Umxholo wengcali yooVimba: inqaku ligcina isishwankathelo sembali yeengqikelelo ze-geotechnical, iifomula kunye neenkqubo zelabhoratri. Ayilophononongo lwe-geotechnical, uyilo lwe-embankment, inkcazo yokudibanisa, isicwangciso solawulo lomgangatho, okanye indawo yomgangatho wangoku. Iiparamitha zomhlaba, izixhobo, amandla okudibanisa, indlela yokwamkelwa kunye neendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokusebenza zimiselwa yinjineli ye-geotechnical egunyazisiweyo kunye nebhubhoratri evunyiweyo esekelwe kumhlaba kunye nento ethile.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala linjengovimba wobugcisa kwaye alibonisi unikezelo loyilo lwe-geotechnical, uvavanyo okanye ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yomhlaba.
Ukugangatheka komhlaba oxekekileyo
Ukuxinwa komhlaba okhululekileyo kuxhomekeke kubukhulu kunye nokumila kwamasuntswana aqinileyo, kunye nesakhiwo sawo. Kwimeko yomhlaba ongabotshwanga, kukho imida ethile apho amaxabiso e-porosity n kunye ne-porosity coefficient e yesakhiwo esinqabileyo kunye nesixineneyo sihamba.
Ukuba izinto ezingabotshwanga zomekile kwaye zithululelwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-beaker ukwenzela ukuba ingadibanisi ngexesha lokugalela, i-rarest structure yayo ifunyenwe. Esi sakhiwo sihambelana ne-porosity coefficient emax, ixabiso layo lesanti kumbhalo wokuqala lingaphakathi kwemida:
emax =0,7-1,0.
Ukuba into efanayo igalelwe kwi-beaker kwiileya ezicekethekileyo kwaye umaleko ngamnye unqanyulwe ngemallet yeplanga de umthamo ungaguquguquki, o.k.t ide iyeke ukuzinza phantsi kwe-tamping, eyona denseest structure yayo ifunyenwe. Ihambelana ne-porosity coefficient emin, ixabiso layo lesanti:
emin = 0,45–0,65.
Ukucutheka komhlaba ongadityaniswanga kubonakaliswa kukuxinanisela okuhambelanayo ID, i-coefficient ebonisa iqondo lokucutheka komhlaba ngokunxulumene nokona kuxinene kuphezulu:
apho e yi-coefficient ye-porosity yomhlaba kwimeko yendalo yokuxinana. Amaxabiso okugqibela oxinaniso olunxulumeneyo ngala:
- kwisakhiwo esinqabileyo e = emax; ID = 0;
- esona sakhiwo sixineneyo e = emin; ID = 1.
Ikhrayitheriya yokugangatheka komhlaba wesanti ngokukaTerzaghi kumbhalo wokuqala ufundeka ngolu hlobo:
- isanti ecandeke kancinane: ID = 0–1/3;
- isanti exineneyo ephakathi: ID = 1/3–2/3;
- isanti exineneyo epakishwe: ID = 2/3–1.
Kwii-ebankments ezindleleni kunye nee-embankments, okubhaliweyo kufuna ID = 2/3–1.
Endaweni yefom yangaphambili, umlinganiselo wemithamo ungasetyenziswa:
apho V ngumthamo wesampulu yomhlaba engaphazanyiswa, Vmax ngumthamo womthamo ofanayo womhlaba kwimeko yokugaxeleka okuncinci, kwaye Vmin ngumthamo womthamo ofanayo womhlaba kwimeko yokuxinwa okuphezulu.
Umda wesicelo: ukuhlelwa ngokwembali kunye nemigaqo ayinakudluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiprojekthi okanye kwindawo yokwakha. Uhlobo lomhlaba, indlela yesampulu, imeko yesampulu, umgangatho osebenzayo kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi zinokutshintsha indlela kunye nemilinganiselo.
Ukuxutywa komhlaba obotshelelweyo
Ngomhlaba obotshiweyo, ukuxinana akuxhomekanga kuphela kubungakanani kunye nokuma kwezithako eziqinileyo kunye nesakhiwo sayo, kodwa kunye nokubambisana. Ngenxa yokubambisana, iinqununu eziqinileyo zibambene kunye, ngoko ke ukukhahlela amanzi ngaphandle kweepores ngexesha lokuxinana kunzima kakhulu kunomhlaba ongadingekiyo, owenziwe lula ngakumbi phantsi komthwalo.
Xa uhlanganisela umhlaba obotshelelweyo, ubungakanani bamanzi bubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokugxothwa, amanzi anyanzeliswa ngaphandle kweepores kwaye ubukhulu befilimu yamanzi buyancipha; i-porosity iyancipha, kwaye amandla okucheba kunye nobuninzi bobuninzi buyanda. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo, kokukhona okuqinileyo kunye neepores ezimbalwa kwiyunithi yomthamo. Lo mlinganiselo wamkelwa njengesiseko sokuvavanya ukucudisa umhlaba obotshiweyo. Ulawulo lokuhambelana kwisicatshulwa lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ubunzima bomthamo owomileyo:
γd = Wd / V [N/cm3]
apho Wd bubunzima besampulu yomhlaba owomileyo ngokupheleleyo kwi-N, kwaye V ngumthamo wesampulu efanayo kwindawo egayiweyo phambi komiswe, kwi-cm3.
Uvavanyo loMvelisi
Uvavanyo lweProctor lusebenza ekumiseleni unxulumano phakathi kobungakanani bamanzi emhlabeni kunye nokugangatheka kwawo. Imisela obona bumanzi obugqwesileyo, oko kukuthi ukufuma apho umhlaba oxineneyo unika obona bunzima buphezulu bomthamo womthamo owomileyo kumandla okucutheka okunikiweyo.
Ichazwe ngokwembali izixhobo zeProctor (Fig1) iqulethe i-cylinder yensimbi ene-diameter yangaphakathi Ø =10 cm, ukuphakama12 cm(umfanekiso1_a_), ukuqhubeka kwe-cylinder yobude obufanayo bedayamitha10 cm(umfanekiso1_b_) kunye nedayamitha yentsimbi yerammer5 cm, ubunzima2,5N, kwisikhokelo esiyicylindrical esinobubanzi obuncinane kancinane. Isikhokelo sivulekile kwisiphelo esisezantsi kwaye sivaliwe kwisiphelo esiphezulu, kunye nokuvuleka okubanzi kancinci ukuba isibambo senkunzi yegusha sidlule (umfanekiso1_c_). Isiphelo esisezantsi se-cylinder sibekwe kwiplate yentsimbi enkulu kwaye igxininiswe ngexesha lokubetha.
Isampuli yomisiwe ngokwenkqubo yokuqala kwaye ihlulwe nge-sieve5 mmukuphepha impembelelo yeenkozo ezinkulu. Emva koko ixutywe kunye nomthamo wamanzi akufuneki ukuba isampuli ibe yi-mushy, okanye incinci kangangokuba isampuli ayikwazi ukuqhutyelwa phambili. Okokuqala, umaleko kunye nobude be-approx8 cmkwimo engadityaniswanga kunye nerammed nge25imivumbo isasazwe ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba. Impembelelo yenziwa ngokuwa kwamahhala kwe-mallet ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo30 cm. Kusetyenziswa umaleko omtsha wobunzima8 cm, iintlawulo ezintsha25hits kwaye iphinda inkqubo ngomaleko wesithathu. Emva kokugqitywa, ukwandiswa kuyasuswa, umphezulu wesampuli uhambelana nomda we-cylinder ephantsi, kwaye umhlaba ogqithisileyo uyasuswa. Isampulu yomhlaba ogayiweyo iyasuswa kwaye ubuninzi bawo obomileyo γd kunye nesiqulatho sokufuma w kumiselwa.
Umfanekiso1- Umfuniselo weProctor.
Uvavanyo luyaphindwa 5 ukuya 6 amaxesha, isoloko inezinto ezintsha, ezingaphathwanga ukusuka kwisampulu enye, kodwa ngesixa esahlukileyo samanzi, ukuze kufumaneke amaxabiso ahlukeneyo γd kunye w. Ukufuma komhlaba w kusetyenziswa kwi-abscissa yomzobo, kunye nobunzima bomthamo owomileyo γd kwi-odine (umfanekiso 2). Amanqaku adityanisiweyo anika ijika elibonisa ukuba ubuninzi bobuninzi obomileyo bunyuka kuqala ngokufuma ukuya kubuninzi kwaye buyancipha. Ubumanzi wopt obungqamana nobuninzi bobuninzi bobuninzi bomileyo max γd bubizwa ngokuba bubumanzi obugqibeleleyo_. Kwisicatshulwa, kuyamkelwa ukuba kulo mswakama, ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kuphunyelelwa kumandla anikezelweyo. Uvavanyo olwenziwe ngolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuba uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lweProctor.
Figure 2 — Umzobo weProctor.
Ukhuseleko lwaseLabhoratri kunye nomgangatho: Imilinganiselo ye-apparatus, ubunzima kunye nokwehla kwe-rammer, inani leeleya kunye neempembelelo kunye nokulungiswa kwesampulu yidatha yembali ethunyelwa apha, kungekhona umyalelo ozimeleyo. Inkqubo esebenzayo kufuneka ichaze umgangatho ofanelekileyo kunye nesicwangciso sebhubhoratri. Ukomisa, ukuhluza kunye nokunyathela kuthwala imingcipheko evela eluthulini, amasuntswana abhabhayo, ukuxina kunye nokwenzakala kwempembelelo; izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ukhuseleko kunye nomsebenzisi oqeqeshiweyo ziyafuneka.
Isiphumo sobungakanani beenkozo ngaphezulu kwe 5 mm
Kumbhalo wokuqala, kuchazwe ukuba iinkozo ezinkulu kuno-5 mm azinampembelelo ibalulekileyo ukuba zenza ukuya kuthi ga ku-25% yobunzima bubonke. Ukuba kukho ngaphezu kwe-25%, impembelelo yabo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokubala ubunzima bomthamo owomileyo womxube usebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa okanye uvavanyo lweProctor olulungisiweyo.
Ukubala ngokomlinganiselo
Ngokwale ndlela, ubunzima bomthamo owomileyo womxube wemathiriyeli yomhlaba γdm bubalwa ngokusekelwe kumelo olulungelelanisiweyo lweenkozo ezingaphezulu nangaphantsi.5 mm:
iphi i:
- γd - ubunzima bomthamo owomileyo wemathiriyeli egqithe ekuvulweni kwesikrini5 mm;
- γsc - ubunzima bevolumu yamasuntswana aqinileyo ashiyekileyo kwisikrini sokuvula5 mm;
- m - ipesenti ngokobunzima bezinto eziseleyo kwisefu yokuvula5 mmngokunxulumene nobunzima bonke.
Uvavanyo lweProctor olulungisiweyo
Ngokwamava e-US Bureau of Reclamation ekhankanywe kumbhalo wokuqala, ukuba iinkozo ezinkulu kuno5 mmlungisa1/3ukuya2/3yobunzima obupheleleyo bomhlaba, uvavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe ngobunzima obupheleleyo. Ekubeni akunakwenzeka ukwenza oku ngempumelelo kwi-cylinder yobubanzi10 cm, i-cylinder enkulu yedayamitha isetyenziswa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-modified Proctor test. Isicatshulwa sichaza i-cylinder ye-diameter15,2 cmkunye nokuphakama23,2 cm, apho ubungakanani besampulu5,5kp igcwalisa ezintathu malunga neeleya ezilinganayo nge po50ibetha ngehamile enzima4,53kp kunye nokulahla ukuphakama45,7 cm. Ukuba isampuli iqulethe iinkozo ukuya20 mm, uvavanyo lwenziwa ngezinto ezingaphazanyiswa. Ukuba iqulethe iinkozo ezinkulu kune20 mm, umyinge we5,5kp yesampuli ihluzwa ngesihluzo se20 mm, kwaye ithatha indawo eseleyo kwisefu ngezinto ezinobungakanani obufanayo5-20 mm.
Ukongeza kwinkqubo echazwe ngolu hlobo, kwisicatshulwa nayiphi na indlela yokusebenza ehluke kumgangatho omnye ikwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lweProctor olulungisiweyo.
Amandla okudibanisa
Amandla okudibanisa isampuli kwi-cylinder Proctor inokubonakaliswa yi-equation, apho N linani lokuvuthela kwesando, h ukuphakama kwesando sokuhla kwi-m, W ubunzima behamile kwi-Mp (megapond), kwaye V ngumthamo wesampuli kwi-m3.
Ngokunyuka kwamandla okudibanisa, ukudibanisa okukhulu kwesampuli kufezekiswa, i-porosity yayo, oko kukuthi ubuninzi bamanzi emhlabeni, buyancipha, kwaye ubunzima bomthamo owomileyo buyanda. Ngamandla okudibanisa u-E1, E2, E3kunye no-E4iiploti zeProctor ezihambelanayo kumfanekiso zifunyenwe3. Yonke imizobo iqala ngokungafaniyo nedayagram yokugcwalisa, ebizwa ngokuba ngumzobo0%iipores zomoya xa zonke iipores zizaliswe ngamanzi, okt5%imingxuma yomoya xa injalo95%imingxuma ezaliswe ngamanzi.
Umfanekiso3-Imizobo yeProctor yamandla ahlukeneyo okudibanisa.
Umzobo wokugcwalisa unokwakhiwa ngokucwangcisa kwi-abscissa w = wz = n / γs(1-n), kwaye kudidi γd = γs(1-n), apho n i-porosity yomhlaba, kwaye γs bubunzima bomthamo wamasuntswana aqinileyo omhlaba onikiweyo. Oku kulandela ukuba amandla okudibanisa angalungiswa ukuze afumane ukunyanzeliswa okufunwayo. Ukulawula ukunyanzeliswa komhlaba wendalo okanye umgca odibeneyo, isalathisi sokudibanisa Iz sihlala samkelwa kwisicatshulwa, umlinganiselo wobunzima bomthamo owomileyo womhlaba onikiweyo okanye i-embankment γd kubunzima bomthamo ofunyenwe yiProctor γp:
Iz = γd / γp.
** Ukuyila kunye nokulawula kwintsimi: ** ijika lebhubhoratri yodwa ayiqinisekisi umgangatho woluhlu olufunyenweyo. Isampuli, ubukhulu bomaleko, uhlobo kunye nenani lokudlula komatshini, umswakama, imilinganiselo yentsimi, umthamo wokuthwala, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, izakhiwo ezikufutshane kunye nokufakelwa kwangaphantsi komhlaba kufuneka kufakwe kwisicwangciso soyilo kunye nokulawula. Ungasondeli kwindawo yokusebenza yerola okanye abanye oomatshini ngaphandle kokusayina okucwangcisiweyo kunye nolawulo lokufikelela.