Chiziviso chakakosha chekuchengetedza: Ichi chinyorwa cheunyanzvi chemudura, kwete rabhoritari yemazuva ano kana bhuku rekushandisa. Maitiro anotsanangurwa anosanganisira mercury, moto wakavhurika, kudziyisa, parafini, uye zvimwe midziyo uye zvinhu zvinogona kuva nengozi kana kusagamuchirwa nhasi. Usazvishandise pasina zviyero zvinoshanda, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, mapepa ekuchengetedza data, rabhoritari yakakodzera uye kutariswa kwehunyanzvi. Iwo mameseji haasi chikamu chezvino kupihwa kwezvigadzirwa uye masevhisi eSavo Kusić.
Kutemerwa kwehuremu hwevhu
Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekuona huremu hwevhu, dzatichatsanangura dzinonyanya kushandiswa: nzira ye cylinder, nzira yekunyudza sampuli mumvura, nzira nekunyudzwa kwemuenzaniso mu mercury, uye nzira nejecha.
Maitiro necylinder
Iyi nzira ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa uye inoitwa mumunda uye murabhoritari. Inoiswa pavhu rakasungwa uye risina kusungwa.
Silinda yesimbi yevhoriyamu inozivikanwa, ine mupendero wakarodzwa wakadzika, inotsikirirwa muvhu kana mune isina kukanganiswa kana kuti yakagadzirwa nesample, kuitira kuti izadzwe zvizere nehuremu hwevhu. Mushure meizvi, nzvimbo yemuenzaniso inotaridzirwa nebanga nepamusoro nepamusoro pemicheto ye cylinder uye pakarepo yakavharwa nemavharo esimbi uye kuyerwa pachiyero.
Kana W huri huremu hwesample ine silinda nemakepisi, W0 huremu hwehumburumbira pachayo nemavhavha, V vhoriyamu yehumburumbira
ivhu density γ ndiko:
γ = (W - WP)/V
Maitiro ekunyudza sampuli mumvura
Iyi nzira yakavakirwa pachivakwa chemuviri icho huwandu hwemuviri wakanyudzwa mumvura hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwemvura yakabviswa. Inoshandiswa chete kune ivhu rakasungwa, kana sampuli yenguva dzose geometric shape isingawanikwe.
Kubva paivhu risina kukanganiswa kana kuti kubva mumuenzaniso mukuru, chidimbu chemuenzaniso wakaita semacaque chinotorwa uye huremu hwacho W muchimiro chayo chinoyerwa pachikero. Zvadaro sampuli yakafukidzwa neparafini yakanyunguduka, iyo haifaniri kunge yakanyanya kupisa, asi inongokwana kunyunguduka. Parafini yakatetepa 1-2 mm inofanira kufukidza zvachose muenzaniso wose. Zvadaro muenzaniso neparafini unoyerwa pachiyero uye huremu W’ hunotorwa. Parafini inorema W’ - W.
Huwandu hweparafini VP, inowanikwa pafomu: VP * γP = W’ - W,
apo γP ihwo huremu hweparafini, hunozivikanwa uye hunosvika γP = 0,892 p/cm3.
Kubva kuequation iri pamusoro tine: VP = (W’ – W)/0,892 [cm3].
Fig. 1. Kuona huremu hwevhu nekunyudza sampuli mumvura
Zvadaro, parafini-yakaputirwa sampuro inoturikwa pachikero neshinda yesiririka yakatetepa (fig.1), chiyero chakaenzana, uye ipapo mudziyo une mvura yakasvibiswa inotorwa pasi pemuenzaniso, kuitira kuti sampuli yose inyudzwe mumvura. Sezvo, nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwehuremu hwemuenzaniso mumvura, chiyero pachiyero chinovhiringidzika, chinogadziriswa zvakare nekubvisa zviyero, kuitira kuti uremu hwemuenzaniso neparafini inonyudzwa mumvura W inowanikwa. Musiyano wehuremu hwemuenzaniso neparafini munzvimbo isina kunyura uye pasi pasi inopa huremu hwemvura yakadzingwa, kureva kana huremu hwemvura huri YW =1,00, huwandu hwemvura yakabviswa Vw
Tinobvisa huwandu hweparafini VP kubva muvhoriyamu Vw, totora huwandu hwemuenzaniso.
Huremu hwevhu hunoti: γ = W/(Vw – VP)*m
apo m ndiyo coefficient yekugadzirisa nekuda kwekusiyana kwekushisa kwemvura, kubvira Y =1,0kuitira tembiricha yemvura pa4 °C: m = γw,T / γw,4oC.
Maitiro nekunyudza sampuli mumercury
Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kune ivhu rakasungwa, uyewo mumamiriro ezvinhu apo zvakakosha kurega kutora sampuli yechimiro chejometri chenguva dzose, iyo ndiyo iyo, somuenzaniso, pakusarudza miganhu yevhu shrinkage.
Sl.2. Kuona huremu hwevhu nekunyudza sampuli mumercury
Sample inonyudzwa mumudziyo wakazadzwa zvachose ne mercury (fig. 2) uye nerubatsiro rwegirazi ndiro ine simbi yakaonda spikes inomanikidzwa kuitira kuti inyudzwe zvachose mu mercury. Iyo mercury yakatsikirirwa inodururwa mumudziyo mukuru, kubva uko uremu hwayo hunotorwa uye kuyerwa. Kana W huri huremu hwesample, Wz huremu hwemekiyuri yakadzingwa, γz ihwo huremu hwevhoriyamu hwemercury, Vz=V huremu hwemekiyuri yakabviswa inoenzana nehuwandu hwesample;
Vz * γz = Wz * Vz = Wz/ γz
ipapo huremu hwevhu hunoti:
γ =W*γz /Wz.
Maitiro ejecha
Muedzo uyu unoitwa mumunda uye unowanzo shandiswa kune ivhu risina kusungwa, matombo, jecha rematombo, zvinhu zvemoraine uye mune dzimwe nguva, apo kubviswa kwemasamples asina kukanganiswa nemasilinda kusingakwanisi. Nheyo yeiyi nzira inosanganisira kuchera gomba muvhu uyezve kurizadza nejecha rakajairwa rehuremu hunozivikanwa hwevolumetric, zvichibva pane iyo vhoriyamu yegomba yakatemwa. Huremu hwevhu hunotarwa kubva pauremu hwehuremu hwakacherwa uye huwandu hwegomba.
Iyo pamusoro pevhu, iyo iyo volumetric uremu hunofanirwa kutsanangurwa, inotaridzwa kuitira kuti ive yakatwasuka, ipapo ndiro yerata ye approx.40x40 cm(muonde.3), ine template yakachekwa pakati pehupamhi Ø =20 cm, ukobvu5 mm, yekuchera gomba muvhu. Ndiro yerata inoradzikwa pasi uye yakagadzikwa nemapegi. Gomba rine dhayamita re20 cm, kudzika approx20 cm, zviri nani nemadziro akamira, asi kwete kunze kwetemplate uye kuchenesa zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvose zvakacherwa zvinoiswa pandiro, zvino pakarepo mushure mekuchera, ichiri nehunyoro hwayo, inoyerwa pachikero uye uremu hwayo W hunotaridzirwa. Kuti gare gare uone hunyoro hwechisikigo, muenzaniso unoiswa mubhokisi rerata rine zvivharo, kuti uendeswe kuimba yekuomesa mushure mekunge basa remumunda rapera. Nenguva isipi, jecha rakaoma rakajairika rinodururirwa mugomba rakacherwa, iro volumetric uremu γd inotarwa nekuyera, i.e. kubva kune yakamboitwa murabhoritari bvunzo, nekudururira jecha kuburikidza nefunnel imwechete uye kubva pahurefu hwakafanana, h inowira sezvakaita mumunda bvunzo.
Sl.3. Kuona huremu hwevhu uchishandisa jecha test
Usati watanga bvunzo,yera huremu hwejecha rakajairika mumakapu ekuyeresa, uyezve mushure mekuzadza gomba pasi nejecha iro kumusoro kwendiro yerata, iyo inobatanidzwa nesimbi yehurefu.40 cm, kuyera mamwe ose ejecha mubeaker, kuitira kuti uremu chaihwo Wd hwejecha rakaoma rakajairwa mugomba kumusoro kwepepa resimbi rinowanikwa. Isu tinosarudza vhoriyamu Vd yegomba rakacherwa kusvika kumusoro kwendiro yerata zvichibva pane formula Vd = Wd/γd.
Vhoriyamu V yegomba riri pasi rinowanikwa nekubvisa vhoriyamu v yekuvhurwa kwetin template:
Huremu hwevhu γ hunoti: γ = W/V, apo W huremu hwevhu rakacherwa kubva mugomba rakapimwa pakarepo mushure mekuchera. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti plaster, mafuta kana inotonhora asphalt inoshandiswa panzvimbo yejecha, iyo isinganyanyi kunetseka mumamiriro ekunze emvura. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvakare michina yakakosha yekushanda nyore uye nekukurumidza pabvunzo nejecha.
Huremu hwehuremu hwevhu hunopihwa patafura 1, paine chinyorwa chekuti mukuongorora geomechanical mune yega yega, huremu hwevhu hunofanirwa kutariswa nekuyedza murabhoritari kana mumunda.
Kuona hunyoro hwevhu
Muedzo wekuona hunyoro hwevhu unoitwa nenzira dzakati wandei, dzinoti nzira yemurabhoritari uchishandisa electric dryer, nzira dzemumunda uchishandisa kuomesa pamoto wakavhurika, kushandisa carbide, kuyera pasi pemvura uye kushandisa pycnometer yemhepo. Pano tichatsanangura nzira mbiri chete dzekutanga, dzinonyanya kushandiswa munyika yedu.
Murabhoritari nzira uchishandisa electric dryer
Iyi nzira ndiyo inovimbika zvakanyanya uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune marudzi ese evhu. Chidimbu chevhu kubva kumuenzaniso usina kukanganiswa chinoiswa pakati pemagirazi maviri econcave, anonzi hourglasses, ayo anosungirirwa nesimbi clamp uye akayerwa pamwe chete pachiyero chekuongorora, uye oiswa mumagetsi emagetsi apo akaomeswa pa 105°C kusvikira uremu huripo (fig. 4). Musiyano wetembiricha panguva yekuomeswa haufanirwe kunge wakakura kupfuura ± 2°C, sezvo pazasi tembiricha kuomeswa kwakazara hakuitwe, uye patembiricha yepamusoro iyo organic ingredients mumuenzaniso inogona kupisa. Iyo inofungidzirwa nguva yekuomesa sampuli nehourglass mune yekuomesa ingangoita 6 maawa ejecha, uye anenge 12 maawa evhu. Mushure mekuomeswa, sampu yakavharwa mumagirazi eawa ane clamp inoiswa mu desiccator kuti itonhore kusvika mukamuri tembiricha, yozoyerwa zvakare.
Fig. 4. Sample kuomesa mumagirazi eawa ane clamp
Kana W huri huremu hwesample muchimiro chechisikigo chekunyorova neawa girazi uye chisungiso, Ws huremu hwesample panguva yakaoma negirazi reawa nechisungiso, Wt huremu hwegirazi reawa nechisungiso, hunyoro hwevhu w maererano netsanangudzo yaAtterberg huremu hwemvura, ivhu rakakamurwa neyakaoma _ W-Ws / Ws-Wt * 100 [%].
Kutemerwa kwevhu porosity uye porosity coefficient
Muedzo unoitwa pamuenzaniso usina kukanganiswa, chero huwandu hwayo hunogona kutariswa pasina kukanganiswa.
Isu tinodzvanya silinda yesimbi yevhoriyamu inozivikanwa muvhu risina kukanganiswa kana mumuenzaniso wehukuru hukuru, kuenzanisa nzvimbo yepamusoro yesample nemicheto yecylinder toiisa kuti iome pairi.105°Ckusvikira huremu hwagara huripo, worega utonhore patembiricha yekamuri, woiyera zvakare pachikero pamwe chete necylinder.
Kana V iri vhoriyamu yemukati mehumburumbira, Vm ivhu revhu rakaoma risina pores, Wd uremu hwakaoma hwemuenzaniso, γs huremu hwehuremu hwezvikamu zvakasimba, porosity yevhu n
Isu tinoona iyo vhoriyamu Vm zvichienderana nehuremu hwakaoma hwemuenzaniso Wd:
kureva, muzvikamu zvehuwandu hwevhu rose
Sezvo γd = Wd/V, i.e. yakaoma volumetric huremu hwevhu, inogona kuiswa
n =100* (1– γd/ γs) [%].
Iyo porosity coefficient inowanikwa kubva pafomu e = n/(1-n).
Kune dhizaini, kutonga kwemhando kana kuita kwemabasa, shandisa mirau yazvino, yakajairwa nzira dzekuyedza uye marabhoritari ane mvumo. Ichi chinyorwa chinochengetedzwa sechinyorwa chedzidzo chenhoroondo.