Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab kev ruaj ntseg: Cov ntawv khaws cia cov kev faib keeb kwm, cov txheej txheem, thiab cov lus thov los ntawm thawj tsab xov xwm. Nws tsis sawv cev rau txheej txheej tam sim no, kev pom zoo xaiv lossis cov lus qhia ua haujlwm. Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, substrate compatibility, emissions, toxicity, flammability, hluav taws kub, kev tiv thaiv tus kheej, qhov cua, daim ntawv thov thiab pov tseg yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau cov ntaub ntawv, kev ruaj ntseg cov ntaub ntawv thiab chaw tsim tshuaj paus cov ntaub ntawv. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog tsim nyog nrog cov kuab tshuaj, tshuaj tsuag, hmoov lead thiab chromate pigments thiab cov txheej qub.
Cov khoom siv keeb kwm thiab cov lus thov hais hauv cov ntawv tsis tau nthuav tawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no ntawm Savo Kusić. Rau cov ntsiab lus tam sim no saib painting thiab varnishing thiab RAL tone card.
Kev faib nyiaj yooj yim
Cov no yog cov khoom uas, tom qab siv rau qhov chaw, tawm hauv ib txheej nyias nyias los yog tiv thaiv txheej (los yog ob qho tib si). Dab tsi yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm no yog: zoo plasticity, uas tso cai rau kom tau txais cov txheej txheem sib xws, zoo meej adhesion rau substrate, tsim nyog kev pab cuam lub neej thiab xim ceev ceev. Peb faib cov xim xim raws li cov khoom uas ua rau lawv.
Water-based paints
Cov xim pleev xim dej siv dej ua cov kuab tshuaj. Lawv yooj yim thov thiab qhuav sai (txog 2 teev). Lawv cov kev siv tshwj xeeb yog xim ntawm mortar thiab pob zeb.
Mis ntawm txiv qaub, uas yog tau los ntawm dissolving slaked txiv qaub, yog siv rau economic dyeing, tab sis nws yog resistant: yog hais tias peb rub nws txawm me ntsis, nws crumbles. Chalk xim, uas tau txais zoo rau ntawm plaster, tab sis tsis yog ntawm gypsum thiab putty, tsis tshua siv vim lawv lub neej luv luv los yog vim kev lees txais tsis zoo ntawm lub substrate. Peb tuaj yeem txhim kho cov xim txiv qaub me ntsis ntxiv nrog qee cov hardeners. Qee cov xim tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv lwm cov dej-soluble dyes.
Gypsum thiab kua nplaum-raws li cov xim tsis yog cov feem ntau resistant rau erasure thiab peb tsuas yog siv rau cov chav. Peb ua rau lawv siv ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm gypsum hmoov uas peb knead thiab yaj nyob rau hauv dej, thiab khi nrog kua nplaum. Cellulose kua nplaum yog siv dav tshaj plaws, vim nws qhov ua tau zoo, hauv Ijuska. Tom qab moistening nws nyob rau hauv dej rau ib lub sij hawm luv luv, peb tau ib tug ntau los yog tsawg tuab pasty sib tov. Ntau yam xim tau yooj yim tau siv los ntawm cov xim vinyl dej. Gypsum thiab kua nplaum-raws li plaster tsis tuaj yeem siv rau cov txheej qub. Ua ntej yuav pleev xim tshiab, peb yuav tsum, yog tias lub substrate yog plaster, tshem tawm nws nrog ib daim txhuam cev ntub dej kom txog thaum peb ncav cuag qhov liab qab plaster. Yog hais tias lub substrate yog plaster, nws tseem yuav tsum tau khawb ntub dej.
Tempera lossis xim dej uas tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav ua cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv taus thaum ziab. Tab sis zaj duab xis los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog dej. Yav dhau los, cov xim no tau sib txuas los ntawm cua sov nrog cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, peb siv cov khoom npaj ua tiav. Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm tempera tuaj yeem rov ua dua tsawg kawg ib zaug, tab sis yog tias nws yuav tsum tau mus rau plaster, nws yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Cov xim dej ntxuav tau yeej yog cov khoom lag luam uas peb yuav tsum muab kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws rau. Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam khoom siv (txhua hom plaster, nrog rau ntoo) thiab ua rau ntau yam xim. lawv yooj yim tsim ib txheej resistant rau dej thiab kev sib txhuam, lawv tsis cia cov phab ntsa “ua pa”. Cov txheej tshiab tuaj yeem siv rau cov xim qub tom qab tsuas yog ntxuav qhov chaw. Cov xim tshiab ntawm hom no siv titanium dawb ua cov xim tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua cov ntawv khi. Cov xim pleev xim rau sab hauv tsev yog qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov siv sab nraum zoov hauv qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (hauv kev txiav txim, yas thiab acrylic) thiab cov xim, nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub brighter, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, heev resistant rau lub teeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim dej siv rau sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev kuj tseem siv tau rau cov chav sab hauv, tab sis tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev.
Lacquers
Varnishes siv cov khoom sib txawv ua cov kuab tshuaj, uas evaporate sai dua lossis qeeb dua. Lawv feem ntau yog siv los npog cov ntoo lossis hlau, uas lawv tsim cov txheej txheem tiv taus, impermeable rau dej. Cov kua roj vanish ntshiab yog cov uas, thaum siv rau saum npoo, tso cai rau pom cov substrate. Pigmented varnishes, ntawm qhov tod tes, tawm hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab xim. Enamel yog hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kua roj vanish uas muab cov txheej txheej ci ntsa iab.
Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm ntau yam khoom, peb paub qhov txawv ntau pawg ntawm cov kua roj vanish. Fatty Yakovi yog raws li cov roj tsis hloov pauv (feem ntau cov roj boiled linseed) thiab cov khoom siv ntuj. Lawv siv turpentine ua ib qho hnyav thiab qhuav hauv rau teev thaum ntxov. Cov xim tsis muaj xim ntawm hom no feem ntau yog siv los npog ntoo, uas yog li tiv thaiv, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov leeg, fibers, tseem pom. Cov xim uas yog ib feem ntawm lub npog, cov xim Iakov yog “dawb zinc” thiab “dawb titanium”, nrog rau kev ntxiv cov xim roj tshwj xeeb kom tau txais kev xaiv loj ntawm ntau yam xim. Sib nrug los ntawm varnishing ntoo thiab hlau (hlau), cov kua roj vanish no feem ntau siv kom tau cov impervious nto ntawm phab ntsa sab nrauv thiab sab hauv. Synthetic varnishes yog tsim los ntawm hluavtaws resins, nrog los yog tsis muaj ntxiv ntawm cov roj ntuj yaj nyob rau hauv tsim nyog cov kuab tshuaj. Txawm hais tias cov kua roj vanish tsis muaj xim lossis cov enamels, lawv muaj tib daim ntawv thov xws li cov kua roj vanish, uas lawv txawv ntawm qhov uas lawv muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov dej noo thiab huab cua, thiab lawv qhuav hauv lub sijhawm luv (kwv yees li peb teev).
Alcohol-based varnishes yog cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov resins tshwj xeeb (copal hom) hauv cawv. Thiab tsis muaj xim varnishes thiab enamels tsis yog siv los muab qhov kawg “tes” tab sis tsuas yog ua lub hauv paus vim lawv muab cov txiaj ntsig nruab nrab.
Nitrocellulose varnishes muaj, ntxiv rau cov kuab tshuaj tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv dag zog thiab cov khoom siv dag zog thiab cov resins. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog lawv evaporate (qhuav) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv tshaj plaws (nyob rau hauv hais txog 30 minutes) thiab lawv tsim ib txheej nyias nyias. Vim li no, lawv feem ntau siv los ntawm kev txau es tsis yog txhuam hniav (lawv tau muag hauv lub raj mis tsuag). Lawv tau siv dav rau kev pleev xim hlau, thiab lawv muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntoo thiab feem ntau cov phab ntsa substrates.
Water-based enamels ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm lacquer me me vim tias lawv tsis xav tau kev npaj ua ntej nrog cov xim hauv paus (xim xim). Thiab qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis xav tau cov kuab tshuaj tshwj xeeb, tab sis tuaj yeem yaj nrog dej zoo tib yam, tsis yog qhov zoo me me. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kuj, gloss thiab durability, lawv tsis yog phem tshaj li niaj hnub enamels.
Cov xim tiv thaiv thiab cov kua roj vanish
Tiv thaiv cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish yuav tsum tiv thaiv qhov chaw uas lawv tau thov thiab yog li ua tiav kev txuag cov khoom zoo. Yuav luag txhua qhov teeb meem canning tuaj yeem daws tau nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.
Waterproof varnishes, xws li cov raws li silicone, yog cov kua pob tshab uas tiv thaiv qhov chaw los ntawm ya raws thiab tsis hloov lawv cov tsos. Lawv feem ntau siv rau sab nrauv phab ntsa thiab.
Vacques raws li polyester thiab polyurethane tsim ib txheej tiv thaiv pob tshab ntawm cov ntoo uas yog impermeable rau dej thiab heev tiv taus khawb. Lawv yog siv rau cov plag tsev ntoo thiab qhov rais thav duab, qhov rooj thiab feem ntau, sab nrauv woodwork.
Antibacterial, antiparasitic thiab fungicidal xim tiv thaiv tsis tsuas yog ntoo, tab sis kuj muaj lwm yam ntaub ntawv (plaster, qhob, pob zeb, cib) los ntawm parasite tawm tsam. Lawv tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav los ntawm nag.
Anti-salpetre xim yog siv nrog txhuam rau phab ntsa puas los ntawm ntsev. Peb yuav tsum xub ntxuav cov phab ntsa kom zoo nrog txhuam. Lawv ua lub hauv paus rau kev pleev xim, txhim kho phab ntsa lossis lwm cov phab ntsa.
Thaum kawg, cia peb hais tias tseem muaj cov xim tsis muaj nplaim taws uas tiv thaiv ntoo thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm hluav taws kub. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv qhov hluav taws kub loj los ntawm kev tawg vim yog lub voj voog luv luv, tsis nco qab lub taub qab luam yeeb, thiab lwm yam. Lawv yog siv rau hauv ib txheej txog ib feem kaum ntawm ib millimeter tuab ntawm ntoo, cardboard, plywood, masonite. Nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog hluav taws, cov xim tsim ib hom ntawm cov khoom ua npuas ncauj uas tiv thaiv qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom uas cov xim yog siv. Lwm hom hluav taws kub retardant ntoo stain reacts los ntawm kev tiv thaiv charring (carbonization) thiab khaws cia cov neeg kho tshuab zog ntawm cov ntoo.
txhais tau tias rau kev npaj substrate
Kev npaj cov neeg ua haujlwm yog cov xim uas siv nrog txhuam raws li thawj lub tsho tiv no rau ntawm qhov chaw kom tau txais cov hauv qab no zoo dua, ua tiav “coats”. Lawv tuaj yeem yog:
-insulating xim, uas sib npaug lub porosity ntawm lub substrate (plaster, ntoo) thiab tiv thaiv stains los ntawm tshwm sim thaum lub painting tiav lawm vim txawv absorption;
-thawj xim rau priming ntoo, xws li cementite thiab lwm yam uas sau cov ntoo qhov hws thiab tsim ib tug du nto rau tom qab varnishing,
-cov xim pleev xim rau cov hlau kom tiv thaiv xeb.
Rau lub hom phiaj no, sib nrug los ntawm cov hlau lead miniium (lead oxide) hauv Ian roj, cov khoom siv hluavtaws nrog cov xim raws li chromium thiab hlau oxide feem ntau siv, qhov zoo ntawm qhov yog tias lawv qhuav sai dua. Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom lag luam uas qhuav sai dua - hauv ib teev ntawm qhov nruab nrab, Ntxuav primer xim tso cai rau kev txais tos zoo dua ntawm cov kua roj vanish ntawm cov hlau, thiab lawv tsim nyog raws li thawj lub tsho tiv no ntawm galvanized hlau, uas txwv tsis pub yuav tsis tau txais ib txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish.