Inqaku lovimba obalulekileyo kunye nokhuseleko: Isicatshulwa sigcina izahlulo zembali, iinkqubo, kunye namabango kwinqaku lokuqala. Ayibonisi inkcazo yokwaleka yangoku, ingcebiso yokukhetha okanye imiyalelo yomsebenzi. Ukubunjwa kwemveliso, ukuhambelana kwe-substrate, ukukhutshwa, ubuthi, ukutsha, iimpawu zomlilo, ukhuseleko lomntu, umoya, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa kufuneka kuhlolwe kwiphepha ledatha yezobugcisa, ishidi ledatha yokhuseleko kunye namaxwebhu omenzi. Ukhathalelo olukhethekileyo luyimfuneko kwizinyibilikisi, izitshizi, ilothe kunye nebala lekhromatiki kunye neengubo ezindala.
Imveliso yembali kunye namabango akhankanywe kwisicatshulwa awaboniswa njengezinto zangoku zeSavo Kusić. Ngomxholo wangoku jonga ukupeyinta kunye nokuvanisha kunye ikhadi lethowuni ye-RAL.
Ulwahlulo olusisiseko lwemali
Ezi zizinto ezithi, emva kokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezingaphezulu, zishiye i-decorative or protective layer (okanye zombini). Yintoni efunekayo kula ma-agent kukuba: iplastiki enhle, evumela ukufumana isambatho esifanayo, ukunamathela ngokugqibeleleyo kwi-substrate, ubomi benkonzo obufanelekileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kombala. Sihlela ii-agent zemibala ngokwezinto ezizenzayo.
Ipeyinti esekwe emanzini
Ipeyinti esekwe emanzini zisebenzisa amanzi njengesinyibilikisi. Zilula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye zome ngokukhawuleza (malunga neeyure 2). Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokukodwa kukufakwa kombala wodaka kunye nekhonkrithi.
Ubisi lwekalika, olufunyenwe ngokunyibilikisa i-slaked lime, lusetyenziselwa ukudaya ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa luxhathisa: ukuba siyaluhlikihla nokuba luncinci, luyawohloka. Iipeyinti ze-Chalk, ezamkelwa kakuhle kwi-plaster, kodwa kungekhona kwi-gypsum kunye ne-putty, azifane zisetyenziswe mhlawumbi ngenxa yobomi babo obufutshane okanye ngenxa yokungamkeleki kakuhle kwi-substrate. Singazinzisa imibala yekalika kancinci kancinci ngezinto eziqina. Uluhlu oluthile lwemibala lungafunyanwa ngokongeza ezinye iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini.
Ipeyinti yeGypsum kunye neglue ayizona ezona zixhathisayo ekucimeni kwaye sizisebenzisa kuphela kumagumbi. Senza ukuba basebenzise uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-gypsum powder esiyixuba kwaye siyinyibilikise emanzini, kwaye sibophe ngeglue. Iglue ye-cellulose yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo, e-Ijuska. Emva kokuwunyakamisa emanzini ixesha elifutshane, sifumana umxube wepasty ongaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala zifumaneka ngokulula kusetyenziswa ipeyinti yevinyl esekwe emanzini. I-Gypsum kunye ne-glue-based plaster ayinakufakwa kwiileyile ezindala. Ngaphambi komzobo omtsha, kufuneka, ukuba i-substrate i-plaster, siyisuse ngesiponji esimanzi de sifike kwi-plaster engenanto. Ukuba i-substrate i-plaster, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukukhuhla okumanzi.
Imibala yobushushu okanye amanzi angenakuhlanjwa yenze ifilimu exhathisayo xa yomiswa. Kodwa ifilimu iphuma xa idibene namanzi. Ngaphambili, le mibala iboshwe ngokufudumeza ngeglue ekhethekileyo. Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, sibhenela kwiimveliso esele zenziwe. Imigangatho emidala ye-tempera inokuphinda ihlaziywe ubuncinane kanye, kodwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuya kwi-plaster, kufuneka ichithwe. Imibala yamanzi ahlambekayo ngokuqinisekileyo ziimveliso ekufuneka sizithembe kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo (naluphi na uhlobo lwe-plaster, kunye nomthi) kwaye zenziwe ngemibala emininzi. bakha ngokulula umaleko ochasene namanzi kunye nokukhuhlana, abavumeli iindonga ukuba “ziphefumle”. Iileyile ezintsha zingafakwa phezu kwepeyinti endala emva kokuhlamba nje umphezulu. Imibala yamva nje yolu hlobo isebenzisa i-titanium emhlophe njenge-pigment ephambili kunye ne-synthetic resin njenge-binder. Iipeyinti ezisekelwe emanzini zokusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi zihluke kancinane kwezo zisetyenziselwa ngaphandle kumgangatho we-binder (ngokulandelelana, i-vinyl kunye ne-acrylic) kunye ne-pigment, kwimeko yokuqala ekhanyayo, okwesibini, ixhathisa ngokugqithisileyo ekukhanyeni. Nangona kunjalo, imibala yamanzi yokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ingasetyenziselwa amagumbi angaphakathi, kodwa kungekhona enye indlela.
Lacquers
Iivarnish zisebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo njengezinyibilikisi, eziphuma umphunga ngokukhawuleza okanye kancinci. Zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukugubungela umphezulu womthi okanye wesinyithi, apho zenza umaleko ochasayo kakhulu, ongenamanzi. I-varnishes ecacileyo yileyo, xa ifakwe kumphezulu, ivumela ukuba i-substrate ibonakale. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-varnishes enemibala, ishiya ifilimu enemibala. I-Enameli luhlobo olulodwa lwevanishi enika umaleko omenyezelayo womphezulu.
Ngokuxhomekeka kubume bamacandelo ahlukeneyo, sihlula iindidi ezininzi zeevanishi. I-Fatty Yakovi isekelwe kwi-oyile eguquguqukayo (idla ngokubiliswa ioli ye-linseed) kunye ne-resins yendalo. Basebenzisa i-turpentine njengesinyibilikisi kwaye zome kwiiyure ezintandathu kwangoko. I-varnishes engenambala yolu hlobo isetyenziswa kakhulu ukugubungela umthi, okhuselweyo ngaloo ndlela, kodwa imithambo yeempawu, iifibers, zihlala zibonakala. I-pigments eyingxenye yesigqubuthelo, i-Iakov enemibala “yi-zinc emhlophe” kunye ne “titanium emhlophe”, kunye nokongezwa kweepeyinti ezikhethekileyo zeoli ukufumana ukhetho olukhulu lwemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kweenkuni zokugcoba kunye nentsimbi (intsimbi), ezi vanishi zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukufumana indawo engabonakaliyo kwiindonga zangaphandle nangaphakathi. I-Synthetic varnishes zenziwe kwii-resin zokwenziwa, kunye okanye ngaphandle kokongezwa kweoli yendalo echithwe kwii-solvents ezifanelekileyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-varnishes engenambala okanye i-enamels, inesicelo esifanayo njengeevanishi ezinamafutha, apho zihluke khona ngenxa yokuba ziyakwazi ukumelana nomswakama kunye ne-atmospheric agents, kwaye zome ngexesha elifutshane (malunga neeyure ezintathu).
Iivanishi ezisekelwe kutywala zizisombululo ze-resin ezikhethekileyo (uhlobo lwe-copal) kwi-alcohol. Kwaye i-varnishes ezingenambala kunye ne-enamel azisetyenziselwa ukunika “izandla” zokugqibela kodwa njengesiseko kuba zinika iziphumo eziphantsi.
Iivanishi zeNitrocellulose ziqulethe, ukongeza kwi-solvents ezikhethekileyo, izinto zeplastiki zendalo kunye ne-artificial kunye ne-resin. Uphawu lwazo olusisiseko kukuba ziyajika zibe ngumphunga (zomile) ngelona xesha lifutshane linokwenzeka (malunga 30 minutes) kwaye zenze umaleko obhityileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokutshiza kunokuba zixutywe (zithengiswa kwiibhotile zokutshiza). Zisetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukupeyinta isinyithi, kwaye zinika iziphumo ezilungileyo kwiiplanga kunye nezona ndawo ziqhelekileyo zodonga.
I-enamels ezisekelwe emanzini zenza lula umsebenzi omncinci we-lacquer kuba ayifuni naluphi na ukulungiswa kwangaphambili ngemibala esisiseko (imibala esisiseko). Kwaye into yokuba ayifuni i-solvents ekhethekileyo, kodwa inokuchithwa ngamanzi aqhelekileyo, ayiyona inzuzo encinci. Ngokumalunga nokuchasana, i-gloss kunye nokuqina, azikho zimbi kune-enamels zendabuko.
Iipeyinti ezikhuselayo kunye nevanishi
Iipeyinti ezikhuselayo kunye neevanishi kufuneka zikhusele iindawo ezifakwe kuzo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifezekise ukugcinwa kakuhle kwezinto. Phantse yonke ingxaki yokunkonkxa ingasonjululwa ngemveliso efanelekileyo.
Iivanishi ezingangeni manzi, ezifana nezo zisekwe kwi-silicone, zilulwelo oluselubala olukhusela indawo kumswakama kwaye alutshintshi inkangeleko yazo. Zihlala zisetyenziswa nakwiindonga zangaphandle.
IiVacques ezisekwe kwi-polyester kunye ne-polyurethane zenza umaleko okhuselayo ocacileyo kumthi ongangenekiyo emanzini kwaye uxhathise kakhulu kwimikrwelo. Zisetyenziselwa imigangatho yokhuni kunye nezakhelo zefestile, iingcango kunye ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wokhuni wangaphandle.
I-antibacterial, antiparasitic kunye ne-fungicidal paints ayikhuseli kuphela umthi, kodwa nayo nayiphi na enye into (i-plaster, ikhonkrithi, ilitye, izitena) ekuhlaselweni kwe-parasite. Azinatyhefu kwaye azinakukhukuliswa yimvula.
Ipeyinti ye-Anti-saltpetre ifakwe ngebrashi kwiindonga ezonakaliswe yi-saltpetre. Kufuneka siqale sicoce iindonga kakuhle ngebrashi. Basebenza njengesiseko sokupenda, ukufaka iphepha lodonga okanye ezinye iingubo zodonga.
Okokugqibela, makhe sikhankanye ukuba kukho iipeyinti ezingatshiyo ezikhusela iinkuni kunye nezinye izinto ezinokutsha kwiingozi zomlilo. Zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela umlilo omkhulu ukuba uqhamuke ngenxa yesiphaluka esifutshane, i-cigarette butt ekhohliweyo, njl.njl. Zisetyenziswe kuluhlu malunga nesinye seshumi semilimitha ubukhulu kumthi, ikhadibhodi, iplywood, i-masonite. Ukudibana nomlilo, ipeyinti idala uhlobo lwegwebu eliqinileyo elithintela umlilo ukuba ungadibanisi nezinto apho ipeyinti ifakwa khona. Olunye uhlobo lwebala lenkuni elibuyisela umlilo liphendula ngokuthintela ukutsha (carbonization) kunye nokugcina iimpawu zomatshini womthi.
Iindlela zokulungiselela isubstrate
Ii-arhente zokulungiselela iipeyinti ezifakwe ngebrashi njengebhatyi yokuqala kumphezulu wokufumana ngcono oku kulandelayo, ukugqiba »iidyasi«. Zinokuba:
-i-insulating paints, ezilinganisa i-porosity ye-substrate (i-plaster, i-wood) kunye nokuthintela amabala ukuba angabonakali xa umzobo ugqityiwe ngenxa yokuxutywa okuhlukeneyo;
-Iipeyinti eziziiprayimari zamaplanga okwenziwa kuqala, njengesamente kunye nezinye ezigcwalisa imingxunya yeenkuni kwaye zenze indawo egudileyo yokuvanishwa kamva,
-ipeyinti ezinqanda ukubola ziqatywa kwintsimbi ukunqanda ukurusa.
Ngenxa yale njongo, ngaphandle kwe-classic lead minium (i-lead oxide) kwi-oyile ye-Ian, iimveliso zokwenziwa kunye ne-pigment ezisekelwe kwi-chromium kunye ne-iron oxide zihlala zisetyenziswa, inzuzo yokuba yomile ngokukhawuleza. Kukho neemveliso ezomisa ngakumbi ngokukhawuleza - kwiyure enye kwi-avareji, Geza imibala ye-primer ivumela ulwamkelo olungcono lweevanishi kwintsimbi, kwaye ziyimfuneko njengesambatho sokuqala kwintsimbi ekhandiweyo, engenakukwazi ukufumana umaleko weevanishi eziqhelekileyo.