Okuqukethwe kwengcweti yenqolobane: i-athikili igcina umbono womlando wemiqondo ye-geotechnical, amafomula nezinqubo zaselabhorethri. Akulona ucwaningo lwe-geotechnical, idizayini yodonga, ukucaciswa kokuminyanisa, uhlelo lokulawula ikhwalithi, noma okuthathela indawo izinga lamanje. Imingcele yomhlabathi, izinto zokusebenza, amandla okuhlanganisa, indlela yokwamukela kanye nezindlela zokusebenza eziphephile zinqunywa unjiniyela we-geotechnical ogunyaziwe kanye nelabhorethri egunyaziwe esekelwe enhlabathini kanye nento ethile.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando yobuchwepheshe futhi asimeleli ukunikezwa kwedizayini ye-geotechnical, ukuhlolwa noma ukwenziwa kwe-earthworks.
Ukuminyana kwenhlabathi evulekile
Ukucinana kwenhlabathi exegayo kuncike kusayizi nokuma kwezinhlayiya eziqinile, kanye nesakhiwo sayo. Endabeni yomhlabathi ongaboshiwe, kunemikhawulo ethile lapho amanani we-porosity n kanye ne-porosity coefficient e yesakhiwo esiyivelakancane nesiminyene kakhulu sihamba.
Uma impahla engaboshiwe yomile futhi ithululelwa kancane kancane ebhekileni ukuze ingahlangani ngesikhathi ithululwa, _isakhiwo sayo esingavamile siyatholakala. Lesi sakhiwo sihambisana ne-porosity coefficient emax, inani layo lesihlabathi embhalweni wokuqala lingaphakathi kwemikhawulo:
emax =0,7-1,0.
Uma into efanayo ithululelwa kubhekha ngezendlalelo ezincane futhi ungqimba ngalunye lumbozwa nge-mallet yokhuni kuze kube yilapho ivolumu ilingana, okungukuthi ize iyeke ukuzinza ngaphansi kokugxotshwa, kutholakala _isakhiwo sayo_esiminyene kunawo wonke. Ihambisana ne-porosity coefficient emin, inani layo lesihlabathi lithi:
emin = 0,45–0,65.
Ukuminyana kwenhlabathi engaboshiwe kuvezwa ukucinana okuhlobene ID, i-coefficient ebonisa izinga lokucinana kwenhlabathi ngokuhlobene nokucinana okuphezulu kakhulu:
lapho e i-porosity coefficient yenhlabathi esimweni semvelo sokucinana. Amanani okugcina wokuminyana okuhlobene yilawa:
- ngesakhiwo esiyivelakancane e = emax; ID =0;
- ngesakhiwo esiminyene kakhulu e = emin; ID =1.
Umbandela wokuminyana kwenhlabathi enesihlabathi ngokusho kuka-Terzaghi embhalweni wokuqala ufundeka kanje:
- isihlabathi esiminyene kancane: ID =0-1/3;
- isihlabathi esiminyene esimaphakathi: ID =1/3–2/3;
- isihlabathi esiminyene: ID =2/3-1.
Endabeni yama-enkhongs emigwaqweni nasemaphethelweni, umbhalo udinga ID =2/3-1.
Esikhundleni sefomu langaphambilini, isilinganiso samavolumu singasetshenziswa:
lapho V kuwumthamo wesampula yomhlabathi engaphazanyiswa, Vmax ingumthamo wesamba esifanayo senhlabathi esimweni sokucinana okuncane, futhi Vmin umthamo wesamba esifanayo senhlabathi esimweni sokucinana okukhulu.
Umkhawulo wesicelo: izigaba zomlando kanye nemibandela angeke idluliselwe ngokuqondile kuphrojekthi noma endaweni yokwakha. Uhlobo lomhlabathi, indlela yesampula, isimo sesampula, izinga elisebenzayo kanye nemfuneko yephrojekthi ingase iguqule indlela nemibandela.
Ukuminyanisa kwenhlabathi eboshiwe
Ngomhlabathi oboshiwe, ukubumbana akuncikile kuphela kusayizi nokuma kwezithako eziqinile kanye nesakhiwo sazo, kodwa futhi nasekuhlanganeni. Ngenxa yokuhlangana, izinhlayiya eziqinile zinamathela ndawonye, ngakho ukukhipha amanzi ezimbotsheni ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kunzima kakhulu kunomhlabathi ongaboshiwe, izinhlayiya zazo ezihamba kalula ngaphansi komthwalo.
Uma uhlanganisa inhlabathi eboshiwe, inani lamanzi libaluleke kakhulu. Ngokugxilisa, amanzi aphoqelelwe ngaphandle kwama-pores futhi ubukhulu befilimu yamanzi buyancipha; i-porosity iyancipha, futhi amandla okugunda kanye nokuminyana kwenqwaba kuyanda. Ukuphakama kokuminyana, kuyanda okuqinile nezimbotshana ezimbalwa ngomthamo weyunithi ngayinye. Lesi silinganiso samukelwa njengesisekelo sokuhlola ukuminyana komhlabathi oboshiwe. Ukulawula ukuminyana embhalweni kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isisindo esomile se-volumetric:
γd = Wd / V [N/cm3]
lapho Wd kuyisisindo sesampula yomhlabathi eyomile ngokuphelele ku-N, futhi V iyivolumu yesampula efanayo esimweni esiminyanisiwe ngaphambi kokoma, ngo-cm3.
Isivivinyo sikaProctor
Ukuhlolwa kweProctor kusiza ukunquma ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lamanzi enhlabathini nokucinana kwawo. Inquma umswakamo ofanele, okungukuthi umswakama lapho inhlabathi ehlangene inika khona isisindo somthamo omkhulu owomile samandla aminyene anikeziwe.
Ichazwe ngokomlando izinsiza zikaProctor (Fig1) iqukethe i-cylinder yensimbi enobubanzi obungaphakathi Ø =10 cm, ukuphakama12 cm(isithombe1_a_), ukuqhubeka kwesilinda sobude obufanayo10 cm(isithombe1_b_) kanye nobubanzi be-rammer yensimbi5 cm, isisindo2,5N, kumhlahlandlela oyisilinda onobubanzi obuthe ukukhudlwana. Igayidi ivuliwe ekugcineni engezansi futhi ivaliwe ekugcineni, ngokuvuleka okubanzi kancane ukuze isibambo senqama sidlule (isithombe1_c_). Ingxenye engezansi yesilinda ibekwe epuleti lensimbi elikhudlwana futhi lilungiswe ngesikhathi sokugxotshwa.
Isampula yomiswa ngokwenqubo yokuqala futhi ihlungwe ngesisefo5 mmukugwema ithonya lezinhlamvu ezinkulu. Bese ixutshwa nenani lamanzi akumele libe maningi kangangokuthi isampula libe mushy, noma libe lincane kangangokuthi isampula ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa. Okokuqala, ungqimba olunobude obungu-approx8 cmesimweni esingahlanganisiwe futhi sihlanganiswe25imivimbo isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba. Umthelela wenziwa ngokuwa kwamahhala kwe-mallet ukusuka ekuphakameni30 cm. Kusetshenziswa ungqimba olusha logqinsi8 cm, amanani amasha25ishaya futhi iphinda inqubo ngesendlalelo sesithathu. Ngemuva kokuqedwa, isandiso siyasuswa, ubuso besampula buhambisana nomkhawulo we-cylinder ephansi, futhi inhlabathi eyengeziwe iyasuswa. Isampula yenhlabathi ebumbene ibe isikhishwa bese kunqunywa ukuminyana kwenqwaba eyomile γd kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama w.
Isithombe1- Ukuhlolwa kukaProctor.
Ukuhlolwa kuyaphindwa 5 kuya 6 izikhathi, njalo kunokuthile okusha, okungalashiwe kusuka kusampula efanayo, kodwa ngenani elihlukile lamanzi, ukuze kutholwe amanani ahlukene γd kanye ne-w. Umswakama womhlabathi w usetshenziswa ku-abscissa yomdwebo, kanye nesisindo sevolumu esomile γd endaweni ehlelekile (isithombe 2). Amaphoyinti axhunyiwe anikeza ijika elibonisa ukuthi ukuminyana kwenqwaba eyomile kuqala kukhuphuka ngomswakama kuya kumkhawulo bese kwehle. Umswakamo wopt ohambisana nobuningi bokuminyana kwenqwaba eyomile max γd ubizwa ngokuthi umswakamo olungile. Embhalweni, kuyamukelwa ukuthi kulobu mswakama, ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kakhulu kufinyelelwa kumandla okulinganisa anikeziwe. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngale ndlela kubizwa ngokuthi standard Proctor’s test.
Figure 2 — Umdwebo kaphroktha.
Ukuphepha kwaselabhorethri nezinga: Ubukhulu be-apparasi, isisindo nokwehla kwe-rammer, inani lezendlalelo nomthelela kanye nokulungiswa kwesampula idatha yomlando edluliswa lapha, hhayi umyalelo ozimele. Inqubo esebenzayo kufanele ichaze izinga elifanele kanye nohlelo lwelabhorethri. Ukomisa, ukusefa kanye nokunyathela izingozi zothuli, izinhlayiya ezindizayo, ukuncinza kanye nokulimala komthelela; okokusebenza okufanele, ukuvikelwa kanye nomsebenzisi oqeqeshiwe kuyadingeka.
Umthelela wosayizi wokusanhlamvu ngaphezu kuka-5 mm
Embhalweni wangempela, kushiwo ukuthi izinhlamvu ezinkulu kuno-5 mm azinawo umthelela obalulekile uma zenza kufika ku-25% wesamba sengqikithi. Uma kukhona okungaphezu kuka-25%, umthelela wabo kufanele unakwe ngokubala isisindo sevolumu esomile sengxube kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa noma ukuhlolwa kwe-Proctor okushintshiwe.
Ukubala ngendlela yokulinganisa
Ngokwale ndlela, isisindo esomile se-volumetric yengxube yenhlabathi engu-γdm sibalwa ngokusekelwe kokumelela okulinganayo kosayizi ongaphezu nangaphansi kwezinhlamvu.5 mm:
kuphi:
- γd — isisindo sevolumu esomile sezinto ezidlule ekuvulekeni kwesikrini5 mm;
- γsc - isisindo sevolumu yezinhlayiya eziqinile ezisele esikrinini esivulayo5 mm;
- m — iphesenti ngesisindo sezinto ezisele esikhaleni sesisefo5 mmmaqondana nenqwaba yonke.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Proctor eshintshiwe
Ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-US Bureau of Reclamation ecashunwe embhalweni wokuqala, uma izinhlamvu zinkulu kuno5 mmlungisa1/3ku2/3yesisindo esiphelele senhlabathi, ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ngesisindo esiphelele. Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukwenza lokhu ngempumelelo ku-cylinder of diameter10 cm, i-diameter enkulu isetshenziswa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi modified Proctor test. Umbhalo uchaza isilinda sobubanzi15,2 cmnokuphakama23,2 cm, lapho inani lesampula5,5I-kp igcwalisa izingqimba ezintathu ezicishe zilingane ngo-po50ishaya ngesando esinzima4,53kp bese uphonsa ukuphakama45,7 cm. Uma isampula iqukethe okusanhlamvu kufika20 mm, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezinto ezingaphazanyiswa. Uma iqukethe okusanhlamvu okukhulu kuno20 mm, inani le5,5i-kp yesampula ihlungwa ngesisefo se20 mm, bese ibuyisela okusele esisefweni ngezinto ezinosayizi ofanayo5-20 mm.
Ngaphezu kwenqubo echazwe ngale ndlela, embhalweni noma iyiphi indlela yokusebenza ehlukile kwejwayelekile ibizwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-Proctor okuguquliwe.
Amandla okubamba
Amandla okuhlanganisa esampula kusilinda seProctor angavezwa ngesibalo, lapho N kuyinani lokushaywa kwesando, h ubude bokwehla kwesando ku-m, W isisindo sesando ku-Mp (megapond), futhi V ivolumu yesampula ku-m3.
Ngokunyuka kwamandla okuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa okukhulu kwesampula kufinyelelwa, i-porosity yayo, okungukuthi inani lamanzi enhlabathini, liyancipha, futhi isisindo somthamo owomile siyanda. Ukuze uthole amandla okuhlanganisa u-E1, E2, E3kanye no-E4iziza ezihambisanayo zeProctor esithombeni ziyatholakala3. Yonke imidwebo iqala ngokungafani nomdwebo wokugcwalisa, obizwa nangokuthi umdwebo0%izimbotshana zomoya lapho zonke izimbotshana zigcwele amanzi, okungukuthi5%izimbotshana zomoya uma kunjalo95%izimbotshana ezigcwele amanzi.
Isithombe3- Imidwebo ye-Proctor yamandla ahlukene wokuhlanganisa.
Umdwebo wokugcwalisa ungakhiwa ngokuhlela i-abscissa w = wz = n / γs(1-n), nakuhlelo γd = γs(1-n), lapho okuthi n kuwukuqineka komhlabathi, futhi γs kuyisisindo somthamo wezinhlayiya eziqinile zenhlabathi enikeziwe. Kulandela ukuthi amandla okuhlanganisa angalungiswa ukuze athole ukuhlanganisa okufunayo. Ukulawula ukuminyana kwenhlabathi yemvelo noma uthango olucinene, inkomba yokuhlanganisa Iz ivame ukwamukelwa embhalweni, isilinganiso sesisindo sevolumu esomile senhlabathi enikeziwe noma uthango γd kuya kusisindo sevolumu esitholwe nguProctor γp:
Iz = γd / γp.
Ukuklama nokulawula ensimini: ijika laselabhorethri iyodwa ayiqinisekisi ikhwalithi yongqimba olutholiwe. Isampula, ukushuba kongqimba, uhlobo kanye nenani lokudlula komshini, umswakama, izilinganiso zensimu, umthamo wokuthwala, amanzi okukhipha amanzi, izakhiwo eziseduze kanye nokufakwa ngaphansi komhlaba kumele kufakwe ohlelweni lokuklama nokulawula. Ungasondeli endaweni yokusebenza yerola noma eminye imishini ngaphandle kokusayina okuhleliwe nokulawula ukufinyelela.