Nyengo yofunikira yosungira zakale ndi chitetezo: Mawuwa akusunga magawo a mbiri yakale, machitidwe, ndi zonena zochokera m’nkhani yoyambirira. Sichikuyimira ndondomeko yamakono, malingaliro osankhidwa kapena malangizo a ntchito. Kapangidwe kazinthu, kugwirizana kwa gawo lapansi, mpweya, kawopsedwe, kuyaka, mphamvu zamoto, chitetezo chamunthu, mpweya wabwino, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutaya zikuyenera kufufuzidwa muzolemba zaukadaulo zomwe zikugwira ntchito, pepala lachitetezo ndi zolemba za opanga. Chisamaliro chapadera ndichofunika ndi zosungunulira, zopopera, utoto ndi utoto wa chromate ndi zokutira zakale.
Zogulitsa zakale ndi zonena zomwe zatchulidwa m’mawuwa sizinaperekedwe ngati zida zamakono za Savo Kusić. Kuti mumve zomwe zikuchitika pano onani kupenta ndi kupukuta ndi RAL toni khadi.
Magawo oyambira andalama
Izi ndi zinthu zomwe, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba, zimasiya zosanjikiza zowonda kapena zoteteza (kapena zonse ziwiri). Zomwe zimafunikira kuchokera kwa othandizira awa ndi: pulasitiki yabwino, yomwe imalola kupeza zokutira yunifolomu, kumamatira koyenera ku gawo lapansi, moyo wabwino wautumiki ndi kufulumira kwamtundu. Timayika ma coloring agents molingana ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga.
Utoto wamadzi
Mapenti opangidwa ndi madzi amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati zosungunulira. Ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikuuma mwachangu (pafupifupi maola 2). Ntchito yawo yeniyeni ndikuyika matope ndi konkriti.
Mkaka wa laimu, womwe umapezeka posungunula laimu wa slaked, umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto wachuma, koma umalimbana: tikaupaka ngakhale pang’ono, umasweka. Utoto wa choko, womwe umavomerezedwa bwino pa pulasitala, koma osati pa gypsum ndi putty, sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mwina chifukwa cha moyo wawo waufupi kapena chifukwa chosavomerezeka pagawo. Titha kukhazikika mitundu ya laimu pang’ono ndi zowumitsa zina. Mitundu yambiri yamitundu ingapezeke powonjezera utoto wina wosasungunuka m’madzi.
Utoto wa Gypsum ndi guluu sutha kufufutidwa ndipo timangogwiritsa ntchito zipinda. Timawapanga pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wapadera wa ufa wa gypsum umene timawukanda ndikusungunula m’madzi, ndikumanga ndi guluu. Guluu wa cellulose ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa chakuchita kwake, ku Ijuska. Titawanyowetsa m’madzi kwakanthawi kochepa, timapeza chisakanizo cha pasty wochuluka kapena wocheperako. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imapezeka mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wa vinilu wamadzi. Gypsum ndi pulasitala yopangidwa ndi guluu sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pazigawo zakale. Pamaso chojambula chatsopano, tiyenera, ngati gawo lapansi ndi pulasitala, chotsani ndi siponji yonyowa mpaka titafika pa pulasitala. Ngati gawo lapansi ndi pulasitala, m’pofunikanso kukanda yonyowa.
Mitundu ya kutentha kapena yamadzi yomwe singatsukidwe imapanga filimu yosamva bwino mukaumitsa. Koma filimuyo imachoka ikakumana ndi madzi. M’mbuyomu, mitundu iyi idalumikizidwa ndi kutentha ndi guluu wapadera. Masiku ano, komabe, timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa kale. Zakale zigawo za tempera zikhoza kubwezeretsedwa kamodzi, koma ngati kuli kofunikira kuti mufike pa pulasitala, iyenera kuchotsedwa. Mitundu yamadzi ochapitsidwa ndizinthu zomwe tiyenera kuzikhulupirira kwambiri. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (mtundu uliwonse wa pulasitala, komanso matabwa) ndipo zimapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. amapanga mosavuta wosanjikiza wosanjikiza madzi ndi kukangana, salola kuti makoma “apume”. Zigawo zatsopano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa utoto wakale mutangotsuka pamwamba. Mitundu yaposachedwa yamtunduwu imagwiritsa ntchito titaniyamu woyera ngati pigment yayikulu komanso utomoni wopangira ngati chomangira. Utoto wokhala ndi madzi opangira m’nyumba ndi wosiyana pang’ono ndi wogwiritsidwa ntchito panja pamtundu wa binder (mwadongosolo, vinyl ndi acrylic) ndi pigment, poyambirira yowala, yachiwiri, yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwala. Komabe, mitundu yamadzi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa nyumba ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito m’zipinda zamkati, koma osati mwanjira ina.
Lacquers
Varnish amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga zosungunulira, zomwe zimatuluka nthunzi mwachangu kapena pang’onopang’ono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuphimba matabwa kapena zitsulo, pomwe amapanga wosanjikiza kwambiri, wosasunthika ndi madzi. Ma varnishes omveka bwino ndi omwe, akagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba, amalola kuti gawo lapansi liwonekere. Komano, ma varnish a pigmented, amasiya filimu yamitundu. Enamel ndi mtundu wapadera wa vanishi womwe umapatsa utoto wonyezimira.
Malingana ndi mawonekedwe a zigawo zosiyanasiyana, timasiyanitsa magulu angapo a vanishi. Mafuta a Yakovi amachokera ku mafuta osasinthika (nthawi zambiri amawiritsa mafuta a linseed) ndi ma resins achilengedwe. Amagwiritsa ntchito turpentine ngati zosungunulira komanso zowuma m’maola asanu ndi limodzi koyambirira. Ma varnish opanda mtundu amtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphimba nkhuni, zomwe zimatetezedwa, koma mitsempha yamtundu, ulusi, imakhalabe yowonekera. Mitundu yomwe ili mbali ya chophimba, Iakov wachikuda ndi “zinc zoyera” ndi “titaniyamu yoyera”, ndikuwonjezera mafuta apadera kuti apeze kusankha kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kupatula nkhuni zopangira varnish ndi chitsulo (zitsulo), ma varnish awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze malo osasunthika pamakoma akunja ndi mkati. Ma vanishi opangira amapangidwa kuchokera ku utomoni wopangira, wokhala ndi kapena popanda zowonjezera zamafuta achilengedwe osungunuka muzosungunulira zoyenera. Kaya ma vanishi opanda mtundu kapena ma enamel, ali ndi ntchito yofanana ndi ma vanishi amafuta, omwe amasiyana chifukwa amalimbana kwambiri ndi chinyezi komanso zinthu zakumlengalenga, ndipo amauma pakanthawi kochepa (pafupifupi maola atatu).
Mavanishi opangidwa ndi mowa ndi ma resin apadera (mtundu wa copal) mu mowa. Ndipo ma varnish opanda mtundu ndi enamel sagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka “manja” omaliza koma ngati maziko chifukwa amapereka zotsatira zapakati.
Mavanishi a nitrocellulose ali, kuwonjezera pa zosungunulira zapadera, zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zopanga kupanga pulasitiki ndi utomoni. Maonekedwe awo amasanduka nthunzi (zouma) mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri (pafupifupi 30 minutes) ndipo amapanga wosanjikiza woonda kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mankhwala m’malo motsuka (amagulitsidwa m’mabotolo opopera). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula zitsulo, ndipo amapereka zotsatira zabwino pamitengo ndi zigawo zambiri zapakhoma.
Ma enameli okhala ndi madzi amathandizira kuti ntchito ya lacquer ikhale yosavuta chifukwa safuna kukonzekera ndi mitundu yoyambira (mitundu yoyambira). Ndipo kuti safuna zosungunulira zapadera, koma zimatha kusungunuka ndi madzi wamba, sizothandiza pang’ono. Pankhani ya kukana, gloss ndi durability, iwo si oipa kuposa enamels chikhalidwe.
Utoto woteteza ndi ma vanishi
Mapenti oteteza ndi ma vanishi ayenera kuteteza malo omwe amayikidwapo ndipo potero akwaniritse kusungidwa bwino kwa zinthuzo. Pafupifupi vuto lililonse lakuwotchera litha kuthetsedwa ndi mankhwala oyenera.
Mavanishi osalowa madzi, monga opangidwa ndi silikoni, ndi zamadzimadzi zowoneka bwino zomwe zimateteza pamwamba ku chinyezi ndipo sizisintha mawonekedwe awo. Nthawi zambiri amapaka makoma akunja.
Vacques yotengera poliyesitala ndi polyurethane amapanga wosanjikiza wowoneka bwino pamtengo womwe sungalowe m’madzi komanso wosamva kukwapula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matabwa ndi mafelemu awindo, zitseko komanso zambiri, matabwa akunja.
Utoto wa antibacterial, antiparasitic ndi fungicidal suteteza nkhuni zokha, komanso zinthu zina zilizonse (pulasitiki, konkire, miyala, njerwa) ku tizirombo. Sali ndi poizoni ndipo sangakokoloke ndi mvula.
Utoto wa anti-saltpetre umapaka ndi burashi pamakoma owonongeka ndi saltpetre. Choyamba tiyenera kuyeretsa makoma bwino ndi burashi. Amakhala ngati maziko opangira utoto, kukhazikitsa wallpaper kapena zophimba zina.
Pomaliza, tiyeni tinene kuti palinso utoto wosayaka womwe umateteza nkhuni ndi zinthu zina zoyaka moto. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa moto wokulirapo kuti usatuluke chifukwa cha kagawo kakang’ono, ndudu yoyiwalika, ndi zina zambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosanjikiza pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a millimeter wandiweyani pamitengo, makatoni, plywood, masonite. Pokhudzana ndi moto, utoto umapanga mtundu wa thovu lolimba lomwe limalepheretsa moto kuti usagwirizane ndi zinthu zomwe utoto umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtundu wina wa nkhuni zozimitsa moto umakhudzidwa ndi kuletsa kuwotcha (carbonization) ndikusunga mawonekedwe a nkhuniwo.
Njira zokonzekera gawo lapansi
Zokonzekera ndi utoto womwe umapakidwa ndi burashi ngati chofunda choyamba pamwamba kuti mulandire bwino zotsatirazi, zomaliza »majasi«. Atha kukhala:
-zopaka utoto, zomwe zimafanana ndi porosity ya gawo lapansi (pulasitiki, matabwa) ndikuletsa madontho kuti asawonekere pamene kujambula kwatha chifukwa cha kuyamwa kosiyana;
-upenti woyambira matabwa, monga simenti ndi ena omwe amadzaza ma pores a matabwa ndikupanga malo osalala kuti azitha kupukuta pambuyo pake,
-penti woletsa kuwononga amapaka zitsulo kuti zisachite dzimbiri.
Pazifukwa izi, kuwonjezera pa classic lead minium (lead oxide) mumafuta a Ian, zinthu zopangira zokhala ndi pigment zochokera ku chromium ndi iron oxide zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, mwayi wake ndikuti umawuma mwachangu kwambiri. Palinso zinthu zomwe zimawuma mwachangu - mu ola limodzi pafupipafupi, Sambani mitundu yoyambira imalola kulandila bwino kwa ma varnish pazitsulo, ndipo ndikofunikira ngati malaya oyamba pazitsulo zomata, zomwe sizikanatha kulandira ma varnish wamba.