Chidziwitso chofunikira pachitetezo: Ili ndi zolemba zakale, osati labotale kapena buku lakale. Njira zomwe zafotokozedwazo ndi monga mercury, moto woyaka moto, kutentha, parafini, ndi zida zina zomwe zingakhale zoopsa kapena zosavomerezeka masiku ano. Osawagwiritsa ntchito popanda miyezo yovomerezeka, kuwunika zoopsa, mapepala achitetezo, labotale yoyenera komanso kuyang’anira akatswiri. Mawuwo si gawo lazogulitsa ndi ntchito za Savo Kusić.
Kutsimikiza kulemera kwa dothi
Pali njira zingapo zodziwira kulemera kwa nthaka, zomwe tidzafotokoza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: njira ya silinda, njira yomiza chitsanzo m’madzi, njira yomiza chitsanzo mu mercury, ndi mchenga.
Njira ndi silinda
Njirayi ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo imachitika m’munda komanso mu labotale. Amapaka dothi lomangika komanso losamangidwa.
Silinda yachitsulo ya voliyumu yodziwika, yokhala ndi m’mphepete mwapansi chakuthwa, imakanikizidwa m’nthaka kapena m’chitsanzo chosasokonezedwa kapena chopangidwa mwaluso, kuti chidzadzidwe ndi nthaka. Pambuyo pake, pamwamba pa chitsanzocho amatsukidwa ndi mpeni ndi m’mphepete mwapamwamba ndi m’munsi mwa silinda ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatsekedwa ndi zophimba zachitsulo ndikuyesedwa pamlingo.
Ngati W ndi kulemera kwa chitsanzo chokhala ndi silinda ndi zipewa, W0 kulemera kwa silinda yokha yokhala ndi zophimba, V voliyumu ya silinda
Kuchuluka kwa nthaka γ ndi:
γ = (W - WP)/V
Ndondomeko ndi kumiza chitsanzo m’madzi
Mchitidwewu umachokera ku katundu wakuthupi kuti kuchuluka kwa thupi lomizidwa m’madzi ndikofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe achotsedwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga dothi lokha, pamene chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe a geometric wokhazikika sichingapezeke.
Kuchokera ku dothi losasokonezedwa kapena kuchokera pachitsanzo chokulirapo, chidutswa cha mawonekedwe a macaque chimatengedwa ndipo kulemera kwake W mu chikhalidwe chake kumayesedwa pa sikelo. Kenako chitsanzocho chimakutidwa ndi parafini wosungunuka, womwe suyenera kukhala wotentha kwambiri, koma wokwanira kusungunuka. Parafini yopyapyala 1-2 mm iyenera kuphimba zonsezo. Ndiye chitsanzo chokhala ndi parafini chimayesedwa pa sikelo ndipo kulemera kwake W’ kumapezedwa. Kulemera kwa parafini ndi W’ - W.
Voliyumu ya parafini VP, yotengedwa pa fomu: VP * γP = W’ – W,
pomwe γP ndi kulemera kwake kwa parafini, komwe kumadziwika ndipo kumakhala γP = 0,892 p/cm3.
Kuchokera mu equation yomwe ili pamwambayi tili ndi: VP = (W’ – W)/0,892 [cm3].
Mth. 1. Kudziwa kulemera kwa nthaka pomiza chitsanzocho m’madzi
Kenako, chitsanzo chokulungidwa ndi parafini chimapachikidwa pa sikelo ndi ulusi wopyapyala wa silika (mkuyu.1), malirewo ndi oyenerera, ndiyeno chotengera chokhala ndi madzi osungunuka chimakokedwa pansi pa chitsanzo, kotero kuti chitsanzo chonsecho chimamizidwa m’madzi. Popeza, chifukwa cha kutayika kowoneka kwa kulemera kwachitsanzo m’madzi, kuwerengera pamlingo kumasokonezeka, kumakhazikitsidwanso pochotsa zolemera, kotero kuti kulemera kwa chitsanzo ndi parafini kumizidwa m’madzi W kupezedwa. Kusiyana kwa kulemera kwa chitsanzo ndi parafini m’malo osamira ndi omira kumapereka kulemera kwa madzi omwe achotsedwa, mwachitsanzo ngati kulemera kwa madzi ndi YW =1,00, kuchuluka kwa madzi ochotsedwa Vw
Timachotsa voliyumu ya parafini VP kuchokera mu voliyumu Vw, ndikupeza voliyumu ya chitsanzocho.
Volumetric kulemera kwa nthaka ndi: γ = W/(Vw – VP)*m
kumene m ndi coefficient yokonza chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa madzi, kuyambira Y =1,0kwa kutentha kwa madzi pa4 °C: m = γw,T / γw,4oC.
Njira yakumiza chitsanzo mu mercury
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dothi lomangidwa, komanso ngati kuli koyenera kusiya kutenga chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe a geometric wokhazikika, zomwe ndizochitika, mwachitsanzo, pozindikira malire a nthaka yocheperako.
Sl.2. Kudziwa kulemera kwa nthaka pomiza chitsanzo mu mercury
Chitsanzocho chimamizidwa mu chotengera chodzaza ndi mercury (mkuyu. 2) ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mbale ya galasi yokhala ndi zitsulo zopyapyala zachitsulo zimapanikizidwa kuti zimizidwe kwathunthu mu mercury. Mercury yopanikizidwa imatsanuliridwa m’chotengera chachikulu, kuchokera pomwe kulemera kwake kumatengedwa ndikuyesedwa. Ngati W ndi kulemera kwa sampuli, Wz ndi kulemera kwa mercury, γz ndi kulemera kwa mercury, Vz=V ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury komwe kumafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa sampuli;
Vz * γz = Wz * Vz = Wz/ γz
ndipo kulemera kwa nthaka ndi:
γ =W*γz /Wz.
Njira yamchenga
Mayesowa amachitidwa m’munda ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku dothi losamangidwa, miyala, mchenga wa miyala, zinthu za moraine komanso nthawi zina, pamene kuchotsa zitsanzo zosasokonezeka ndi masilinda sikutheka. Mfundo ya ndondomekoyi imakhala kukumba dzenje pansi ndikudzaza ndi mchenga wabwinobwino wodziwika kulemera kwa volumetric, zomwe zimatengera kuchuluka kwa dzenjelo. Kulemera kwake kwa dothi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera kwa zofukulidwazo komanso kuchuluka kwa dzenjelo.
Pamwamba pa nthaka, yomwe kulemera kwake kwa volumetric iyenera kutsimikiziridwa, imayikidwa kuti ikhale yopingasa, kenako mbale ya malata pafupifupi.40x40 cm(chith.3), ndi template yodulidwa pakati pa awiri Ø =20 cm, makulidwe5 mm, kukumba mbuto. Mbale ya malata imayalidwa pansi ndikuyiyika ndi zikhomo. A dzenje ndi awiri a20 cm, kuya pafupifupi20 cm, makamaka ndi makoma ofukula, koma osati kunja kwa template ndikuyeretsa bwino. Zonse zofukulidwa zimayikidwa pa mbale, ndiye mwamsanga pambuyo pokumba, pamene idakali ndi chinyezi chachilengedwe, imayesedwa pa sikelo ndipo kulemera kwake W kumatsimikiziridwa. Kuti pambuyo pake mudziwe chinyezi chachilengedwe, chitsanzocho chimayikidwa m’bokosi la malata lokhala ndi zotchingira, kuti zitengedwe ku chipinda chowumitsira ntchito yamunda ikatha. Posakhalitsa, mchenga wouma umatsanuliridwa mu dzenje lofukulidwa, lomwe kulemera kwake kwa volumetric γd kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyeza, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mayesero a labotale omwe adachitidwa kale, kutsanulira mchenga kupyolera mumtsinje womwewo komanso kuchokera pamtunda womwewo, h amagwera ngati muyeso lamunda.
Sl.3. Kudziwa kulemera kwa dothi pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga kuyesa
Musanayambe kuyesa, yesani kulemera kwa mchenga wamba mu makapu oyezera, ndiyeno mutadzaza dzenje pansi ndi mchengawo pamwamba pa mbale ya malata, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitsulo chowongolera kutalika.40 cm, yezani mchenga wotsala mu beaker, kotero kuti kulemera kwake Wd kwa mchenga wouma wamba mu dzenje pamwamba pa pepala lachitsulo. Timazindikira voliyumu Vd ya dzenje lofukulidwa pamwamba pa mbale ya malata kutengera chilinganizo Vd = Wd/γd.
Voliyumu V ya dzenje pansi imapezeka pochotsa voliyumu v ya kutsegula kwa template ya malata:
Soil volumetric weight γ ndi: γ = W/V, pamene W ndi kulemera kwa dothi lofukulidwa pa dzenje lomwe limayezedwa atangofukula. Zimadziwika kuti pulasitala, mafuta kapena asphalt ozizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa mchenga, omwe sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo yamvula. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso zida zapadera zogwirira ntchito mosavuta komanso mwachangu poyesa ndi mchenga.
Miyezo pafupifupi ya miyeso ya voliyumu ya nthaka yaperekedwa patebulo 1, ndi mfundo yoti pakuwunika kwa geomechanical nthawi iliyonse, kulemera kwa nthaka kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa mu labotale kapena m’munda.
Kutsimikiza kwa chinyezi cha nthaka
Kuyesa kudziwa chinyezi m’nthaka kumachitika m’njira zingapo, monga njira ya labotale pogwiritsa ntchito chowumitsira magetsi, njira zakumunda pogwiritsa ntchito kuyanika pamoto wotseguka, kugwiritsa ntchito carbide, kuyeza pansi pamadzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pycnometer ya mpweya. Apa tingofotokoza njira ziwiri zoyambirira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m’dziko lathu.
Njira ya labotale pogwiritsa ntchito chowumitsira magetsi
Njira iyi ndi yodalirika komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitundu yonse ya dothi. Chidutswa cha dothi chochokera ku chitsanzo chosasokonezeka chimayikidwa pakati pa magalasi awiri a concave, otchedwa hourglasses, omwe amamangiriridwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo ndikuyesedwa pamodzi pazitsulo zowunikira, kenaka amaikidwa mu chowumitsira magetsi pomwe amawuma pa 105°C mpaka kulemera kumakhala kosalekeza (mkuyu. 4). Kusiyana kwa kutentha pa kuyanika sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa ±2°C, chifukwa pa kutentha kochepa kuyanika kwathunthu sikuchitika, ndipo pa kutentha kwakukulu, zosakaniza zomwe zili mu chitsanzo zimatha kuwotcha. Kutalika kwa nthawi yowumitsa chitsanzo ndi hourglass mu chowumitsira ndi pafupifupi maola 6 pa mchenga, ndi pafupifupi maola 12 pa dongo. Akaumitsa, chitsanzocho chimatsekedwa m’magalasi a ola limodzi ndi chomangira chimayikidwa mu desiccator kuti chizizire mpaka kutentha kwa chipinda, kenako ndikuyezedwanso.
Mth. 4. Kuyanika kwachitsanzo mu magalasi a maola okhala ndi clamp
Ngati W ndi kulemera kwa sampuli mu chikhalidwe chachilengedwe cha chinyezi ndi galasi la ola ndi clamp, Ws kulemera kwa chitsanzo mu malo owuma ndi galasi la ola ndi clamp, Wt kulemera kwa galasi la ola ndi clamp, chinyezi cha nthaka w molingana ndi kutanthauzira kwa Atterberg ndi kulemera kwa nthaka, yomwe imagawanika mu nthaka youma = W-Ws / Ws-Wt * 100 [%].
Kutsimikiza kwa porosity ya nthaka ndi porosity coefficient
Kuyezetsako kumachitidwa pa chitsanzo chosasokonezeka, malinga ngati voliyumu yake ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa mosasokonezeka.
Timakanikiza silinda yachitsulo ya voliyumu yodziwika m’nthaka yosasokonezedwa kapena muyeso wa miyeso yayikulu, yezani kumtunda kwachitsanzo ndi m’mphepete mwa silinda ndikuyiyika kuti iume.105°Cmpaka kulemera kwake kukhale kosalekeza, ndiye kuti kuziziritsa kutentha kwa firiji, ndi kuyezanso pa sikelo pamodzi ndi silinda.
Ngati V ndi voliyumu yamkati ya silinda, Vm ndi kuchuluka kwa zolimba zadothi popanda pores, Wd ndi kulemera kowuma kwa chitsanzo, γs ndi kulemera kwa voliyumu ya tinthu zolimba, porosity ya nthaka n ndi
Timazindikira voliyumu Vm kutengera kulemera kowuma kwa chitsanzo Wd:
ndiko kuti, m’maperesenti a kuchuluka kwa dothi lonse
Popeza γd = Wd/V, mwachitsanzo, kulemera kwa dothi kowuma, kumatha kuyikidwa
n =100* (1- γd/γs) [%].
The porosity coefficient imachokera ku fomu e = n/(1-n).
Pamapangidwe, kuwongolera kapena kuchita ntchito, gwiritsani ntchito malamulo aposachedwa, njira zoyeserera zofananira ndi labotale yovomerezeka. Lembali lasungidwa ngati gwero la maphunziro a mbiri yakale.