Chinyorwa chakakosha chehunyanzvi: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chemudura, kwete chimiro chazvino chedhizaini, kuverenga kwakamira, humbowo hwekuremerwa kana mirairo yekugadzira nekugadzira. Dhizaini yezvimiro zvesimbi inofanira kusanganisira zviito chaizvo, kubatanidza, kugadzikana, kuneta, moto, corrosion uye mamwe ese akakodzera mamiriro maererano nemitemo inoshanda uye zviyero, nebasa remugadziri ane mvumo.

Dhizaini uye kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvesimbi haisi chikamu chezvino kupihwa neruzhinji zveSavo Kusić. Mazuva ano kutariswa kwekugadzirwa kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, mahwindo emapuranga-aluminum uye magonhi etsika.

Steel zvimiro zvine chinhu chakajairika pakuti kazhinji anogadzirwa nesimbi inopisa yakakungurutswa. Kubatanidza kunoitwa uchishandisa rivets, screws kana welding. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvivakwa zvesimbi zvemabhiriji, zvivakwa, indasitiri nemigodhi, hydraulic engineering, mbiru, shongwe, matangi, mune yakafara pfungwa uye kune cranes, shipbuilding, boilers, etc. Chinangwa chezviratidziro zvinotevera ndiko kurapwa kwepfungwa dzekutanga.

Zvishandiso

Iyo huru yekuvaka zvivakwa zvesimbi zvivakwa zvakatenderedzwa profiles kubva kumhando yekuvaka simbi S235, S275, S355, S420, S450. Zvichienderana nechiyero, kune akatiwandei akasiyana emhando dzesimbi dzekuvaka, uko nhamba iri muchikamu kazhinji inoratidza kusimba kwesimbi. Kune akati wandei mavara mavara, apo mune iyi kesi S inomiririra simbi yekugadzira. Mafomu anonyanya kushandiswa ndeaya S, B (concrete steels, reinforcement) uye Y (prestressing steel).

Simbi yakakungurutswa inotsigira

Kune huwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi profiled inotsigira uye imwe neimwe ine yayo pachayo chinangwa, zvakanakira uye nekuipa.

  • U-profiles
  • I-profiles ane makumbo nhete (IPE, IPN)
  • I-profiles ane makumbo akafara (HEA, HEB, HEM, HD)
  • Hollow profiles/mabhokisi (denderedzwa, sikweya, rectangular)
  • Sheets
  • Zvigadzirwa zvinotonhora-zvakaumbwa (zvinowanikwa nekutonhora kutenderedza tambo yakatsetseka uye kumonyorora tambo yakatsetseka)

Imwe neimwe yemaprofile aya inosiyana muchimiro, hukuru, chinangwa, nezvimwe. Semuenzaniso, kune anopfuura 20 akasiyana maIPN profiles, ayo akasiyana muhukuru; maprofiles akakura anogona kumira zvirinani kubhuroka (flexural uye lateral-torsional), deflections, nezvimwe.

Kune makirasi mana esimbi zvichienderana nokuti vanosvika pagoho apo kushushikana kunowedzera, kana kuongorora ipurasitiki kana elastic, chii chinotakura mutoro wechikamu chemuchinjikwa, nezvimwewo apo kirasi yekutanga ndiyo yakanakisisa uye yechina ndiyo yakaipisisa. Zvimwe pamusoro pechimiro uye simba resimbi zvinogona kuverengwa pano.

Voltage kuenzana uye kutakura simba pakuremerwa kwakadzikama

Bearing capacity. Zviyero zvezvivakwa zvesimbi zvinotemerwa kuitira kuti zvakakosha zvisingaperi deformation zvisingabatanidzwe. Kutakura simba, zvisinei, muzviitiko zvakawanda hazvina kupera nenzira ipi zvayo kana iyo yakanyanya kuenzanisa kushushikana inosvika pagoho - ipapo deformation inokura nekukurumidza kupfuura kushushikana. Kune simbi yezvimiro, kutsamira kwakafanana kana kubereka kunogona kutorwa semuganho wemutemo waHooke wezvimiro zvekushushikana zvakanyanya. Panyaya yehomogeneous stress inoti, idzo dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzese, hapana shanduko inoitika kana muganhu wekuenzana ukapfuura, kunze kwekunge kuzara kwedeformation kunokura nekukurumidza kupfuura kushushikana.

Equalization yekushungurudzika panguva yekukotama. Muchiitiko chekukotama kwedanda, rectilinear stress distribution maererano neNavier hypothesis inoshanda, kusvikira kumucheto kudzvinyirira σ = M / W isingapfuuri muganhu wekuenzana. Kuwedzera kwelongitudinal ε = ε(σ). Izvi ndezvechokwadi kune mabhendi madiki. Kushungurudzika kwakakwirira kudarika kuenzana kwekunetseka kunogona kungokura zvishoma nezvishoma pane kuwedzera ε. Mumuonde. 1 inoratidza kubhenda kwekushushikana kwekugovera kweiyo yakapihwa inoshanda dhizaini uye kune akasiyana siyana kukosha kwekuwedzera. Iyo nharaunda yekuenzanisa (yakamisikidzwa nedenderedzwa pamitsara yese yemagetsi) saka inova diki uye diki nekuwedzera kumucheto dilatation. Mhepo voltage inotanga kuganhurwa ne σF. Chete mushure mekukanganisa kwakanyanya ndipo iyo yakanyanya kushushikana inokwira pamusoro σF, kuitira kuti pesvedzero yesimbi yekusimbisa yesimbi inooneka (kesi 5).

Kupeta kugovera kushushikana kwakasiyana-siyana

Fig. 1 - Kupeta voltage kuenzana

Kuenzana kwekunetseka kwepamusoro. Kugoverwa kwezvitsigiro zvelongitudinal mukati mechikamu kuburikidza nepakati pegomba mune imwe tensioned yakaboorwa tsvimbo inenge inoenderana nemutsara 2 mufig. 2. Iyo voltage peak σmax zvinoenderana nechiyero che d/b. Inonyanya kutenderedza σmax = 2-3 σm, apo σm = S/FM inoreva kukosha kweavhareji yekushushikana kwesimba muchikamu chakaderedzwa negomba paFM. Sl. 2 inoshanda kusvika iyo voltage state yadarika P-limit. Pamitoro yakakwirira, kuitira kuti uwane imwe dilation, voltages yakaderera kupfuura maererano nemutemo wakatwasuka unodiwa chete pedyo negomba. Panzvimbo dzakanyanya kusimbiswa, zvinonetsa hazvichawedzera zvakaenzana neS, asi zvishoma nezvishoma. Pamuganho, kugovera kwakafanana kwakafanana kwekuremerwa kwelongitudinal σm = σf kuchawanikwa pamusoro pechikamu chose 2-2. Shear uye transverse stress zvakaregeredzwa. Zviitiko zvekusagadzikana kwekuenzanisa panguva yekuwedzera kunonoka kwesimba S mutsvimbo inoratidza kuti nzira yakajairika yezvivakwa zvesimbi pasi pekuita kweiyo static mutoro inoruramiswa, kufuratira kushushikana kwepamusoro panguva yedimensioning uye kuenzanisa chete avhareji kushushikana σm=S/Fm muchikamu chisina simba Fm nemutengo unobvumidzwa.

Stress distribution yakatenderedza buri musimbi yakakosheswa

Fig. 2

Dimensioning maitiro zvinoenderana nekuremerwa huwandu

Sezvo mutoro unowedzera, voltage kuenzana kunoitika muchikamu. Mukuita kudaro, kushushikana kunobatanidzwa kubva kune zvakanyanya kusimbiswa zvikamu zvechikamu kusvika kune zvishoma zvakasimbiswa. Chero bedzi iyo deformations isiri yakakura zvekuti inofanirwa kuverengerwa pakuisa mamiriro ekuenzanisa, iyi nzira haigone kushandura chero chinhu pahukuru hwesimba reS, M, nezvimwewo zvine statically yakatarwa zvimiro.

Inoenderera uye furemu inotsigira: pasi pekufungidzira kwemutemo waHooke, inowanikwa kune imwe inoenderera tsigiro yenguva dzose chikamu (fig.3) mutsetse wechinguvana unoratidzwa pasi pea. Mamiriro ekukotama anoenderana nenguva dzekukotama M. Kana mitoro yese iri miviri ichiwedzera zvakaenzana, P-limit inotanga kupfuudzwa parutsigiro rwepakati B. Muganho wekutakura unosvika kana nguva yekumisa MDF yasvika mumunda zvakare. Kana iri danda rakasungirirwa pamativi ese echikamu chinogara chakaenzanirana nechisimba chakanyanya (fig.4) nguva yakaenzana iripo kubva pakutanga. Kana iyo P-muganho yadarika, hapana shanduko mukugovera kwechinguva. Pane zvinopesana, mune imwe nyaya yemutoro wakagovaniswa zvakaenzana (Fig.5) kuenzana kwenguva kunotungamira mukudzikiswa kwenguva yekutsikirira ne -2/3 Mpamusoro -1/2 Mo.

Daigiramu yedanda rakasungirirwa mativi ese nesimba rakanyanya

Sl.4

Mitsetse yechinguvana pamberi uye mushure mechinguva kugovaniswa

Sl.3etc.5, zvakateerana: nguva dzekukotama: a) pamberi, b) muganhu wenyika mushure mekugadzirisazve simba; a) pamberi, b) mushure mekuenzanisa simba

Zvivakwa zveLattice: nemukati statically indeterminate trusses, kune zvakafanana zvinotsamira sezvivakwa zvefuremu. Iwo echipiri anoshushikana, ayo ane hukama nemanodhi akaomarara mukukotama, anogona kuregeredzwa mukufungidzira kwekutanga kana uchiongorora huwandu hwekutakura. Zvikamu zvepurasitiki zvinoshanda zvakafanana kune majoini, kuitira kuti iyo static chiito chegirder pasi pemutoro wekupedzisira waichiri kukwanisa kutakura chiri padyo neiyo yeakanaka truss ine majoini mumanodhi. Panyaya yezvivakwa zvinogara zvichidzokororwa mitoro, umo kuneta kwesimba zviitiko zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa, saka pane kusahadzika kwakanyanya pamusoro pekutora kuenzana kwemasimba panguva yekuyera. Mukupesana, zvakakosha kupedzisa pamusoro pesimba rekutamiswa kwevatsigiri. Sezvo simba rekushanda rezvimiro zvega zvega rinoenderana chete nemiganhu yekushushikana, uye kwete pakukura kweiyo deformations yakazara, kutama kwezvitsigiro hakuna mhedzisiro pakutakura simba.

Alternating mutoro: fungidziro yekugara inotakura kesi haiwanzo kuitika. Nemabhiriji girders, pane variable load states. Mafungiro pamusoro pemasimba uye kuparadzirwa kwekushushikana mumunhu ega ega ega, izvo zviri nyore, zvinowanzoitika mukushanda kunoshanda nezvivakwa zvesimbi, maererano neyakapfuura, ivo vanoruramiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya pakuregeredza mapeaks emunharaunda. Izvo hazvigone kukurudzirwa kushandisa nzira yekuyera zvinoenderana nekuremedza huwandu pasi pe (dynamic) kuneta kurodha. Nekudaro, iyo dimensioning inoenderana nekuremerwa huwandu inongogumira kune iyo yakanyanya static mitoro, kunyanya kune zvivakwa muindasitiri yekuvaka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, umo kutariswa kunofanira kubhadharwa pakuonekwa kwekuneta, kukanganiswa kwakakosha kuchafanirwa kubviswa uye dzidziso yekunyungudika inotorwa sehwaro. Mukuita izvi, munhu anofanirwa kuedza kureba zvakaringana kubva pagoho. Kuoma kwesimbi yekuvaka kunobva kwapa kumwe kuchengetedzeka.

Alternating stress

Kutonhora kutambanudza nekuchembera: Mumuonde. 6 mutsara we-stress-dilation wetsvimbo yakatenderera, iyo yakaratidzwa kune alternating tensile uye compression stress, yakashandiswa. Maitiro emutoro ega ega akanyorwa nenhamba zvichienderana nehurongwa hwadzo. Elastic dilations inodzoka pakuburutsa inoitikawo mushure mekureba kwakakura zvakaenzana nekushushikana. Pakuchinja chiratidzo chemagetsi, iyo P-limit inenge yanyangarika zvachose. Nokudaro, iyo elastic properties yesimbi yekuvaka yakakweverwa munzvimbo inotonhora haibvumirani nemaitiro ekutanga. Zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwekare, misiyano yakakura inogona kuratidzwa.

Stress-dilation line pasi pekuchinjana kurodha simbi

Fig. 6

Pamwechete nazvo zvinouya zvimwe zviratidzo zvekuchembera. Izwi iri rinosanganisira shanduko dzese dzezvivakwa zvinoitika nekufamba kwenguva pasina pesvedzero yekunze. Kutambanudza kuchembera kunogona kucherechedzwa mushure mekuchinja zvachose nekutonhora kutambanudza. Kana zvienzaniso zvakatambanudzwa zvechigarire zvakasiiwa kwechinguva pasina mutoro pakupisa kwekamuri, simba rekusimba uye, kusvika padiki, simba rekubvarura rinokwira pamusoro pekukosha kwepakutanga, nepo elongation panguva yekuzorora inoderera (Fig. 7). Kuchembera kunotora mazuva, asi kunoderedzwa kusvika maawa mashomanana kana maminetsi chete, kana simbi yekugadzira inopisa kusvika 300 oC. Inofanirawo kutaurwa kuti kutambanudza kuchembera kunoitika panguva imwe chete nekutambanudza, kana izvi zvikaitika pa tempo. 200 - 400 oC, i.e. munzvimbo yeblue inopenya.

Kuenzaniswa kwekuwedzera kwetsvimbo yakatambanudzwa uye inotonhora yakatambanudzwa

Fig. 7 - a) mutsara wekuwedzera wetsvimbo yakatakura kaviri; b) mutsara wokurerutsa wetsvimbo yakatambanudzwa munzvimbo inotonhora

Chiito chinotevera uye hysteresis: Muchinhu chakanyunguduka chakazara, pane kutsamirana kusinganzwisisike pakati pekushushikana uye deformation mamiriro, kuitira kuti mamwe madhiri anogara achienderana neyakafanana deformation uye zvinopesana. Nemutemo wakapihwa we elasticity, iyo deformation haibvi pane yakapfuura nguva kubva pakaiswa mutoro, uye zvakare kwete munzira iyo mutoro unoshandiswa. Kutsauka kubva pamaitiro akasarudzika anogona kutsanangurwa mumadhigirii maviri ekufungidzira: munzvimbo inotaridza kune kutsauka kudiki; vanogona kuregererwa mukufungidzira kwekutanga. Vanogona kutariswa nezviyero zvakaringana, kunyanya kana uchienzanisa kushushikana padyo neiyo elastic muganho. Sezvineiwo, dilatation haingori basa remagetsi, asi neyakavharika mitoro kutenderera uye yakafanana voltage, inogara idiki zvishoma panguva yekuburitsa pane panguva yekurodha. Kutsauka kubva kuzere elasticity, kureva. mutsauko uripo pakati pekuwedzera kunoenderana panguva imwechete inodzvinyirira inonzi elastic hysteresis. Kana kutenderera kwemutoro kuchidzokororwa kazhinji, izvi zvinowanikwa kune kwete yakanyanya kukwira voltages - yakavharwa loop ye hysteresis kana damping. Sl. 8 inoratidzira zvishwe zvinonyorovesa zveakasiyana AC mitoro kukosha. Upamhi hwezvishwe hunowedzera zvakasimba nehupamhi hwemagetsi. Iyo nharaunda ye loop inoenderana nebasa re deformation, iro rinorasika pane yega kutenderera uye rinoshandurwa kuita kupisa. Zvakare, iyo deformation inosiyana kwete chete nekukwirira kwevoltage asiwo nenguva, zvinoenderana nekumhanya uye nzira yekurodha. Chikamu che deformation, iyo inoenderana nenguva, inonzi aftereffect. Hysteresis uye mhedzisiro inoitika panguva imwe chete. Sezvo mutemo, ivo havana kukosha kunoshanda kune iyo mhando dzesimbi dzekuvaka dzinoitika muzvivako zvesimbi pane tembiricha yekamuri.

Hysteresis loops pamatanho akasiyana ekuchinjanisa mutoro

Sl. 8

Cherechedzo Yechishandiso: Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, fungidziro, madhayagiramu uye maitiro muzvinyorwa hazvifanirwe kushandiswa sechinzvimbo chezviyero zvazvino, maitiro chaiwo echigadzirwa, modhi yekuverengera uye ongororo yehunyanzvi yekuvaka kwese.