** Archive nyanzvi yezvinyorwa: ** chinyorwa chinochengetedza nhoroondo yekuongorora kwe geotechnical pfungwa, mafomula uye marabhoritari maitiro. Haisi chidzidzo che geotechnical, dhizaini yekumisikidza, compaction yakatarwa, hurongwa hwekudzora mhando, kana kutsiva chiyero chazvino. Ivhu paramita, midziyo, simba rekubatanidza, maitiro ekugamuchira uye nzira dzakachengeteka dzebasa zvinotemerwa neane mvumo geotechnical injiniya uye rabhoritari yakatenderwa yakavakirwa paivhu chairo uye chinhu.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chehunyanzvi hwekuchengetera uye hachimiriri kupihwa kweiyo geotechnical dhizaini, kuyedza kana kuuraya kwepasi.
Kubatana kwevhu rakasununguka
Kubatana kwevhu rakasununguka kunoenderana nehukuru uye chimiro chezvikamu zvakasimba, pamwe chete nekugadzirisa kwayo. Panyaya yevhu risina kusungwa, pane mamwe miganhu umo kukosha kweporosity n uye porosity coefficient e yeiyo isingawanzo uye densest chimiro inofamba.
Kana iyo isina kusungwa yakaomeswa uye zvishoma nezvishoma inodururwa mubeaker kuitira kuti isabatana panguva yekudira, yayo rarest structure inowanikwa. Ichi chimiro chinoenderana neporosity coefficient emax, ine kukosha kwejecha muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga zviri mukati memiganhu:
emax =0,7-1,0.
Kana chinhu chimwe chete chikadirwa mubeaker muzvidimbu zvitete uye imwe neimwe yakanyungudutswa nesimbi yemapuranga kusvika vhoriyamu yaramba, kureva kusvika yamira kugadzika pasi, denseest structure yayo inowanikwa. Inoenderana neporosity coefficient emin, ine kukosha kwejecha:
emin = 0,45–0,65.
Kukochekerana kwevhu risina kusungwa kunoratidzwa nekubatana kwakabatana ID, coefficient inoratidza dhigirii rekupetana kwevhu zvichienzaniswa nekukochekerana kwepamusoro-soro:
apo e ndiyo ivhu porosity coefficient mumamiriro echisikigo ekugadzirisa. Iwo ekupedzisira kukosha kweiyo hama density ndeiyi:
- yechimiro chisingawanzo e = emax; ID =0;
- kune densest chimiro e = emin; ID =1.
Mucherechedzo wekumisikidzwa kwevhu rejecha maererano naTerzaghi mumagwaro ekutanga unoti:
- jecha rakapetwa zvishoma: ID =0-1/3;
- jecha riri pakati nepakati: ID =1/3–2/3;
- jecha rakanyatsogadzirwa: ID =2/3-1.
Panyaya yekumisikidzwa mumigwagwa nematombo, zvinyorwa zvinoda ID =2/3-1.
Panzvimbo peiyo fomu yapfuura, chiyero chevhoriyamu chinogona kushandiswa:
apo V ivhu resample yevhu risina kukanganiswa, Vmax ivhu rakaenzana nevhu parinenge rakamanikana zvishoma, uye Vmin ivhu rehuwandu hwevhu rakafanana pakukochekerana kukuru.
Muganho wekushandiswa: nhoroondo kupatsanurwa uye mazwi anogona kusaendeswa zvakananga kupurojekiti kana nzvimbo yekuvaka. Rudzi rwevhu, nzira yesampling, mamiriro emuenzaniso, chiyero chinoshanda uye zvinodiwa zvepurojekiti zvinogona kushandura nzira nemaitiro.
Kubatana kwevhu rakasungwa
Nevhu rakasungwa, kusungirirwa hakubvi pakukura uye chimiro chezviyo zvakasimba uye chimiro chayo, asiwo pakubatana. Nekuda kwekubatana, zvimedu zvakasimba zvakanamatirana, saka kusvina mvura kubva mumapores panguva yekubatana kwakaoma zvakanyanya kupfuura nevhu risina kusungwa, iro zvidimbu zvinofamba zviri nyore pasi pemutoro.
Pakusunga ivhu rakasungwa, huwandu hwemvura hwakakosha zvikuru. Nekuputira, mvura inomanikidzwa kubva mumapores uye kuwanda kwefirimu remvura kunoderera; porosity inoderera, uye simba rekugera uye kuwanda kwehuwandu hunowedzera. Iyo yakakwirira density, iyo yakanyanya kuomarara uye mashoma pores pavhoriyamu yeyuniti. Reshiyo iyi yakagamuchirwa sehwaro hwekuongorora kusungirirwa kwevhu rakasungwa. Kudzora kwekugadzirisa muzvinyorwa kunoitwa uchishandisa yakaoma volumetric uremu:
γd = Wd / V [N/cm3]
apo Wd huremu hwesample yevhu yakaomeswa zvachose muN, uye V ivhoriyamu yesample imwe chete yakamanikana isati yaoma, mu cm3.
Muedzo weProctor
Muedzo weProctor unoshanda kuona hukama pakati pehuwandu hwemvura muvhu nekukochekera kwayo. Inotara optimal humidity, kureva kunyorova uko ivhu rakasungirirwa rinopa huremu hwakaoma hwehuremu hwesimba rakapihwa.
Nhoroondo yakatsanangurwa zvishandiso zveProctor (Fig1) ine silinda yesimbi ine dhayamita yemukati Ø =10 cm, kureba12 cm(mufananidzo1_a_), kuenderera mberi kwecylinder yehurefu hwakafanana10 cm(mufananidzo1_b_) uye simbi rammer dhayamita5 cm, uremu2,5N, mugwara recylindrical rine dhayamita yakati kurei. Nhungamiro yakavhurika kumucheto kwezasi uye yakavharwa kumucheto kwekumusoro, ine kavhura kakapamhama kuti gondohwe ripfuure (mufananidzo1_c_). Mugumo wezasi we cylinder unoiswa pane yakakura simbi ndiro uye inogadziriswa panguva yekutamba.
Muenzaniso wakaomeswa maererano nemaitiro ekutanga uye kupepetwa kuburikidza nesefa5 mmkudzivisa kufurirwa kwezviyo zvakakura. Inobva yasanganiswa nehuwandu hwemvura isingafaniri kunge yakawanda zvokuti sampuli inova mushy, kana kuti diki zvokuti sampuli haigoni kugadziriswa. Kutanga, jira rine urefu hwe approx8 cmmune isina kuumbwa mamiriro uye yakashongedzwa ne25shamhu dzakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana pamusoro pepamusoro. Iko kukanganiswa kunoitwa nekudonha kwemahara kwemallet kubva pakakwirira30 cm. Mutsara mutsva wekukora unoshandiswa8 cm, kuchaja nevatsva25inorova uye inodzokorora maitiro nechikamu chechitatu. Mushure mekupedzwa, kuwedzerwa kunobviswa, nzvimbo yemuenzaniso inofananidzwa nemucheto wezasi cylinder, uye ivhu rakawandisa rinobviswa. Sample yevhu rakasungirirwa rinobva rabviswa uye kuoma kwaro kwakawanda γd uye hunyoro w zvinotemwa.
Mufananidzo1-Kuedza kwaProctor.
Chiyedzo chinodzokororwa 5 kusvika 6 nguva, nguva dzose iine zvinhu zvitsva, zvisina kugadziriswa kubva kumuenzaniso wakafanana, asi nehuwandu hwemvura, kuitira kuti uwane kukosha kwakasiyana kwe γd uye w. Kunyorova kwevhu w kunoshandiswa pane abscissa yedhiyagiramu, uye yakaoma volumetric uremu γd pane iyo ordinate (mufananidzo 2). Iwo akabatana mapoinzi anopa curve inoratidza kuti iyo yakaoma bulk density inotanga kuwedzera nehunyoro kusvika pakakwirira uye yozodzikira. Humidity wopt hunoenderana nehupamhi hwekuoma kwehuwandu hwehuwandu max γd hunonzi optimal humidity. Muchinyorwa, zvinogamuchirwa kuti pakunyorova uku, kukwirira kwepamusoro kunowanikwa kune yakapihwa compaction simba. Muedzo unoitwa nenzira iyi unonzi standard Proctor’s test.
Mufananidzo 2 - Dhiyagiramu yeProctor.
Kuchengeteka murabhoritari uye mwero: Zviyero zvemidziyo, uremu uye kudonha kwerammer, nhamba yezvikamu uye zvinokanganisa uye gadziriro yemuenzanisiro inhoroondo yenhoroondo inofambiswa pano, kwete kuraira kwakazvimirira. Nzira inoshanda inofanirwa kutsanangura chiyero chakakodzera uye chirongwa cherabhoritari. Kuomesa, kusefa uye tamping zvinotakura njodzi kubva kuguruva, zvimedu zvinobhururuka, pinching uye kukuvara kwemhedzisiro; midziyo yakakodzera, dziviriro uye mushandisi akadzidziswa zvinodiwa.
Mhedzisiro yesaizi yezviyo kupfuura 5 mm
Muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga, zvinonzi tsanga dzakakura kupfuura 5 mm hadzina kukanganiswa kana dzichisvika 25% yehuremu hwese. Kana paine zvinopfuura 25%, simba ravo rinofanirwa kuverengerwa nekuverenga huremu hwakaoma hwevhoriyamu yemusanganiswa uchishandisa nzira yekuenzanisa kana bvunzo yeProctor yakagadziridzwa.
Kuverenga nenzira yekuenzanisa
Zvinoenderana neiyi nzira, iyo yakaoma volumetric huremu hwekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvevhu γdm inoverengerwa zvichibva pakuenzanisa kumiririrwa kwepamusoro uye pasi pehukuru hwezviyo.5 mm:
kupi:
- γd - yakaoma volumetric huremu hwezvinhu zvakapfuura nekuvhura skrini5 mm;
- γsc - vhoriyamu huremu hwezvinhu zvakasimba zvakasara pachiratidziro chekuvhura5 mm;
- m - kubva muzana nehuremu hwezvinhu zvakasara pakuvhurwa kwesefa5 mmmaererano nehuwandu hwese.
Modified Proctor bvunzo
Zvinoenderana nezviitiko zveUS Bureau of Reclamation yakataurwa muzvinyorwa zvekutanga, kana zviyo zvakakura kupfuura5 mmmake over1/3ku2/3yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevhu, kuedza kunofanira kuitwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu. Sezvo zvisingakwanisi kuita izvi zvinobudirira mu cylinder yedhayamita10 cm, silinda yedhayamita yakakura inoshandiswa mune inonzi modified Proctor test. Chinyorwa chinotsanangura humburumbira yedhayamita15,2 cmuye urefu23,2 cm, umo muenzaniso wehuwandu5,5kp inozadza mitsara mitatu inenge yakaenzana nepo50anorova nesando inorema4,53kp uye kureba kureba45,7 cm. Kana sampuli ine zviyo kusvika20 mm, bvunzo inoitwa nezvinhu zvisina kukanganiswa. Kana iine zviyo zvakakura kudarika20 mm, kuwanda kwe5,5kp yemuenzaniso inopepetwa nemusefa we20 mm, uye inotsiva yakasara pasefa nezvinhu zvehukuru hwakafanana5-20 mm.
Pamusoro pemaitiro anotsanangurwa nenzira iyi, muzvinyorwa chero nzira yekushanda inosiyana neyakajairwa inonziwo yakagadziridzwa Proctor bvunzo.
compaction simba
Simba rekubatanidza sampuli muProctor cylinder rinogona kuratidzwa ne equation, apo N inhamba yekurova kwesando, h kureba kwesando inodonha mu m, W uremu hwesando mu Mp (megapond), uye V ivhoriyamu yemuenzaniso mu m.3.
Nekuwedzera kwesimba rekugadzirisa, kuwedzera kukuru kwemuenzaniso kunowanikwa, porosity yayo, i.e. kuwanda kwemvura muvhu, kunoderera, uye uremu hwakaoma hunowedzera. Nezve compaction simba E1, E2, E3uye E4iyo inoenderana Proctor zvirongwa mumufananidzo inowanikwa3. Madhayagiramu ese asymptotically anotanga neasaturation diagram, inonziwo dhiyagiramu0%mhepo pores apo zvose pores azere nemvura, kureva5%yemhepo pores kana iri95%pores akazadzwa nemvura.
Mufananidzo3-Proctor dhayagiramu yeakasiyana compaction simba.
Dhiagiramu yekuzadza inogona kuvakwa nekuronga pane abscissa w = wz = n / γs(1-n), uye pane zvakarongwa γd = γs(1-n), apo n ndiyo porosity yevhu, uye γs uremu hwevhoriyamu hwezvikamu zvakasimba zvevhu rakapihwa. Izvi zvinotevera kuti simba rekugadzirisa rinogona kugadziriswa kuti riwane chidimbu chinodiwa. Kuti udzore kusungirirwa kwevhu rechisikigo kana kusungirirwa, iyo compaction index Iz inowanzo gamuchirwa muzvinyorwa, chiyero chehuremu hwehuremu hwevhu rakapihwa kana kuturika γd kune huremu hwevhoriyamu hwakawanikwa naProctor γp:
Iz = γd / γp.
** Dhizaini uye kutonga mumunda: ** iyo laboratori curve chete haitsigire kunaka kweiyo yakatorwa layer. Sampling, layer thick, type and number of machine passs, humidity, field measurements, bearing capacity, drainage, zvivakwa zviri padyo uye kuisirwa pasi pevhu kunofanirwa kuverengerwa muhurongwa hwekugadzira uye kutonga. Usaswedere kunzvimbo yekushanda ye roller kana imwe michina isina kurongeka siginecha uye yekuwana kutonga.