Isaziso esibalulekile sengobo yomlando nokuvikeleka: Umbhalo ulondoloza ukuhlukana okungokomlando, izinqubo, nezimangalo ezivela ku-athikili yoqobo. Ayimeli isicaciso samanje sokumboza, izincomo zokukhetha noma imiyalelo yomsebenzi. Ukwakheka komkhiqizo, ukuhambisana kwe-substrate, ukukhishwa kwegesi, ubuthi, ukuvutha, izici zomlilo, ukuvikelwa komuntu siqu, ukungeniswa komoya, ukufaka isicelo nokulahlwa kufanele kuhlolwe eshidini ledatha lobuchwepheshe elisebenzayo, ishidi ledatha yezokuphepha kanye nemibhalo yomkhiqizi. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kuyadingeka ngezincibilikisi, izifutho, umbala womthofi nekhromethi kanye nezingubo ezindala.
Imikhiqizo yomlando nezimangalo ezishiwo embhalweni akwethulwa njengezisetshenziswa zamanje ze-Savo Kusić. Ukuze uthole umongo wamanje bheka ukudweba nokuvanisha kanye ikhadi lethoni ye-RAL.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimali okuyisisekelo
Lezi izinto okuthi, ngemva kokusetshenziswa endaweni engaphezulu, zishiye ungqimba oluncane lokuhlobisa noma oluvikelayo (noma kokubili). Okudingekayo kulawa ma-ejenti: i-plasticity enhle, evumela ukuthola i-coating efanayo, ukunamathela okuphelele ku-substrate, impilo yesevisi enengqondo kanye nokushesha kombala. Sihlukanisa ama-ejenti ombala ngokuya ngezinto eziwakhayo.
Opende abasuselwe emanzini
Opende abasuselwe emanzini basebenzisa amanzi njengesinyibilikisi. Kulula ukuzifaka futhi zome ngokushesha (cishe amahora angu-2). Ukusetshenziswa kwabo okukhethekile wukufaka umbala kodaka nokhonkolo.
Ubisi lomcako, olutholwa ngokuncibilikisa umcako owenziwe nge-slaked, lusetshenziselwa ukudaya ngokwezomnotho, kodwa alukwazi ukumelana: uma siluhlikihla ngisho kancane, luyawohloka. Amapende we-Chalk, amukelwa kahle ku-plaster, kodwa hhayi ku-gypsum ne-putty, awavamile ukusetshenziswa noma ngenxa yempilo yabo emfushane noma ngenxa yokungamukeleki kahle ku-substrate. Singakwazi ukusimamisa imibala ye-lime kakhudlwana ngeziqinisekiso ezithile. Uhlu oluthile lwemibala lungatholwa ngokwengeza abanye odayi abancibilika emanzini.
Gypsum kanye nopende osuselwe kuglue akuwona amelana kakhulu nokusulwa futhi siwasebenzisela amagumbi kuphela. Sibenza sisebenzisa uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-gypsum powder esiluxova futhi luhlakaze emanzini, futhi sibophe ngeglue. I-Cellulose glue isetshenziswa kakhulu, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo, e-Ijuska. Ngemva kokuwumanzisa emanzini isikhathi esifushane, sithola ingxube ye-pasty ewugqinsi noma ewugqinsi. Imibala ehlukahlukene itholakala kalula kusetshenziswa amapende e-vinyl asekelwe emanzini. I-Gypsum ne-glue-based plaster ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa izendlalelo ezindala. Ngaphambi komdwebo omusha, kufanele, uma i-substrate i-plaster, siyisuse ngesiponji esimanzi kuze kube yilapho sifika ku-plaster ongenalutho. Uma i-substrate i-plaster, kuyadingeka futhi ukukhuhla okumanzi.
Imibala ye-Tempera noma yamanzi engakwazi ukuwashwa yakha ifilimu elimelana kakhulu lapho yomiswa. Kodwa ifilimu iphuma lapho ihlangana namanzi. Ngaphambili, le mibala yayiboshwe ngokushisa ngeglue ekhethekile. Nokho, namuhla siphendukela emikhiqizweni esenziwe ngomumo. Izingqimba ezindala ze-tempera zingaphinda zihlanganiswe okungenani kanye, kodwa uma kudingekile ukuthi ufinyelele ku-plaster, kufanele kukhishwe. Imibala yamanzi agezayo iyimikhiqizo okufanele siyithembe kakhulu. Zingasetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene (noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-plaster, kanye nezinkuni) futhi zenziwe ngemibala eminingi. bakha kalula ungqimba olumelana namanzi nokungqubuzana, abavumeli izindonga ukuba “ziphefumule”. Izendlalelo ezintsha zingasetshenziswa phezu kopende omdala ngemva kokugeza nje indawo engaphezulu. Imibala yakamuva yalolu hlobo isebenzisa i-titanium emhlophe njenge-pigment eyinhloko kanye ne-synthetic resin njenge-binder. Opende abasuselwe emanzini bokusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi bahluke kancane kunabo bokusetshenziswa ngaphandle ngekhwalithi ye-binder (ngokulandelana, i-vinyl ne-acrylic) kanye ne-pigment, esimweni sokuqala esikhanyayo, okwesibili, ukumelana nokukhanya ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, imibala yamanzi ukuze isetshenziswe ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ingasetshenziselwa amakamelo angaphakathi, kodwa hhayi ngenye indlela.
Lacquers
Ama-varnish asebenzisa izinto ezihlukene njengezincibilikisi, ezihwamuka ngokushesha noma kancane. Zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumboza izindawo zokhuni noma zensimbi, lapho zakha khona ungqimba oluqinile, olungangeni emanzini. Ama-varnishes acacile yilawo okuthi, uma efakwe phezulu, avumele ukuthi i-substrate ibonakale. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-varnishes ane-pigmented, ashiye ifilimu enemibala. I-Enamel wuhlobo olukhethekile lokuvanisha olunikeza ungqimba olungaphezulu olucwebezelayo.
Ngokuya ngemvelo yezingxenye ezihlukahlukene, sihlukanisa izigaba ezimbalwa zamavanisha. Amafutha e-Yakovi asekelwe emafutheni aguquguqukayo (amafutha e-linseed ngokuvamile abilisiwe) kanye nama-resin emvelo. Basebenzisa i-turpentine njengesixazululi futhi bayomisa emahoreni ayisithupha ekuqaleni. Ama-varnishes angenambala alolu hlobo asetshenziswa kakhulu ukumboza izinkuni, ezivikelwe ngaleyo ndlela, kodwa imithambo yesici, imicu, ihlala ibonakala. I-pigments eyingxenye yesembozo, i-Iakov enemibala “i-zinc emhlophe” kanye “ne-titanium emhlophe”, ngokufaka amapende akhethekile kawoyela ukuze athole ukukhethwa okukhulu kwemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaphandle kokhuni lokuvanisha nensimbi (insimbi), lawa mavashi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ukuze athole izindawo ezingenakunyakaziswa ezindongeni zangaphandle nezingaphakathi. Ama-varnish okwenziwa enziwe ngama-synthetic resin, anezengezo noma ngaphandle kwamafutha emvelo ancibilikisiwe kuma-solvents afanelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-varnish angenambala noma ama-enamel, anokusebenza okufanayo njengama-varnish anamafutha, ahluke kuwo ngokuthi amelana kakhulu nomswakama kanye nama-agent omoya, futhi ayoma ngesikhathi esifushane (cishe amahora amathathu).
Ama-varnish asekelwe etshwaleni ayizixazululo zama-resin akhethekile (uhlobo lwama-copal) otshwaleni. Futhi ama-varnish angenambala nama-enamel awasetshenziselwa ukunikeza “izandla” zokugcina kodwa njengesisekelo kuphela ngoba anikeza imiphumela ephakathi.
Ama-varnish e-Nitrocellulose aqukethe, ngaphezu kwezinyibilikisi ezikhethekile, izinto zeplasitiki zemvelo nezokwenziwa kanye nama-resin. Isici sazo esiyisisekelo ukuthi ziyahwamuka (zome) ngesikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka (cishe ama-30 minutes) futhi zakha ungqimba oluncane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokufafaza esikhundleni sokuxubha (zithengiswa emabhodleleni okufutha). Zisetshenziselwa kabanzi ukudweba insimbi, futhi zinikeza imiphumela emihle ngokhuni kanye nama-substrates odonga avame kakhulu.
Okoqweqwe lwemali olusekelwe emanzini benza lula umsebenzi we-lacquer encane ngoba ayidingi ukulungiswa kwangaphambili ngemibala eyisisekelo (imibala eyisisekelo). Futhi iqiniso lokuthi azidingi ama-solvents akhethekile, kodwa angancibilika ngamanzi ajwayelekile, akuyona inzuzo encane. Mayelana nokumelana, i-gloss nokuqina, azibi kakhulu kunoqweqwe lwendabuko.
Amapende okuzivikela namavanisha
Amapende avikelayo namavanisha kufanele avikele indawo asetshenziswa kuyo futhi ngaleyo ndlela azuze ukulondolozwa okuhle kwento. Cishe yonke inkinga yokufaka amathini ingaxazululwa ngomkhiqizo ofanele.
Ama-varnish angangeni manzi, njengalawo asekelwe ku-silicone, awuketshezi olubonisa ngale oluvikela izindawo ezingaphezulu kumswakama futhi ezingashintshi ukubukeka kwazo. Avame ukufakwa nasezindongeni zangaphandle.
Ama-Vacques asuselwe ku-polyester ne-polyurethane enza ungqimba oluvikelayo olubonisa ngale okhunini olungangeneki emanzini futhi olumelana nokuklwebheka. Zisetshenziselwa amapulangwe aphansi kanye namafreyimu efasitela, iminyango futhi ngokuvamile, izinkuni zangaphandle.
Upende we-antibacterial, antiparasitic kanye nesikhunta awuvikeli ukhuni kuphela, kodwa futhi nanoma iyiphi enye impahla (upulastela, ukhonkolo, itshe, izitini) ekuhlaselweni kwezinambuzane. Azinabo ubuthi futhi azikwazi ukukhukhulwa yimvula.
Opende be-anti-saltpetre bafakwa ngebhulashi ezindongeni ezilinyazwe i-saltpetre. Kufanele siqale sihlanze izindonga kahle ngebhulashi. Zisebenza njengesisekelo sokudweba, ukufaka iphepha lodonga noma ezinye izindonga zodonga.
Okokugcina, ake sisho ukuthi kukhona nopende abangashi abavikela izinkuni nezinye izinto ezivuthayo ezingozini zomlilo. Zingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umlilo omkhulu ukuthi ungaqhamuki ngenxa yesifunda esifushane, isinqamu sikagwayi esikhohliwe, njll. Zisetshenziswa ongqimbeni cishe ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yemilimitha ubukhulu okhunini, amakhadibhodi, i-plywood, i-masonite. Lapho uthintana nomlilo, upende udala uhlobo oluthile lwegwebu eliqinile elivimbela umlilo ukuthi ungahlangani nezinto lapho upende lusetshenziswa khona. Olunye uhlobo lwamabala okhuni oluvimbela umlilo lusabela ngokuvimbela ukusha (carbonization) nokugcina izici zomshini zokhuni.
Izindlela zokulungiswa kwe-substrate
Abenzeli bokulungiselela bangopende abasetshenziswa ngebhulashi njengejazi lokuqala endaweni ukuze bathole kangcono okulandelayo, amajazi »amajazi«. Kungaba:
-amapende avikelayo, alinganisa i-porosity ye-substrate (upulasitela, ukhuni) futhi avimbele amabala ukuthi angabonakali lapho umdwebo usuphelile ngenxa yokumuncwa okuhlukile;
-opende abayinhloko bokhuni lokuqala, abafana nosimende nabanye abagcwalisa izimbotshana zokhuni futhi badale indawo ebushelelezi yokuvanisha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi,
-opende abavimbela ukubola bafakwa ensimbi ukuze kugwenywe ukugqwala.
Ngale njongo, ngaphandle kwe-lead minium yakudala (i-lead oxide) kuwoyela we-Ian, imikhiqizo yokwenziwa enemibala esekelwe ku-chromium ne-iron oxide ivame ukusetshenziswa, okuhle kwakho ukuthi zoma ngokushesha kakhulu. Kukhona nemikhiqizo eyomisa ngokushesha nakakhulu - ngehora elilodwa ngokwesilinganiso, Geza imibala ye-primer ivumela ukwamukela okungcono kwama-varnishes ensimbi, futhi iyadingeka njengejazi lokuqala lensimbi yama-galvanized, okungenjalo ayikwazanga ukuthola ungqimba lwama-varnishes ajwayelekile.