Ka waihona waiwai a me ka memo palekana: Mālama ka kikokikona i nā māhele mōʻaukala, nā kaʻina hana, a me nā koi mai ka ʻatikala kumu. ʻAʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi kikoʻī o ka uhi ʻana i kēia manawa, ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo koho a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi hana. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huahana, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka substrate, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka ʻawaʻawa, ka flammability, nā waiwai ahi, ka pale pilikino, ka ea, ka noi a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana pono e nānā ʻia ma ka pepa ʻikepili pili, ka pepa ʻikepili palekana a me nā palapala a ka mea hana. Pono ka mālama kūikawā me nā solvents, sprays, lead and chromate pigments a me nā uhi kahiko.
ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia nā huahana mōʻaukala a me nā koi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka kikokikona ma ke ʻano he mau mea o kēia manawa o Savo Kusić. No ka pōʻaiapili o kēia manawa, e ʻike i ka pena a me ka hana ʻana a me kāleka leo RAL.
Māhele kumu o nā kālā
He mau mea kēia, ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana ma luna o nā ʻili, waiho ʻia kahi ʻāpana hoʻonaninani lahilahi a pale paha (a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua). ʻO ka mea e koi ʻia mai kēia mau mea hana: ka plasticity maikaʻi, e ʻae ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uhi ʻokoʻa, ka pili pono ʻana i ka substrate, ke ola lawelawe kūpono a me ka wikiwiki o ka kala. Hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā mea kala e like me nā mea e hana ai iā lākou.
Nā pena wai
Hoʻohana ka pena wai i ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe. Maʻalahi lākou e hoʻopili a maloʻo wikiwiki (ma kahi o 2 hola). ʻO kā lākou hoʻohana pono ʻana ʻo ia ke kala ʻana i ka mortar a me ke kaila.
ʻO ka waiū o ka lime, i loaʻa ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lime slaked, hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoluʻu waiwai, akā paʻa ia: inā mākou e hamo liʻiliʻi iā ia, e hāʻule. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā peʻa chalk, i ʻae ʻia ma ka plaster, akā ʻaʻole ma ka gypsum a me ka putty, no ka pōkole o ko lākou ola a i ʻole no ka ʻae ʻole ʻana i ka substrate. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kala lime me kekahi mau mea paʻakikī. Hiki ke loaʻa kekahi ʻano kala ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.
ʻAʻole paʻa loa nā pena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kāpili a me ke kāpili i ka holoi ʻia a hoʻohana wale mākou iā lākou no nā lumi. Hana mākou iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano o ka pauka gypsum a mākou e kāwili ai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kāpili. ʻO ke kāpili cellulose ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ma muli o kona pono, ma Ijuska. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai no ka manawa pōkole, loaʻa iā mākou kahi hui pasty mānoanoa a i ʻole. Loaʻa maʻalahi nā kala like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pena vinyl me ka wai. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka gypsum a me ka plaster-based plaster i nā papa kahiko. Ma mua o kahi kiʻi pena hou, pono mākou, inā he plaster ka substrate, e hoʻoneʻe iā ia me kahi ʻōhuʻu wai a hiki i ka plaster olohelohe. Inā he plaster ka substrate, pono nō hoʻi e ʻoki i ka pulu.
Tempera a i ʻole kala wai ʻaʻole hiki ke holoi ʻia he kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūpaʻa loa i ka wā e maloʻo ai. Akā, hele mai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka wai. Ma mua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau kala e ka hoʻomehana ʻana me kahi kāʻei kūikawā. I kēia mau lā, hoʻohana mākou i nā huahana i hana ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia nā papa kahiko o ka tempera i hoʻokahi manawa, akā inā pono e hele i ka plaster, pono e ʻoki ʻia. ʻO nā waihoʻoluʻu wai hiki ke holoi ʻia he mau huahana mākou e hāʻawi i ka hilinaʻi nui loa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole (kekahi ʻano o ka plaster, a me ka lāʻau) a hana ʻia i nā kala ākea. hana maʻalahi lākou i kahi ʻāpana kū i ka wai a me ka friction, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i nā paia e “hanu”. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā papa hou ma luna o ka pena kahiko ma hope o ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻili. Hoʻohana nā kala hou o kēia ʻano i ka titanium keʻokeʻo e like me ka puaʻa nui a me ka resin synthetic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa. ʻOkoʻa iki nā pena wai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko mai nā mea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i waho i ka maikaʻi o ka mea hoʻopaʻa (ma ke ʻano, vinyl a me ka acrylic) a me ka puaʻa, ma ka hihia mua ʻoi aku ka mālamalama, ma ka lua, kūpaʻa loa i ka mālamalama. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kala wai no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma waho o nā hale no nā lumi o loko, akā ʻaʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
Lacquers
Hoʻohana nā Lacquers i nā mea ʻokoʻa e like me nā solvents, e hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki a lohi paha. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou no ka uhi ʻana i nā papa lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea metala, kahi e hana ai lākou i kahi papa kūpaʻa loa, impermeable i ka wai. ʻO nā varnish maʻemaʻe ka mea, ke hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻili, e ʻae i ka substrate e ʻike ʻia. ʻO nā varnish pigmented, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, waiho i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni kala. ʻO ka enamel kahi ʻano varnish kūikawā e hāʻawi i kahi papa ʻālohilohi.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā ʻano o nā varnish. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Fatty Yakovi ma luna o nā ʻaila volatile (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paila linseed oil) a me nā resins maoli. Hoʻohana lākou i ka turpentine ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a maloʻo i loko o ʻeono mau hola i ka wā mua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā varnish kala ʻole o kēia ʻano e uhi i ka lāʻau, kahi i pale ʻia, akā ʻike ʻia nā ʻano veins, nā fibers. ʻO nā puaʻa i ʻāpana o ka uhi, ʻo Iakov kala he “zinc keʻokeʻo” a me ka “titanium keʻokeʻo”, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pena aila kūikawā no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi koho nui o nā kala like ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka hao (metala), hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau varnish no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻili impervious ma nā paia o waho a me loko. Hana ʻia nā varnish synthetic mai nā resins synthetic, me ka hoʻohui ʻole a i ʻole nā ʻaila kūlohelohe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā solvents kūpono. ʻO nā varnish kala ʻole a i ʻole nā enamels, ua like ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā varnish momona, kahi i ʻokoʻa ai lākou i ka ʻoi aku o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka makū a me nā mea ea, a maloʻo lākou i ka manawa pōkole (e pili ana i ʻekolu hola).
ʻO nā varnish e pili ana i ka waiʻona nā hopena o nā resins kūikawā (ʻano copal) i loko o ka waiʻona. A ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā varnish kala ʻole a me nā enamels e hāʻawi i nā “lima” hope loa akā ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i nā hopena mediocre.
Nitrocellulose varnishes loaʻa, ma waho aʻe o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūikawā, nā mea plasticizing kūlohelohe a me nā resins. ʻO ko lākou ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ia ka evaporate (maloʻo) i ka manawa pōkole loa (ma kahi o 30 minutes) a ua hana lākou i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi loa. No kēia kumu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou ma ka pulupulu ʻana ma mua o ka palaki ʻana (kūʻai ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole spray). Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou no ka pena metala, a hāʻawi lākou i nā hopena maikaʻi ma ka lāʻau a me nā substrate pā maʻamau.
Water-based enamels e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana lacquer liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻomākaukau mua me nā kala kumu (nā kala kumu). A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole lākou e koi i nā solvents kūikawā, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka wai maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia he pōmaikaʻi liʻiliʻi. Ma keʻano o ke kū’ēʻana, ka nani a me ka lōʻihi,ʻaʻole lākou iʻoi aku kaʻino ma mua o nā enamels kahiko.
Nā pena pale a me nā varnish
Pono nā pena pale a me nā varnish e pale i nā ʻili i hoʻohana ʻia a no laila e mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka mea. Aneane hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā pilikia canning me ka huahana kūpono.
Waterproof varnish, e like me nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke silicone, he wai aniani e pale ai i ka ʻili mai ka makū a ʻaʻole hoʻololi i ko lākou helehelena. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā paia o waho.
Vacques e pili ana i ka polyester a me ka polyurethane e hana i kahi papa alohilohi pale ma luna o ka lāʻau i hiki ʻole i ka wai a kūpaʻa i nā ʻōpala. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou no nā papahele lāʻau a me nā papa puka makani, nā puka a ma ka laulā, nā hana lāʻau waho.
Antibacterial, antiparasitic a me fungicidal pena pale ʻaʻole wale i ka lāʻau, akā, i nā mea ʻē aʻe (plaster, concrete, stone, brick) mai ka hoʻouka kaua. ʻAʻole hiki ke holoi ʻia e ka ua.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā pena anti-saltpetre me kahi pulupulu i nā paia i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e ka paʻakai. Pono mua mākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i nā paia me kahi pulupulu. Hana lākou i kumu no ka pena kiʻi, hoʻokomo i ka wallpaper a i ʻole nā uhi pā.
ʻO ka hope, e haʻi mākou aia kekahi mau pena hiki ʻole ke puhi ʻia e pale i ka lāʻau a me nā mea hoʻopau ʻē aʻe mai ka pōʻino o ke ahi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku i ke ahi nui aʻe mai ka ʻā ʻana ma muli o ke kaapuni pōkole, kahi kīkeke poina, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻopili ʻana me ke ahi, hana ka pena i kahi ʻano hupa paʻa e pale ai i ke ahi mai ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka mea i kau ʻia ai ka pena. ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻeleʻele lāʻau pale ahi ma ka pale ʻana i ka charring (carbonization) a me ka mālama ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka wahie.
Nā mea no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka substrate
ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka substrate he mau pena i hoʻopili ʻia me ka pulupulu ma ke ʻano o ka ʻaʻahu mua ma luna o ka ʻili e loaʻa maikaʻi ai nā “ʻaʻahu” hope loa. Hiki iā lākou ke:
-nā pena insulating, ka mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka porosity o ka substrate (plaster, wood) a pale i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā stains i ka pau ʻana o ke kiʻi ma muli o ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa;
-nā pena mua no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lāʻau, e like me ka cementite a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻopiha ai i nā pores o ka lāʻau a hana i kahi ʻili maʻemaʻe no ka hana ʻana ma hope.
-Hoʻohana ʻia nā pena anticorrosive i ka metala e pale aku ai i ka pala.
No kēia kumu, ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka minium alakaʻi maʻamau (lead oxide) i ka ʻaila Ian, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā huahana synthetic me nā puaʻa e pili ana i ka chromium a me ka hao hao, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka maloʻo ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki. Aia kekahi mau huahana i maloʻo ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki - i loko o hoʻokahi hola ma ka awelika, holoi i nā kala kumu mua e ʻae ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokipa ʻana i nā varnish ma ke metala, a pono lākou e like me ke kapa mua ma ka metala galvanized, i ʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kahi papa o nā varnish maʻamau.