Inothi elibalulekile lokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wochwepheshe wengobo yomlando, hhayi ilabhorethri yamanje noma imanuwali yenkambu. Izinqubo ezichaziwe zihlanganisa i-mercury, amalangabi avulekile, ukushisisa, upharafini, nezinye izinto zokusebenza nezinto ezingase zibe yingozi noma ezingamukeleki namuhla. Ungawasebenzisi ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezivumelekile, ukuhlolwa kobungozi, amaphepha edatha yokuphepha, ilabhorethri efanele kanye nokugadwa kochwepheshe. Umbhalo awuyona ingxenye yesipho samanje semikhiqizo namasevisi we-Savo Kusić.
Ukunqunywa kwesisindo somthamo wenhlabathi
Kunezindlela eziningana zokunquma isisindo se-volumetric yomhlabathi, esizochaza ngazo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu: indlela yesilinda, indlela yokucwiliswa kwesampula emanzini, indlela yokucwiliswa kwesampula ku-mercury, kanye nendlela yesihlabathi.
Inqubo nge-cylinder
Le nqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu futhi yenziwa endaweni kanye naselabhorethri. Ifakwa enhlabathini eboshiwe nengaboshiwe.
Isilinda sensimbi somthamo owaziwayo, ononqenqema olucijile oluphansi, icindezelwa enhlabathini noma kusampula engaphazamiseki noma ehlanganiswe ngokwenziwa, ukuze igcwale ngokuphelele inhlabathi. Ngemva kwalokho, ubuso besampula bulinganiswa ngommese emaphethelweni angaphezulu nangaphansi kwesilinda futhi ngokushesha kuvalwe ngesembozo sensimbi futhi kukalwe esikalini.
Uma W kuyisisindo sesampula esinesilinda namakepisi, W0 isisindo sesilinda ngokwaso esinamakhava, V ivolumu yesilinda
ukuminyana komhlabathi γ yilokhu:
γ = (W - WP)/V
Inqubo ngokucwilisa isampula emanzini
Le nqubo isekelwe esakhiweni esibonakalayo sokuthi umthamo womzimba ocwiliswe emanzini ulingana nomthamo wamanzi asusiwe. Isetshenziselwa inhlabathi eboshiwe kuphela, lapho isampula yomumo ojwayelekile wejiyomethri ingatholakali.
Kusuka enhlabathini engaphazanyiswa noma kusampula enkulu, kuthathwa ucezu lwesampula emise okwe-macaque futhi isisindo salo esingu-W esimweni saso semvelo silinganiswa esikalini. Khona-ke isampula simbozwa upharafini oncibilikisiwe, okungafanele ushise kakhulu, kodwa wanele ukuncibilika. Ungqimba oluncane lukapharafini 1-2 mm kufanele lumboze isampula yonke. Bese isampula elinopharafini likalwa ngebhalansi bese kutholwa isisindo W’. Isisindo sikapharafini ngu-W’ – W.
Ivolumu kapharafini VP, etholwe efomini: VP * γP = W’ – W,
lapho γP kuyisisindo sevolumu sikapharafini, owaziwayo futhi olingana no-γP = 0,892 p/cm3.
Kusukela kusibalo esingenhla sine: VP = (W’ – W)/0,892 [cm3].
Fig. 1. Ukunquma isisindo somthamo wenhlabathi ngokufaka isampula emanzini
Khona-ke, isampula eligoqwe ngopharafini lilengiswa esikalini ngentambo kasilika encane (isib.1), ibhalansi ilinganisela, bese isitsha esinamanzi acwebile sidonswa ngaphansi kwesampula, ukuze isampula yonke ifakwe emanzini. Njengoba, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okubonakalayo kwesisindo sesampula emanzini, ibhalansi esikalini iyaphazamiseka, iphinde isungulwe ngokususa izisindo, ukuze isisindo sesampula ngepharafini ecwiliswe emanzini W itholakale. Umehluko esisindweni sesampula esinopharafini endaweni engacwiliswanga futhi engaphansi kwamanzi unikeza isisindo samanzi asusiwe, okungukuthi, uma isisindo sevolumu samanzi singu-YW =1,00, umthamo wamanzi asusiwe Vw
Sikhipha ivolumu kapharafini VP kuvolumu Vw, bese sithola umthamo wesampula.
Isisindo somthamo wenhlabathi ngu: γ = W/(Vw – VP)*m
lapho m kuyi-coefficient yokulungisa ngenxa yomehluko kuzinga lokushisa kwamanzi, kusukela ku-Y =1,0ngezinga lokushisa lamanzi4 °C: m = γw,T / γw,4oC.
Inqubo yokucwilisa isampula ku-mercury
Le nqubo isetshenziselwa inhlabathi eboshiwe, futhi ezimweni lapho kudingekile ukuyeka ukuthatha isampula yokuma kwejometri evamile, okuyisimo, isibonelo, lapho kunqunywa imingcele yokuncipha kwenhlabathi.
Sl.2. Ukunquma isisindo somthamo wenhlabathi ngokucwilisa isampula ku-mercury
Isampula sicwiliswa emkhunjini ogcwele i-mercury ngokuphelele (fig. 2) futhi ngosizo lwepuleti yengilazi enezinsimbi ezincane zensimbi icindezelwe ukuze ifakwe ngokuphelele ku-mercury. I-mercury ecindezelwe ithululelwa emkhunjini omkhulu, lapho isisindo sayo sithathwa futhi silinganiswa. Uma W kuyisisindo sesampula, Wz isisindo se-mercury esusiwe, γz isisindo sevolumu ye-mercury, Vz=V iyivolumu ye-mercury esusiwe elingana nevolumu yesampula;
Vz * γz = Wz * Vz = Wz/ γz
bese isisindo sevolumu yomhlabathi sithi:
γ =W*γz /Wz.
Inqubo yesihlabathi
Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ensimini futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa enhlabathini engaboshiwe, amatshe, isihlabathi setshe, i-moraine material nakwezinye izimo, lapho ukukhishwa kwamasampula angaphazanyiswa ngamasilinda kungenzeki. Umgomo wale nqubo uhlanganisa ukumba umgodi emhlabathini bese uwugcwalisa ngesihlabathi esivamile sesisindo se-volumetric eyaziwayo, okusekelwe ekutheni umthamo womgodi unqunywa. Isisindo somthamo wenhlabathi sinqunywa ngesisindo sesisindo esimbiwe kanye nevolumu yomgodi.
Ingaphezulu lenhlabathi, okuzonqunywa isisindo sayo se-volumetric, lilinganiswe ukuze livundlile, bese kuba ipuleti lethini le-approx.40x40 cm(fig.3), ngesifanekiso esisikwe phakathi kobubanzi Ø =20 cm, ukujiya5 mm, lokumba umgodi emhlabathini. Ipuleti likathayela libekwa phansi phansi futhi lihlanganiswe nezikhonkwane. Imbobo enobubanzi be20 cm, ukujula cishe20 cm, okungcono ngezindonga eziqondile, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kwesifanekiso futhi uhlanze kahle. Zonke izinto ezimbiwayo zifakwa epuletini, khona-ke ngokushesha ngemva kokumba, ngenkathi isenomswakama wayo wemvelo, ikalwa esikalini futhi isisindo sayo W siyanqunywa. Ukuze kamuva kunqunywe umswakama wemvelo, isampula lifakwa ebhokisini likathayela elinezivalo, ukuze liyiswe ekamelweni lokomisa ngemva kokuba umsebenzi wasensimini usuqediwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, isihlabathi esomile esivamile sithululelwa embobeni embiwe, isisindo sayo se-volumetric γd sinqunywa ngokulinganisa, okungukuthi kusukela ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri olwenziwa ngaphambilini, ngokuthela isihlabathi ngefaneli efanayo futhi ukusuka ekuphakameni okufanayo, h kuwa njengasesivivinyweni sensimu.
Sl.3. Ukunquma isisindo somthamo wenhlabathi usebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwesihlabathi
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlola, linganisa isisindo sesihlabathi esivamile ezinkomishini zokulinganisa, bese ngemva kokugcwalisa imbobo emhlabathini ngaleso sihlabathi endaweni engaphezulu yepuleti likathayela, eliqondaniswe nalo nerula yensimbi yobude.40 cm, linganisa ingxenye esele yesihlabathi ku-beaker, ukuze kutholwe isisindo esiqondile Wd sesihlabathi esomile esivamile embotsheni engaphezulu kweshidi lensimbi. Umthamo Vd wembobo embiwe phezulu uze ufike endaweni engaphezulu yeshidi lensimbi unqunywa ngokusekelwe kufomula ethi Vd = Wd/γd.
Umthamo V wembobo ephansi utholwa ngokukhipha ivolumu v yokuvuleka kwesifanekiso sethini:
Isisindo somthamo womhlabathi γ sithi: γ = W/V, lapho W kuyisisindo senhlabathi embiwe embobeni elinganiswa ngokushesha ngemva kokumbiwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-plaster, amafutha noma i-asphalt ebandayo isetshenziswa esikhundleni sesihlabathi, esingazweli kakhulu esimweni sezulu esimanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona namadivayisi akhethekile okusebenza okulula futhi okusheshayo ekuhlolweni ngesihlabathi.
Amanani alinganiselwe ezisindo zevolumu yenhlabathi anikezwa kuthebula 1, nenothi lokuthi ekuhlaziyeni kwe-geomechanical esimweni ngasinye, isisindo sevolumu yenhlabathi kufanele sinqunywe ngokuhlolwa elabhorethri noma endaweni.
Ukunqunywa komswakama wenhlabathi
Ukuhlolwa kokunqunywa kokuswakama kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi, okuwukuthi indlela yaselabhorethri esebenzisa isomisi sikagesi, izindlela zasensimini zisebenzisa ukomisa emlilweni ovulekile, kusetshenziswa i-carbide, ukulinganisa ngaphansi kwamanzi nokusebenzisa i-air pycnometer. Lapha sizochaza izindlela ezimbili zokuqala kuphela, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezweni lakithi.
Indlela yaselabhorethri esebenzisa isomisi sikagesi
Le ndlela ithembekile futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi. Ucezu lwenhlabathi olusuka kusampula engaphazamiseki lufakwa phakathi kwezingilazi ezimbili ze-concave, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-hourglasses, eziboshelwa ngensimbi yokuqinisa bese zikalwa ndawonye ngebhalansi yokuhlaziya, bese zifakwa emshinini wokoma kagesi lapho womiswa khona ku-105°C kuze kube yilapho isisindo silingana (fig. 4). Umehluko kuzinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokoma akufanele ube mkhulu kuno-±2°C, njengoba ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi ukomiswa okuphelele akwenziwa, futhi ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu izithako ze-organic kusampula zingase zishise. Ubude besikhathi sokumisa isampula ngengilazi yehora esomisini cishe amahora angu-6 esihlabathini, futhi cishe amahora angu-12 obumba. Ngemuva kokoma, isampula livalwa ngezingilazi zehora nge-clamp lifakwa ku-desiccator ukuze liphole ngokwezinga lokushisa elilingana negumbi, ngemva kwalokho lilinganiswe futhi.
Fig. 4. Isampula yokomisa ezingilazini zehora nge-clamp
Uma W kuyisisindo sesampula esimweni semvelo somswakama ngengilazi yehora kanye ne-clamp, Ws isisindo sesampula esimweni esomile nengilazi yehora kanye ne-clamp, Wt isisindo sengilazi yehora kanye ne-clamp, umswakama wenhlabathi w ngokwencazelo ye-Atterberg yisisindo samanzi, isisindo senhlabathi_ esihlukaniswa ngesomiso_ W-Ws / Ws-Wt * 100 [%].
Ukunqunywa kwe-porosity yenhlabathi kanye ne-porosity coefficient
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kusampula engaphazanyiswa, inqobo nje uma ivolumu yayo inganqunywa esimweni sokungaphazanyiswa.
Sicindezela isilinda sensimbi sevolumu eyaziwayo enhlabathini engaphazanyiswa noma kusampula yobukhulu obukhulu, ileveli indawo engaphezulu yesampula ngemiphetho yesilinda bese siyibeka ukuze yome phezu kwayo.105°Ckuze kube yilapho isisindo sihlala njalo, bese usiyeka sipholile ekamelweni lokushisa, bese usikala futhi esikalini kanye nesilinda.
Uma V kuwumthamo wangaphakathi wesilinda, Vm ivolumu yezinto eziqinile zomhlabathi ezingenazo izimbotshana, Wd isisindo esomile sesampula, γs isisindo sevolumu yezinhlayiya eziqinile, ukuvuthwa kwenhlabathi kungu-n
Sinquma ivolumu Vm ngokusekelwe esisindweni esomile sesampula Wd:
okungukuthi, ngamaphesenti omthamo wenhlabathi isiyonke
Njengoba γd = Wd/V, okungukuthi isisindo esomile se-volumetric yomhlabathi, singafakwa
n =100* (1– γd/γs) [%].
I-porosity coefficient itholakala efomini elithi e = n/(1-n).
Ngokuklama, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi noma ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi, sebenzisa imithethonqubo yamanje, izindlela zokuhlola ezisezingeni kanye nelabhorethri egunyaziwe. Lo mbhalo ulondolozwe njengomthombo wemfundo ongokomlando.