Zomatira, zosungunulira, zosindikizira ndi zothira mafuta

Zaumoyo Wofunika, Moto ndi Chitetezo: Awa ndi mawu osungidwa kuchokera ku 2018. chaka, osati malangizo amakono osankha, kusakaniza, kusungirako kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira, zosindikizira, zosungunulira ndi mafuta. Zogulitsa zomwe zafotokozedwa zitha kukhala ndi zinthu zoyaka, zapoizoni, zowononga, zokwiyitsa kapena zowonjezera ndipo zimatha kutulutsa mpweya wowopsa. Osasunga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a petulo, trichlorethylene, ammonia, turpentine, acetone, formaldehyde system, kapena mankhwala ena molingana ndi upangiri wa mbiri yakale patsamba lino. Pachinthu chilichonse chapadera, chizindikiro chake chamakono, pepala lachitetezo, malangizo a wopanga, kugwirizanitsa ndi gawo lapansi, mpweya wabwino ndi kuchotsa, kuteteza khungu, maso ndi ziwalo zopuma, njira zopewera moto ndi kutaya koyenera kwa zotsalira ndizofunika. Zomatira ndi zosindikizira zomangira katundu, magalimoto, zida zamagetsi ndi gasi, mapaipi ndi makina oponderezedwa, madzi akumwa, kukhudzana ndi chakudya, m’madzi am’madzi kapena ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo zimafunikira dongosolo lovomerezeka lodzipereka komanso kuunika kwaukadaulo.

Magalasi, zosindikizira, zosungunulira ndi zothira mafuta sizili gawo lazotsatsa zatsopano za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika pano ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo ndi zitseko. Pazenera lina kapena pulojekiti ya pakhomo, mukhoza kutumiza pempho la mtengo.

Zomatira

Maglues amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza molimba komanso kulumikiza zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo kapena zosiyana. Kuti kuphatikizikako kuchitike, ndikofunikira kuti guluuyo amamatira bwino pazigawo zonse ziwiri, kuti guluu silimalimba kwambiri pakulumikizana, ndipo pambuyo poyanika limasunga mgwirizano wolimba ndi zinthuzo, zikhale zolimba kapena zosinthika. Choncho tinganene kuti zomatira zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamtundu wina sizingakhale zothandiza kwa wina. Vutoli ndi lovuta kwambiri mukafunika kumangiriza zida zokhala ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri, monga zitsulo ndi mphira kapena mphira ndi galasi. Kuphatikiza apo, mikhalidwe yomwe zinthu zakhungu zidzapezeka ndizofunikanso. Ngati ili panja, zomatirazo ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi nyengo. Ngati zinthuzo zidzatenthedwa ndi kutentha, zomatirazo ziyenera kusamva kutentha, ndi zina zotero.

Poyamba, zomatira zinkapezeka powiritsa khungu ndi mafupa a nyama, kapena kumadzi a zomera zina. Zomatira zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pomatira zida zaporous, monga mapepala, makatoni, matabwa ndi zina. M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ntchito zakuthambo, zomatira zatsopano, zopangira zidapangidwa kukhala zangwiro, zomwe pang’onopang’ono zimalowa m’malo mwa zomatira zachikhalidwe chifukwa chakuchita kwawo kwakukulu. Mitundu ina ya zomatira zimakhala ndi zomatira zabwino komanso kukana kotero kuti zimatha kulumikizana mosavuta ndi zinthu zolimba komanso zophatikizika monga zitsulo, motero nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina yowotcherera. Opanga amazipatsa zomatirazi mayina osiyanasiyana osonyeza ntchito zawo. Ngati mukukayikira, posankha, ndi bwino kufunsa wogulitsa ndikufotokozera ndendende zomwe tikufuna kumata. Tiyenera kusunga mitundu ingapo ya zomatira m’nyumbamo ndipo mwina kukulitsa mtunduwo motengera zomwe takumana nazo. Ndi bwino kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi bwino kusiyana ndi kugula zomatira imodzi pambuyo pa inzake potengera malangizo ena onse. Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa zomatira zopezeka pamalonda kungapitirire kuchuluka kwalembali. Ndicho chifukwa chake tidzakakamira mwachidule za njira zosankhidwa, kuzindikira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira.

Zomatira zofooka

Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo zomatira zofooka, pafupifupi nthawi zonse za masamba, zomwe zimakhala zoyenera kuzinthu zina zoyamwa, koma zofooka kwambiri kuti zigwirizane ndi zolimba. Pamapepala a gluing ndi makatoni, zomatira zoyera zomwe titha kuzipeza m’malo ogulitsa mabuku aliwonse ndizabwino kwambiri. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pa zomatira zamadzimadzi monga chingamu ndi zina. Nsomba zomatira, zokonzedwa kale m’machubu, zomwe timazitcha nsomba zikumera, ndizoyeneranso gluing pepala, makatoni, zikopa, nsalu ndi matabwa, kotero nthawi iliyonse kugwirizana amphamvu sikufunika. Imauma pang’onopang’ono ndipo imachotsedwa mosavuta ndi madzi.

Gulu la zomatirali liyeneranso kuphatikiza zomwe zimatchedwa zomatira padziko lonse lapansi. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma cellulose-based synthetic resins, osungunuka mu zosungunulira zomwe zimatuluka mwachangu. Amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi fungo lapadera lofanana ndi la kupaka misomali. Amaumitsa msanga, amalimbana ndi madzi, mankhwala ambiri komanso ukalamba. Komabe, ali ndi kukana kofooka kwamakina, komwe sikuphatikiza mipando ya gluing kapena zida ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Kugwira kwabwino kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito wosanjikiza wapawiri, pamalo onse awiri. Komanso, guluu wa wallpaper amapangidwa pamaziko a mapadi. Ndi chinthu cha ufa chomwe timasungunula m’madzi ozizira musanagwiritse ntchito. Chosakanizacho chimakhala chochepa kwambiri, chomwe chimadalira mtundu wa wallpaper. Ndi kuwonjezera ufa wa gypsum, njira zomwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga putty pakhoma.

*Chitsanzo cha guluu wapadziko lonse kuyambira nthawi yomwe nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa *

Zomatira za ukalipentala

Mitundu itatu ya zomatira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ukalipentala: zomatira zochokera ku casein (protein mu mkaka), “guluu wamphamvu” - putty - ndi zomatira za polyvinyl. Guluu wa Casein ali ndi mwayi wokhala wotchipa komanso wopanga chomangira cholimba, ngakhale kuti sichilimbana ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa ngati ufa womwe umasungidwa muzitsulo zoyimitsidwa bwino, kuti chinyezi kapena madzi asalowemo. Timakonzekera mwa kuika zomwe zili mu chidebe cha pulasitiki, ndikuwonjezera madzi pang’ono, timasakaniza kusakaniza »lita imodzi ndi theka ku kilogalamu imodzi ya guluu«. Titasiya kusakaniza kupuma kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu, onjezerani madzi omwewo. Ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochepa, guluu wopangidwa ndi casein atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomatira zikopa, linoleum, marble, ndi zitsulo zamatabwa. Akakonzeka, osakaniza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa maola ochepa chifukwa amauma mofulumira. Guluu wamphamvu, tutkalo amachokera ku zotsalira za nyama ndipo amagulitsidwa mu matailo achikasu kapena mikanda yomwe imasungunuka mosavuta. Asanakhale zomatira zopangira, panali guluu wa akalipentala wakale. Masiku ano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri chifukwa cha fungo losasangalatsa komanso kukonzekera kwautali, kawirikawiri pokhapokha pa ntchito zapadera monga kubwezeretsanso mipando yakale. Timachikonzekera mwa kulola matailosi kapena mikanda kufufuma m’madzi ofunda (kilogalamu imodzi ya guluu m’makilogilamu aŵiri kapena atatu a madzi) kwa tsiku limodzi ndiyeno nkuisiya kuti isungunuke mowonjezereka mwa kuitenthetsa m’chidebe chomizidwa m’madzi ofunda. Panthawi yonseyi, timagwedeza chisakanizocho ndi mtengo, kuchotsa thovu lomwe limapanga pamwamba. Ngati kusakaniza kuli kochuluka kwambiri, tidzawonjezera madzi otentha. Guluuyu akazizira, amauma koma atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito potenthetsa kapena kuwonjezera madzi.

Zomatira za polyvinyl zili ndi mwayi woti zitha kukhala zokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa miyezi ingapo pamapaketi omwe amaperekedwa. Izi ndi zinthu zobalalika zomwe zopangira zake ndi maburashi ang’onoang’ono a polyvinyl acid omwe amasungunuka m’madzi ndikuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utomoni. Guluuyo imayamba kukhazikika pamene, chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi, tinthu tating’onoting’ono timamatira pamodzi kupanga filimu imodzi. Kuyanika kwathunthu kumafuna pafupifupi ola 24. Zomatira zamtunduwu zimagulitsidwa pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana amalonda ndipo ndi oyenera kumata nkhuni kumitengo, matabwa apulasitiki, zomverera, ndi mphira kumitengo. Ndi iwo, kupezeka kwa utomoni wa polyvinyl nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa papaketi, pomwe zosakaniza zina zimasiyidwa, ngati chinsinsi cha fakitale.

Zomatira zaukalipentala zomwe tanena mpaka pano ndizoyenera m’nyumba chifukwa mlengalenga komanso dzuwa zimafooketsa zomatirazi. Pazinthu zomatira zomwe zidzayimilire panja, m’malo achinyezi kapena m’madzi, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira pomwe kumamatira kumakhala chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala komanso zomwe zimalimbana ndi madzi, ma hydrocarbons ndi zosungunulira zina. Zomatira zochokera ku urea-formaldehyde (zomatira za zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimaperekedwa mu phala kapena ufa) kapena phenol-formaldehyde kuumitsa potenthetsa ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga fakitale. Zomatira zochokera ku resorcinol-formaldehyde zimaumitsa ngakhale kuzizira, ndikuwonjezera chothandizira, ndipo zimakhala ndi kukana kwamakina abwino ngakhale pomatira zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri. Choyamba, amalimbikitsidwa kuti azimatira zinthu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi mphira.

Malongosoledwe a mbiri yakale a formaldehyde ndi machitidwe ena ogwira ntchito si maziko okwanira osankhidwa kapena kukonzekera zomatira. Osasakaniza, kutenthetsa kapena kuyika zinthu zotere popanda zolemba za wopanga zamakono, zowongolera zoyenera kukhudzana ndi mafakitale komanso kuunika kwa akatswiri pazomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito.

Zomatira zosungunulira za synthetic

Pakati pa zomatira zosungunulira zokhala ndi zolinga zingapo, zodziwika kwambiri ndizomwe zimatchedwa kukhudzana kapena zomatira “pompopompo”. Amatchedwa chifukwa amagwira mwamphamvu mwamsanga pambuyo polumikizana ndi zinthu ziwiri, ndipo kuwongolera kotsatira pa malo a zinthu zomatira sikutheka. Choncho, ndi za mankhwala ndi mphamvu zomatira amphamvu kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipangizo, kuphatikizapo zinthu zopangira ndi zitsulo. Timayika guluu ndi spatula kumalo onse awiri, zomwe timagwirizanitsa ndikukanikizana bwino, koma pambuyo polola kuti zosungunulira zina zisungunuke kwa kanthawi kochepa. Iwo ndi oyenera gluing pa matabwa kapena pulasitala kuphimba lalikulu pamwamba. Zimagwiranso ntchito pamalo onyowa pang’ono, koma sizigwira ntchito pakatentha kwambiri. Choncho, tiyenera kumata pa kutentha kwapakati (osachepera 15°C). Ntchito yochiritsa ikamalizidwa, chomangiracho chimatha kupirira kutentha kuposa 100 ndi 150°C.

Kutentha, kuchiritsa nthawi ndi kukana zomwe zanenedwa m’mawu osungidwa sizomwe zili masiku ano. Gwiritsani ntchito mfundo zokhazo zochokera pa lebulo yapano ndi pepala la zinthu zomwe mwasankhazo ndikuonetsetsa kuti mpweya umatuluka, kutetezedwa ku nthunzi komanso mtunda wa kutali ndi kumene kuyatsa.

Zomatira za epoxy

Malumikizidwe amphamvu kwambiri amapezedwa ndi magulu awiri a epoxy glue. M’masitolo, tikhoza kuwapeza pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana, omwe, monga lamulo, amafanana ndi mankhwala “epoxy”, “epoxy”. Nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m’machubu awiri, amodzi ndi utomoni ndi owumitsa, ndipo amagulitsidwa m’matembenuzidwe angapo: omveka, oyera, achitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Tisanagwiritse ntchito zigawo ziwirizi, tiyenera kuzisakaniza ndikugwiritsa ntchito chosakaniza chotsatiracho muzitsulo zopyapyala pamwamba pa zonse ziwiri (ngati n’kotheka pang’ono) ndikusiya guluu kuti lipume pang’ono musanalowe. Kuwumitsa koyamba kumatsirizika mkati mwa maola awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo chachiwiri kale malinga ndi mtundu wa guluu. Pomaliza, kuumitsa komaliza, maola 8 mpaka 24 akufunika. Panthawiyi, timasunga malo ogwirizana kwambiri, koma osati kwambiri. Njira yamankhwala yomwe imayambitsa kulimba sikungayambe kutentha pansi pa 15°C, koma ikhoza kufulumizitsidwa ndi kutentha pang’ono. Akaumitsa, zomatirazo zimalimbana ndi chinyezi chanthawi yayitali, zosungunulira, ma asidi ndi kutentha kwambiri. Zomatira za epoxy sizigwira ntchito pamitengo yokha, komanso pazinthu zambiri, ngakhale zolimba kwambiri, monga mwala, marble, ceramics, galasi, zitsulo ndi mapulasitiki osagwira kutentha ndi ena.

Zomatira izi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera pomwe ma resin ena opangira amawonjezedwa. Chifukwa chake, guluu wa epoxy-phenolic amakhala wosagwirizana ndi kutentha mpaka 250°C; zomatira za epoxy-silicone zimakhala ndi kutsika kwa makina, koma zimapirira kutentha kwa 300 kapena 350 madigiri Celsius. Epoxy - zomatira za polyamide zimapereka kulumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri koma zolimba kwambiri polumikizana ndi zida zolimba kusiyana ndi zomata zosinthika.

Ngati malo omangirira akonzedwa bwino, zotsatira zodabwitsa zimapezeka: nthawi zambiri guluu ili limatha kulowa m’malo mwa kuwotcherera. Musaiwale kuti mu zomangamanga za aeronautical, magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a magawo, ngakhale atakhala mbali ya zipangizo zothandizira, amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomatira, zomwe zambiri zimakhala zomatira epoxy.

Mawu am’mbuyomu onena za kusintha kwa kuwotcherera ndi zida zothandizira si malingaliro apangidwe. Kumangirira kumafunika zida zolongosoledwa bwino, kukonzekera pamwamba, kuchiritsa koyendetsedwa bwino, kuwerengera, kuyezetsa ndi njira yovomerezeka yogwiritsira ntchito mwapadera.

zomatira za Cyano-acrylic

Zomatira za Cyano-acrylic ndizoyenera kwambiri kugwirira ntchito ndendende, pakukonza pang’ono pazitsulo zonse, pagalasi, parabala komanso pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya pulasitiki (kupatula polyethylene ndi utomoni wina wa acrylic). Pankhani ya gluing zamtunduwu, guluu wa cyano-acrylic ali ndi zomatira zapadera ndipo amagwira ntchito pang’ono: dontho limodzi limakwanira kudera la 6 lalikulu masentimita. Ndicho chifukwa chake amagulitsidwa m’matumba ang’onoang’ono, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri. Apo ayi, ngati kusungidwa kutentha firiji guluu kumatenga pafupifupi chaka. Ngati tisiya mumpweya wabwino, kulimba kwake kulibe malire. Chifukwa cha katundu wake, zomatira za cyano-acrylic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomatira zinthu zamtengo wapatali muzodzikongoletsera, ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Kuwonekera kwangwiro ndi index of refraction, yomwe ili yofanana ndi galasi, imapangitsa kukhala guluu wosasinthika kuti abwezeretse zinthu zosweka za kristalo ku chikhalidwe chawo choyambirira. Ubwino wina womwe uli nawo, pokhudzana ndi kulowererapo pazigawo zing’onozing’ono, zimakhala ndi liwiro la gluing, lomwe liri pafupi nthawi yomweyo: ndi guluu, gluings angapo akhoza kuchitidwa nthawi yomweyo, imodzi pambuyo pa chinthu chomwecho.

Zomatira zoyika mwachangu zimatha kumangirira khungu nthawi yomweyo ndikuyika pachiwopsezo maso ndi ziwalo zopumira. Osawabweretsa pafupi ndi nkhope yanu, musawagwiritse ntchito popanda malangizo aposachedwa ndikuwasunga kutali ndi ana; Ngati mwakhudzidwa, chitanipo kanthu motsatira zomwe zalembedwazo ndipo funsani akatswiri oyenerera nthawi yomweyo.

Zomatira zapadera

Pamapeto pake pali mndandanda wazinthu zapadera zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zithetse mavuto apadera omangirira. Pakati pawo timakumbukira njira za rabara mu zosungunulira organic, njira zosavuta kapena zowonjezera utomoni kupanga, amene ntchito gluing mbali zopangidwa mphira, pulasitiki kapena pulasitiki flexible (polyethylene, nayiloni, Teflon ndi ena). Mu mtundu wa zomatira zophatikizika, zimaumitsa mwachangu ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso machubu amkati popeza amalimbana ndi kupindika ndi madzi. Zomatira zamtunduwu ndizoyeneranso gluing acrylic materials (plexiglass), m’malo mwa acrylic resin solutions.

Chinthu china chimatilola kukonza pansalu zomverera, zaubweya, hemp ndi thonje. Choncho, n’zotheka kugwirizanitsa mipeni popanda kusoka kapena kumamatira ena kumalo ovala a nsalu monga kulimbikitsa. Kukonza koteroko kumalephera kuchapa ndi kusita. Ngakhale kukonza polystyrene pamatabwa, makatoni, zojambula zachitsulo kapena zoumba, pali guluu wapadera. Palinso zomatira zomata mapepala a PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Guluu wa silicone amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi magalasi, omwe ndi otanuka kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira kupanikizika kwakukulu: amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, pomanga aquarium. Tikafuna kuzindikira wosanjikiza kwakanthawi, titha kugwiritsanso ntchito guluu wopangidwa ndi mphira, womwe umadziwika ndi nthawi yowuma yomwe ndi yayitali kwambiri. Chifukwa zimalola kuti magawo azisiyanitsidwa kangapo kuti akonze bwino momwe alili, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri posindikiza komanso m’zipinda zankhani zamanyuzipepala. Zomwe zimatchedwa “glue mu tepi” zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kumangiriza zinthu zopepuka zopepuka kumakoma olunjika. Ndi tepi yomatira ya makulidwe ena, omwe mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi phula, omwe amatha kumamatira ku magawo osiyanasiyana. Chinthu chomwe tikufuna kukonza chimakanikizidwa mwamphamvu pa tepiyo ndipo chimakhala chokhazikika pamenepo. M’masitolo apadera, mungapezenso mankhwala apadera amadzimadzi kuti mumangirire bwino labala kapena malamba otumizira zikopa. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’magalimoto kapena zida zina zamagetsi zapakhomo.

Zomatira zomwe zatchulidwa kuti “zapadera” ndiye kuti sizotetezeka ku aquarium, galimoto, zida zamagetsi, polystyrene kapena kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira. Kugwirizana momveka bwino ndi kuvomereza kwa wopanga kumafunikira pazinthu zenizeni, katundu, kutentha, chinyezi komanso kukhudzana ndi zamoyo.

Nangumi

Puts ndi zinthu zomatira za makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kudzaza ndi kuyanjanitsa mabowo kapena ming’alu zomwe zimamangiriza kuzinthu zomwe zimapaka. Nthawi zina, amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kudzaza zolumikizana pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo motero zimathandizira kugwira bwino mgwirizano.

Mwambiri, tinganene kuti ma putty omwe amapezeka kwambiri amatengedwa kuchokera ku zomatira zenizeni pamene zinthu zoyenera za inert ndi zina zowonjezera zimawonjezedwa kwa iwo. Nthawi zina, komabe, zomatira zokha zimatha kugwira ntchito ngati putty, ngati tizigwiritsa ntchito mumagulu okhuthala. Choncho, mfundo zazikulu zimene takambirana zokhudza zomatira zimagwiranso ntchito kwa anamgumi.

Mapuleti achikhalidwe, omwe amapangidwa ndi manja pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a linseed ndi guluu wolimba wa kalipentala ngati chomangira, ndi ufa wa kaolin ngati chinthu cholowera, sagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Ngati tikufuna kukongoletsa mabowo, ming’alu ndi zokopa pamitengo, titha kugwiritsa ntchito phala lapadera la nkhuni zopangidwa ndi utuchi wabwino kwambiri womwazika mu acrylic binder. Timayika molunjika kuchokera ku chubu ndipo ndikusintha kwakukulu kwazinthu zachikhalidwe chifukwa chomamatira bwino komanso kukhazikika kokhazikika (osasintha). Akaumitsidwa, amapeza zinthu zakuthupi zofanana ndi matabwa ndipo amatha kukonzedwa mofanana ndi nkhuni. Nthawi zina, m’maphukusi a phalali, tingapezenso mapensulo a sera omwe timakongoletsa bwino kukonza, kutsanzira mikwingwirima, ulusi wamatabwa.

Ndipo ming’alu yachitsulo imatha kung’ambika, »kuwotcherera« kuzizira, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyenera. Putty yochokera ku utomoni wa acrylic ndi zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu ufa ndi zabwino kukonza ming’alu ndi mabowo pazida zamagetsi zapakhomo, ma radiator, mapaipi ndi machubu. Pakafunika mphamvu zapadera komanso kukana kutentha kwakukulu, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamadzimadzi kapena phala zochokera ku epoxy resins. Pamene putty kuumitsa, tikhoza mchenga, kubowola, ulusi, etc. Komanso, malo okonzeka ndi impermeable madzi, kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri ndi wamba mankhwala wothandizila.

Osakonza zida zamagetsi kapena gasi, ma radiator, mapaipi, akasinja kapena zigawo zoponderezedwa potengera mbiri yakaleyi yokha. Machitidwe oterowo amafunikira kufufuza chifukwa cholephera, zinthu ndi ndondomeko yovomerezeka ya kutentha koyenera, kupanikizika ndi sing’anga, komanso machitidwe oyenerera ndi kuyesa.

Pokusindikiza mabulo, simenti, zitsulo kapena pulasitiki yosagwira kutentha, ma epoxy putties a zigawo ziwiri ndiabwino kwambiri. Pazifukwa izi, putty imakwaniritsa kukana kwamphamvu kotero kuti imaposa kukana kwa zinthu zomwe zidakutidwa ndi zomatira. Mwachitsanzo, mbale ziwiri zosweka, zolumikizidwa ndi chinthu cha epoxy, zitha kuthyoledwa pakafunika nthawi ina iliyonse kupatulapo pomwe panathyoka kale.

Pamalo onyezimira a zoumba, matailosi adothi kapena zida zamagetsi zapakhomo zomwe zimakanda kapena kusweka mwamwayi zitha kukutidwa ndi “enamel yoyera” - zokutira zoyera zamadzimadzi - pang’ono. Ndi mankhwala omwe, chifukwa cha mankhwala ake, amamatira bwino kumalo osalala ndi olimba, amakhalabe osakhudzidwa ndi madzi ndi kutentha, ndipo sakhala achikasu.

Pakukonza zinthu za labala ndi malo, pali zopangira mphira mu machubu, mtundu wakuda komanso phala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalo otsukidwa ndi odetsedwa, omwe kale amawunikidwa ndi sandpaper. Pambuyo kuumitsa, phala limasungabe kusinthasintha kwake. Popeza imamatira kuzinthu zamtundu uliwonse, nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza zogwirira ndi zida za zida ndi ziwiya.

Pazinthu zomwe zimafunikira kukhazikika kwina, monga, mwachitsanzo, podzaza ming’alu pakati pa zinthu zomanga khoma ndi khoma lenilenilo, kapena zolumikizira mapaipi, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosindikizira za silikoni. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zili mumtundu wa phala zomwe, chifukwa cha machitidwe a mpweya, zimapeza msanga ndikusungabe kuchuluka kwa mphira. Kupaka kwa ntchito zapakhomo kumapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa agwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta pamzere wopitilira wa makulidwe omwe mukufuna.

Zosungunulira

Ndi mawu akuti zosungunulira timatanthauza zinthu zomwe zimatha kusungunula zina. Makampani opanga mankhwala apereka chidwi kwambiri pa kafukufukuyu. Mwachidziwitso, tinganene kuti chinthu chilichonse kapena mankhwala ali ndi zosungunulira zake, zomwe zingakhale, kuyambira pamtundu umodzi kupita ku wina, madzi kapena osakaniza ovuta kwambiri a zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zopangidwa. Ndikofunika kuti tidziwe momwe tingasankhire zosungunulira zoyenera za zinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri: zochepetsetsa zamitundu yonse ya utoto, zochotsa varnish, zofewa zamitundu yonse ya zomatira, ndi zina zotero.

Pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, monga kuchotsa mafuta ndi kuyeretsa, tiyenera kusunga zosungunulira zingapo m’nyumba zomwe sizikhala ndi nthawi yochepa. Mowa wa ethyl woyaka kwambiri komanso wapoizoni, womwe titha kuupeza (wopanda mtundu) kapena wosungunulira (mtundu wofiyira) wosungunulira mafuta, zomatira zachilengedwe zambiri komanso zopangira ndi vanishi.

Ganzine, chosungunulira chopanda mtundu komanso chapoizoni, tidzachigwiritsa ntchito mosamala ndikuchisunga pamalo opumira, kutali ndi gwero lililonse la kutentha, chifukwa sikuti madziwo amatha kuyaka, komanso nthunzi zake. Mafuta amafuta ndi osungunulira bwino pa utoto, phula, madontho amafuta. Amasungunulanso zomatira zonse zopangidwa ndi labala.

Trielin ndi dzina lamalonda la trichlorethylene - mankhwala oopsa omwe timagwiritsa ntchito kusungunula mafuta ndi mafuta ndipo amatha kulowa m’malo mwa petulo poyeretsa malo. Monga zosungunulira za chloride zonse, imagwira ntchito parabala ndi zotumphukira zake.

Amonia ndi madzi owopsa komanso owononga komanso onunkhira kwambiri. Amagulitsidwa mochulukirapo kapena mocheperapo: zolimba kwambiri zimasungunula ma varnish. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuyeretsa, chifukwa amasintha mafuta kukhala madzi a sopo ndikuchotsa bwino zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Turpentine ndi madzi oyaka kwambiri omwe tiyenera kuwasunga mu botolo loyimitsidwa bwino kapena bokosi la malata, komanso m’chipinda cholowera mpweya wabwino. Timagwiritsa ntchito makamaka pakupatulira ma vanishi ndi zinthu zochokera ku sera kapena mphira komanso kuchotsa madontho kuzinthu izi.

Acetone, madzi oyaka komanso osasunthika mosavuta, amagwira ntchito pamalacquers otengera nitrocellulose ndi zinthu zonse za cellulosic, kuphatikiza zomatira. Amasungunula pafupifupi zomatira zonse za thermoplastic.

Malangizo akale osunga zosungunulira m’nyumba sayenera kutsatiridwa. Osagwiritsa ntchito petulo, trichlorethylene, ammonia, turpentine, acetone ndi zinthu zofananira poyeretsa kapena kutsitsa popanda kuyang’ana zoletsa zomwe zilipo, pepala lachitetezo, mpweya wabwino ndi chitetezo; musazithire m’matumba osazindikirika kapena zakudya ndikuziteteza ku malawi, moto, kutentha ndi anthu osaloledwa.

Zitsanzo za zolongedza zoonda kuyambira pomwe nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa

Mafuta odzola

Mafuta amafuta ena amakhala othandiza nthawi zonse. Botolo limodzi kapena chitini chamafuta osowa mafuta amatha kukhala othandiza nthawi zambiri: kudzoza makina osokera, mahinji okulira, ma bere a bronze “odzipaka okha” pazida zamagetsi zapakhomo, ndi zina zotero. Tikasakaniza madzi ndi mafuta (ndi mafuta pafupifupi 15%), timapeza choziziritsa bwino kwambiri pobowola zitsulo.

Vaselini ndi wofunikira pakupaka mafuta mukatha kuyeretsa mipope ya anthu ogula gasi, ndipo titha kuwapaka m’nyumba pophatikiza mahinji, zomangira, maloko ndi mabawuti.

Osatsuka, kuthira mafuta kapena kusanja mipope kapena mbali zina za ogula gasi malinga ndi zomwe zasungidwa zakalezi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, kusankha mafuta ogwirizana, kuyang’ana kutayikira ndi kuyatsanso ndi ntchito yoyenerera.

Bokosi limodzi la girisi lapadera la ma bearing a mpira lidzafunika kuti muzipaka mafuta mu ma motors amagetsi a vacuum cleaners, sump pumps, etc.

Gritsi wina wamba amatha kukhala wothandiza pakunola bwino, pamanja pa matchizo ndi mipeni ya planer pa mwala wa whet. Ndi kusakaniza kwa mafuta ndi mafutawa, tidzatha kusuntha mipiringidzo pakhomo popanda khama kapena kugwedeza. Ndi mafuta omwewo, tidzapakanso ma hinji akulu pazinsalu (zotchinga) zomwe zimatseguka kunja, zitseko zakunja za bwalo, garaja, ndi zina.