Kuchepa kolemera mu kapangidwe kake kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kamangidwe kazachuma/maziko (kuchepa konkire)
- Kukonzekera kumatha kufulumizitsa; mwachitsanzo mazenera akhoza kuyitanitsa kale popeza pali kulondola kwakukulu komwe kumaperekedwa ndi kudula kolondola kwa CNC
Ubwino wa 5 - Kusunga nthawi
Monga tafotokozera kale, kuthamanga kwachangu komanga ndi mapanelo amatabwawa kumatha kupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo isungidwe nthawi yayitali. Monga zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwa m’mafakitale, sizifuna zipangizo zina panthawi yomanga, choncho ndi anthu ochepa omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yomanga, ndipo mapanelo a CLT amafika pamalo okonzeka kusonkhana. Zosunga zotsatirazi zimakwaniritsidwa:
- Ntchito zomanga - pafupifupi 30-50% mwachangu
- Kuyika mazenera ndi zitseko- 20-30% mwachangu
- Kuyika- 20-30% mwachangu
Ubwino wa 6 - Kusinthasintha kwapangidwe
Njira zomwe mapanelo a CLT angadulidwe ndikuwongolera amalola kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso ufulu wamamangidwe.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu zazikulu za CLT, nkofunika kukhala ndi mapangidwe omveka bwino omwe amalembedwa pasadakhale ndi kasitomala ndi gulu lonse la mapangidwe, chifukwa kumveka bwino ndi kulondola kwa dongosolo la polojekiti palokha (kukonzekera) n’kofunika kwambiri monga kumanga palokha.
Wood ndi chinthu chomwe ndi chosavuta kukonza, ndipo makina amakono a CNC amapereka mwayi wokonza zinthu zofanana ndi zokhotakhota, momwe okonza ndi omanga amaziwonera.
Pakadali pano, nyumba zopitilira 280 zamangidwa ku Great Britain. Popeza kuzindikira kwa malingaliro otere kwakhala kukukulirakulira m’zaka zaposachedwa, makampani ambiri apanga zomwe zimapanga zinthu zamtunduwu. Katswiri wa zomangamanga Alek de Rijke akuti: “Ngati 19. zaka zana zinali zaka zachitsulo, 20. zaka zana za konkire, ndiye **21. Zaka zana zikugwirizana ndi kumanga ndi matabwa **”.