Inqaku lokhuseleko elibalulekileyo: Lo ngumbhalo wobuchwephesha koovimba, hayi ilabhoratri yangoku okanye incwadi yesikhokelo. Iinkqubo ezichazwe ziquka imekyuri, amadangatye avulekileyo, ukufudumeza, iparafini, nezinye izixhobo nezinto ezinokuba yingozi okanye ezingamkelekanga namhlanje. Musa ukuzisebenzisa ngaphandle kwemigangatho esebenzayo, uvavanyo lomngcipheko, amaphepha edatha yokhuseleko, ilabhoratri efanelekileyo kunye nolawulo lobuchwephesha. Umbhalo awuyonxalenye yokunikezelwa kwangoku kweemveliso kunye neenkonzo zeSavo Kusić.
Ukumiselwa kobunzima bomthamo womhlaba
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokumisela ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba, apho siza kuchaza ezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: indlela ye-cylinder, indlela yokuntywiliselwa kwesampuli emanzini, indlela yokuntywiliselwa kwesampuli kwi-mercury, kunye nendlela ngesanti.
Inkqubo ngesilinda
Le nkqubo yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye yenziwa ebaleni nakwilabhoratri. Igalelwa kumhlaba obotshiweyo nongabotshwanga.
I-cylinder yensimbi yomthamo owaziwayo, kunye nomphetho obukhali osezantsi, ucinezeleke emhlabeni okanye kwisampuli engaphazamisekiyo okanye eyenziwe ngobuchule, ukwenzela ukuba izaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngobunzima bomhlaba. Emva koko, ubuso besampulu buhlanjululwe ngommese kunye nemida ephezulu kunye nesezantsi ye-cylinder kwaye ngokukhawuleza ivalwe ngeengubo zetsimbi kwaye ilinganiswe kwisikali.
Ukuba W bubunzima besampulu enesilinda kunye neminqwazi, W0 ubunzima besilinda ngokwaso esinezigqubuthelo, V umthamo we-cylinder
ukuxinana komhlaba γ kukuthi:
γ = (W - WP)/V
Inkqubo ngokuntywiliselwa isampuli emanzini
Le nkqubo isekelwe kwipropati ebonakalayo ukuba umthamo womzimba ontywiliselwe emanzini ulingana nomthamo wamanzi asusiweyo. Isetyenziselwa kuphela umhlaba obotshiweyo, xa isampuli yesimo sejometri eqhelekileyo ingafumaneki.
Ukusuka kumhlaba ongaphazamisekiyo okanye kwisampulu enkulu, iqhekeza lesampulu emise okwe-macaque ithathwa kwaye ubunzima bayo W kwimeko yayo yendalo bulinganiswa kwisikali. Emva koko isampuli igqunywe ngeparafini enyibilikisiweyo, ekungafuneki ukuba ishushu kakhulu, kodwa yanele ukunyibilika. Umaleko obhityileyo weparafini 1-2 mm kufuneka uyigqume ngokupheleleyo isampulu. Emva koko isampuli eneparafini ilinganiswa ngebhalansi kwaye ubunzima W’ bufunyenwe. Ubunzima beparafini ngu W’ – W.
Umthamo weparafini VP, ofunyenwe kwifom: VP * γP = W’ – W,
apho γP bubunzima bomthamo weparafini, owaziwayo kwaye bulingana no-γP = 0,892 p/cm3.
Ukusuka kule nxaki ingasentla sine: VP = (W’ – W)/0,892 [cm3].
Fig. 1. Ukumisela ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba ngokuntywilisela isampulu emanzini
Emva koko, isampulu esongelwe yiparafini ixhonywe kwisikali ngomsonto obhityileyo wesilika (umkhiwane.1), ibhalansi ilinganisela, kwaye ke isitya esinamanzi adibeneyo sitsalwa phantsi kwesampuli, ukwenzela ukuba isampuli yonke ifakwe emanzini. Ekubeni, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okubonakalayo kobunzima besampulu emanzini, ibhalansi kwisikali iphazamisekile, iphinda imiselwe ngokususa izisindo, ukwenzela ukuba ubunzima besampuli kunye neparafini efakwe emanzini W ifunyenwe. Umahluko kubunzima besampulu kunye neparafini kwindawo engantywiliselwanga kunye nokuntywiliselwa phantsi kwamanzi inika ubunzima bamanzi afudusiweyo, oko kukuthi ukuba ubunzima bomthamo wamanzi ngu YW =1,00, umthamo wamanzi asusiweyo Vw
Sithabatha umthamo weparafini VP kumthamo Vw, kwaye sifumane umthamo wesampulu.
Ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba ngu: γ = W/(Vw – VP)*m
apho m i-coefficient yokulungisa ngenxa yomahluko kubushushu bamanzi, ukususela ku-Y =1,0kubushushu bamanzi kwi4 °C: m = γw,T / γw,4oC.
Inkqubo ngokuntywiliselwa isampulu kwimekyuri
Le nkqubo isetyenziswe kwimihlaba eboshiweyo, nakwiimeko apho kuyimfuneko ukuyeka ukuthatha isampuli yesimo sejometri eqhelekileyo, oko kunjalo, umzekelo, xa umisela imida yokunciphisa umhlaba.
Sl.2. Ukumisela ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba ngokuntywiliselwa isampulu kwimercury
Isampuli igxininiswe kwisitya esizaliswe ngokupheleleyo nge-mercury (umkhiwane. 2) kwaye ngoncedo lweplate yeglasi kunye ne-spikes yensimbi encinci icinezelwe ukuze ifakwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-mercury. I-mercury ecinezelweyo igalelwa kwisitya esikhulu, apho ubunzima bayo buthathwa kwaye bulinganiswe. Ukuba W bubunzima besampulu, Wz bubunzima bemercury esusiweyo, γz yi-volumetric weight of mercury, Vz=V ngumthamo wemercury esusiweyo elingana nomthamo wesampulu;
Vz * γz = Wz * Vz = Wz/ γz
ke ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba:
γ =W*γz /Wz.
Inkqubo yesanti
Olu vavanyo lwenziwa kwintsimi kwaye idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimihlaba engabotshwanga, igrabile, isanti yegrabile, imathiriyeli ye-moraine kunye nezinye iimeko, xa ukukhutshwa kweesampuli ezingaphazamisekiyo ngeesilinda kungenakwenzeka. Umgaqo wale nkqubo uquka ukugrumba umngxuma emhlabeni uze uwugcwalise ngesanti eqhelekileyo yobunzima be-volumetric eyaziwayo, ngokusekelwe apho umthamo womngxuma unqunywe. Ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba bumiselwa kubunzima bobunzima obumbiweyo kunye nomthamo womngxuma.
Umphezulu womhlaba, ubunzima bayo be-volumetric kufuneka bunqunywe, bulinganiswe ukuze buthe tye, emva koko i-tin plate ye-approx.40x40 cm(ikhiwane.3), nge template esikiweyo embindini wedayamitha Ø =20 cm, ubukhulu5 mm, wokwemba umngxuma emhlabeni. Ipleyiti yenkcenkce ibekwe phantsi kwaye igxininiswe ngezikhonkwane. Umngxuma onobubanzi be20 cm, ubunzulu malunga20 cm, ngokukhethekileyo ngeendonga ezithe nkqo, kodwa kungekhona ngaphandle kwetemplate kwaye ucoce kakuhle. Zonke izinto ezigrunjiweyo zibekwe epleyitini, ngoko nangoko emva kokugrunjwa, ngelixa isenomswakama wayo wendalo, ilinganiswe kwisikali kwaye ubunzima bayo W bunqunywe. Ukuze kamva unqume ukufuma kwemvelo, isampuli ifakwe kwibhokisi ye-tin eneziciko, ukuba isiwe kwigumbi lokumisa emva kokuba umsebenzi wentsimi ugqityiwe. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, isanti eqhelekileyo eyomileyo igalelwe kumngxuma ombiweyo, ubunzima bayo be-volumetric γd bugqitywe ngokulinganisa, oko kukuthi ukusuka kuvavanyo lwebhubhoratri olwenziwa ngaphambili, ngokugalela isanti ngefunnel efanayo kwaye ukusuka kubude obufanayo, h iwela njengoko kuvavanyo lwentsimi.
Sl.3. Ukumisela ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwesanti
Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise uvavanyo, linganisa ubunzima besanti eqhelekileyo kwiikomityi zokulinganisa, kwaye emva kokuzalisa umngxuma emhlabeni ngaloo ntlabathi ukuya kumphezulu wepleyiti yenkcenkceshe, ehambelana nayo nerula yentsimbi yobude.40 cm, linganisa intsalela yesanti kwi-beaker, ukuze ubunzima obuchanekileyo Wd besanti eyomileyo eyomileyo emngxunyeni ukuya kumphezulu we-sheet metal ifunyenwe. Umthamo Vd womngxuma ogrunjiweyo ukuya kumphezulu wephepha lesinyithi umiselwa ngokusekelwe kwifomula Vd = Wd/γd.
Umthamo V womngxuma osemhlabeni ufunyanwa ngokuthabatha umthamo v wokuvula itemplate yetin:
Ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba γ bu: γ = W/V, apho W bubunzima bomhlaba ogrunjiweyo kumngxuma olinganiswe ngoko nangoko emva kokomba. Kuphawulwe ukuba i-plaster, i-oyile okanye i-asphalt ebandayo isetyenziswa endaweni yesanti, engaphantsi kobunzima kwimozulu emanzi. Ukongeza, kukho izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zomsebenzi olula kwaye olukhawulezayo kuvavanyo ngesanti.
Amaxabiso aqikelelwayo obunzima bomthamo womhlaba anikwe kwitheyibhile 1, kunye nenqaku lokuba kuhlalutyo lwe-geomechanical kwimeko nganye, ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba kufuneka bugqitywe ngovavanyo kwilabhoratri okanye entsimini.
Ukumiselwa kokufuma komhlaba
Uvavanyo lokumisela ukufuma komhlaba lwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi, ezizezi indlela yaselabhoratri esebenzisa isomisi sombane, iindlela zentsimi kusetyenziswa ukomisa kumlilo ovulekileyo, ukusebenzisa i-carbide, ukulinganisa phantsi kwamanzi kunye nokusebenzisa i-pycnometer yomoya. Apha siza kuchaza kuphela iindlela ezimbini zokuqala, ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwilizwe lethu.
Indlela yaselabhoratri esebenzisa isomisi sombane
Le ndlela yeyona ithembekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iindidi zomhlaba. Isiqwenga somhlaba esivela kwisampulu engaphazamisekiyo sibekwe phakathi kweeglasi ezimbini ze-concave, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hourglasses, eziboshwe nge-clamp yensimbi kwaye zilinganiswe kunye ne-analytical balance, kwaye zifakwe kwi-dryer yombane apho yomiswe kwi-105°C de ubunzima buhlala buhlala (umkhiwane. 4). Umahluko kwiqondo lokushisa ngexesha lokumisa akufanele ube mkhulu kune ± 2°C, ekubeni kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi ukomisa ngokupheleleyo akwenziwanga, kwaye kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu izithako eziphilayo kwisampuli zingatsha. Ubude bexesha lokumisa isampuli nge-hourglass kwi-dryer malunga ne-6 iiyure zesanti, kwaye malunga ne-12 iiyure zodongwe. Emva kokumisa, isampuli evaliweyo kwiiglasi zeyure kunye ne-clamp ifakwe kwi-desiccator ukuze ipholile kwiqondo lokushisa, emva koko ilinganiswe kwakhona.
Fig. 4. Isampulu yokomisa kwiiglasi zeyure ezinebamba
Ukuba W ubunzima besampulu kwimo yendalo yokufuma kunye neglasi yeyure kunye ne-clamp, Ws ubunzima besampulu kwindawo eyomileyo kunye neglasi yeyure kunye ne-clamp, Wt ubunzima beglasi yeyure kunye ne-clamp, ukufuma komhlaba w ngokwenkcazo ye-Atterberg ubunzima bobunzima bomhlaba, ohlulwe ngumhlaba obomileyo: W-Ws / Ws-Wt * 100 [%].
Ukumiselwa kwe-porosity yomhlaba kunye ne-porosity coefficient
Uvavanyo lwenziwa kwisampulu engaphazanyiswa, ngaphandle kokuba umthamo wayo unokumiselwa kwimeko engaphazamisekiyo.
Sicinezela i-cylinder yentsimbi yomthamo owaziwayo kumhlaba ongaphazamisekiyo okanye kwisampulu yemilinganiselo emikhulu, inqanaba eliphezulu lesampulu kunye nemiphetho ye-cylinder kwaye uyibeke ukuze yome.105°Cde ubunzima buhlala buhlala, ke buyeke buphole phantsi kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye ulinganise kwakhona kwisikali kunye ne-cylinder.
Ukuba V ngumthamo wangaphakathi we-cylinder, Vm ngumthamo wezinto eziqinileyo zomhlaba ngaphandle kweepores, Wd ubunzima obomileyo besampuli, γs bubunzima bomthamo wamasuntswana aqinileyo, i-porosity yomhlaba n
Simisela umthamo Vm ngokusekelwe kubunzima obomileyo besampulu Wd:
oko kukuthi, ngeepesenti zomthamo womhlaba uwonke
Ekubeni γd = Wd/V, oko kukuthi ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba owomileyo, unokubekwa
n =100* (1– γd/ γs) [%].
I-porosity coefficient ifumaneka kwifom e = n/(1-n).
Kuyilo, ulawulo lomgangatho okanye ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi, sebenzisa imimiselo yangoku, iindlela zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni kunye nelebhu egunyazisiweyo. Lo mbhalo ugcinwe njengomthombo wemfundo yembali.