Nheyo yakakosha nekuchengetedzwa kwechiziviso: Mavara acho anochengetedza kupatsanurwa kwenhoroondo, maitiro, uye zvinorehwa kubva muchinyorwa chekutanga. Iyo haimiriri yazvino coating yakatarwa, kurudziro yekusarudza kana mirairo yebasa. Kuumbwa kwechigadzirwa, substrate kuenderana, kuburitsa, huturu, kupisa moto, zvivakwa zvemoto, dziviriro yemunhu, kufefetedza, kushandisa uye kuraswa kunofanirwa kutariswa mune inoshanda tekinoroji data sheet, kuchengetedza data sheet uye zvinyorwa zvemugadziri. Kunyatsotarisirwa kunodiwa nezvinonyungudutsa, zvipfapfaidzo, mutobvu uye chromate pigments uye machira ekare.
Zvigadzirwa zvenhoroondo uye zvikumbiro zvakataurwa muzvinyorwa hazvina kuratidzwa sezvinhu zvazvino zveSavo Kusić. Kuti uwane mamiriro azvino ona kupenda uye varnishing uye RAL toni kadhi.
Mugove wakakosha wemari
Izvi zvinhu izvo, mushure mekuiswa kumusoro, zvinosiya yakatetepa yekushongedza kana yekudzivirira layer (kana zvese zviri zviviri). Izvo zvinodikanwa kubva kune aya maajenti ndezvekuti: yakanaka plastiki, iyo inobvumira kuwana yunifomu yejasi, kunamatira kwakakwana kune substrate, inonzwisisika hupenyu hwebasa uye kukurumidza kwemavara. Isu tinoisa maajenti emavara zvichienderana nezvinhu zvinovagadzira.
Pendi dzemvura
Pendi dzakagadzirwa nemvura dzinoshandisa mvura sechinhu chinonyungudutsa. Izvo zviri nyore kuisa uye kuoma nekukurumidza (anenge 2 maawa). Kushandiswa kwavo chaiko ndiko kuveura kwedhaka uye kongiri.
Mukaka weraimu, unowanikwa nekunyungudutsa slaked lime, unoshandiswa kudhaya hupfumi, asi unopokana: kana tikaukwiza kunyange zvishoma, unoputsika. Chalk pendi, iyo inogamuchirwa zvakanaka papurasita, asi kwete pagypsum uye putty, haiwanzoshandiswa kana nekuda kwehupenyu hwavo hupfupi kana nekuda kwekutadza kugamuchirwa pane substrate. Isu tinokwanisa kudzikamisa lime mavara zvishoma nezvimwe zvinoomesa. Mamwe mavara akasiyana-siyana anogona kuwanikwa nekuwedzera mamwe madhayi anonyungudika mumvura.
Gypsum uye glue-based pendi handidzo dzinoramba kudzimwa uye tinozvishandisa kumakamuri chete. Tinovaita vachishandisa rudzi rwakakosha rwegypsum powder yatinokanya nekunyungudika mumvura, uye tinosunga ne glue. Cellulose glue ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, nekuda kwekuita kwayo, muIjuska. Mushure mekunyorovesa mumvura kwechinguva chidiki, tinowana musanganiswa wakawanda kana wakaderera wakakora pasty. Mavara akasiyana-siyana anowanikwa zviri nyore paint-based vinyl paints. Gypsum uye glue-based plaster haigoni kushandiswa kune zvidimbu zvekare. Pamberi pekupenda mutsva, tinofanira, kana substrate iri plaster, kuibvisa nesiponji yakanyorova kusvikira tasvika papurasita isina chinhu. Kana iyo substrate iri plaster, inofanirwawo kukwenya kunyorova.
Temperature kana mavara emvura asingagoni kugezwa anoumba firimu risingachinji kana uchiomesa. Asi firimu rinobva rasangana nemvura. Kare, mavara aya aibatanidzwa nekudziya neglue yakakosha. Nhasi, zvakadaro, tinoshandisa zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa. Zvikamu zvekare zve tempera zvinogona kudzokororwa kamwechete, asi kana zvichidikanwa kuti uende kune plaster, inofanira kubviswa. Mavara emvura anogezeka zvechokwadi zvigadzirwa izvo zvatinofanira kupa zvakanyanya kuvimba nazvo. Inogona kushandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu (chero ipi zvayo yepurasita, pamwe chete nehuni) uye inogadzirwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. ivo vanogadzira nyore jira rinopesana nemvura uye kupesana, havabvumiri masvingo “kufema”. Mitsva mitsva inogona kuiswa pamusoro pepende yekare mushure mekungosuka pasi. Iwo achangoburwa mavara erudzi urwu anoshandisa titanium chena seyakakura pigment uye synthetic resin sebhainda. Mvura-yakavakirwa pendi yekushandiswa kwemukati akasiyana zvishoma neaya ekushandiswa kwekunze mumhando yebinder (mukurongeka, vinyl uye acrylic) uye pigment, mune yekutanga kesi inopenya, mune yechipiri, inopikisa zvakanyanya kuchiedza. Zvisinei, mavara emvura ekushandiswa kunze kwezvivako anogonawo kushandiswa kumakamuri emukati, asi kwete imwe nzira yakapoteredza.
Lacquers
Varnishes anoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana sezvinonyungudutsa, zvinobuda nekukurumidza kana zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kuvhara matanda kana simbi nzvimbo, iyo painoumba dhizaini yakasimba, isingapindi mvura. Mavarnish akajeka ndeaya, kana akaiswa pamusoro, anobvumira kuti substrate ionekwe. Pigmented varnishes, kune rumwe rutivi, siya firimu rine ruvara. Enamel imhando yakakosha yevarnish inopa kupenya kwepamusoro.
Zvichienderana nemhando yezvikamu zvakasiyana, tinosiyanisa akati wandei evarnish. Mafuta Yakovi anobva pamafuta anopisa (anowanzo kubikwa linseed oiri) uye masaramusi chaiwo. Vanoshandisa turpentine sechinhu chinonyungudutsa uye yakaoma mumaawa matanhatu pakutanga. Varnish isina ruvara rwemhando iyi inonyanya kushandiswa kuvhara huni, iyo inodzivirirwa, asi maitiro emagetsi, fibers, anoramba achionekwa. Iyo pigment iyo iri chikamu chekuvhara, mavara Iakov ane “white zinc” uye “white titanium”, pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwemafuta anokosha pendi kuti awane sarudzo yakakura yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Kunze kwevarnishing huni nesimbi (simbi), mavarnish aya anowanzo shandiswa kuti awane nzvimbo dzisingapindi pamadziro ekunze nemukati. Synthetic varnishes inogadzirwa kubva kumagetsi ekugadzira, ane kana pasina kuwedzera kwemafuta echisikigo akanyungudutswa mune zvakakodzera zvinonyungudutsa. Ingave mavarnish asina ruvara kana enamel, ane basa rakafanana nemafuta evarnishes, kubva kwaanosiyana pakuti anonyanya kurwisana nehunyoro uye mhepo yemhepo, uye anooma munguva pfupi (anenge maawa matatu).
Alcohol-based varnishes mhinduro dzemhando dzakakosha (copal type) mudoro. Uye mavarnish asina mavara uye enamels haashandiswe kupa ekupedzisira “maoko” asi chete sechigadziko nekuti anopa mediocre mhedzisiro.
Nitrocellulose varnishes ine, kuwedzera kune yakakosha zvinonyungudutsa, zvechisikigo uye zvekugadzira zvepurasitiki zvinhu uye resin. Hunhu hwavo hwekutanga ndehwekuti vanonyungudika (kuoma) munguva pfupi pfupi inobvira (muinenge 30 minutes) uye kuti vanogadzira danda rakatetepa zvakanyanya. Nechikonzero ichi, ivo vanowanzo shandiswa nekupfapfaidza kwete nekukwesha (vanotengeswa mumabhodhoro ekupfapfaidza). Iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakupenda simbi, uye anopa mhedzisiro yakanaka pahuni uye akajairika emadziro substrates.
Manamel akavakirwa nemvura anorerutsa basa diki re lacquer nekuti haadi chero kugadzirira kwekutanga nemavara ega (base colours). Uye chokwadi chekuti hachidi zvakakosha zvinonyungudutsa, asi zvinogona kunyungudika nemvura yakajairika, haisi mukana muduku. Mukutaura kwekupikisa, kupenya uye kusimba, hazvina kuipa kudarika echinyakare enamels.
Pendi dzekudzivirira nemavarnish
Idziviriro pendi uye varnishes dzinofanirwa kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzadzinoiswa uye nekudaro kuwana kuchengetedzwa kwakanaka kwezvinhu. Anenge ese dambudziko rekugadzika rinogona kugadziriswa nechigadzirwa chakakodzera.
Mavhanishi asingapindi mvura, akadai seaya akavakirwa pasilicone, zvinwiwa zvinoonekera zvinodzivirira nzvimbo kubva pakunyorova uye hazvichinje chitarisiko chavo. Kazhinji anoshandiswa kumadziro ekunze zvakare.
Vacques yakavakirwa papolyester uye polyurethane inogadzira inodzivirira yakajeka layer pahuni isingapindire mumvura uye isingaite kukwenya. Iyo inoshandiswa pamapuranga pasi uye mahwindo emahwindo, magonhi uye kazhinji, kunze kwemapuranga.
Antibacterial, antiparasitic uye fungicidal pendi inodzivirira kwete huni chete, asiwo chero zvimwe zvinhu (plaster, kongiri, dombo, zvidhinha) kubva pakurwisa kweparasite. Haana chepfu uye haakukurwe nemvura.
Mapendi eAnti-saltpetre anoiswa nebhurasho kumadziro akakuvadzwa nesaltpetre. Tinofanira kutanga kuchenesa madziro zvakanaka nebhurashi. Ivo vanoshanda sehwaro hwekupenda, kuisa Wallpaper kana zvimwe zvifukidzo zvemadziro.
Pakupedzisira, ngatitaurei kuti kunewo mapendi asingabatiki anodzivirira huni nezvimwe zvinhu zvinopisa kubva kune moto. Inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira moto wakakura kubva pakuputika nekuda kwechidimbu chechidimbu, chigadziko chefodya chakakanganwa, nezvimwewo. Izvo zvinoshandiswa mumucheka anenge chikamu chimwe chegumi chemillimeter gobvu pahuni, kadhibhodhi, plywood, masonite. Mukubatana nemoto, pendi inogadzira rudzi rwefuro rakasimba rinodzivirira moto kuti usasangana nezvinhu zvinoiswa pendi. Imwe mhando yetsvina yehuni inodzoreredza moto inopindirana nekudzivirira kupisa (carbonization) nekuchengetedza huni hwehuni.
Nzira dzekugadzirira substrate
Kugadzirira vamiririri mapendi anoiswa nebhurasho sejasi rekutanga pamusoro pepamusoro kuti ugamuchire zvirinani zvinotevera, kupedzisa »majasi«. Vanogona kuva:
-insulating paints, iyo inofananidzira porosity ye substrate (plaster, huni) uye inodzivirira mavara kubva pakuonekwa kana mufananidzo wapera nekuda kwekutorwa kwakasiyana;
-mapendi ekutanga emapuranga ekutanga, senge simende uye mamwe anozadza maburi ehuni uye kugadzira nzvimbo yakatsetseka yevarnishing gare gare,
-anticorrosive pendi anoiswa pasimbi kudzivirira kuita ngura.
Nechinangwa ichi, kunze kweiyo classic lead minium (lead oxide) mumafuta eIan, zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvine pigment zvinoenderana nechromium uye iron oxide zvinowanzoshandiswa, zvakanakira izvo ndezvekuti zvinoomesa nekukurumidza. Kunewo zvigadzirwa zvinoomesa kunyange nekukurumidza - muawa imwe paavhareji, Geza mavara ekutanga anobvumira kugamuchirwa kuri nani kwevarnishes pasimbi, uye inofanirwa sejasi rekutanga pane galvanized metal, iyo neimwe nzira yaisagona kugamuchira jira revarnishes.