Inothi Lokuphepha Elibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ofakwe kungobo yomlando ovela ku-2017. unyaka, hhayi ukuhlola umthamo wokuthwala, iphrojekthi yokuvuselela noma umyalelo wemisebenzi ezimele. Amagama okuqala, izilinganiso, izinto zokwakha, amazinga okushisa nezinqubo zadluliselwa ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso nemithethonqubo yanamuhla. Imifantu, ukuchezuka, ukuchitheka kukakhonkolo noma usimende, ukugqwala, ukubola, imisindo ephumayo nezinye izimpawu zokulimala kosilingi noma uphahla kungabonisa ingozi enkulu. Ungahlali ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esisolisayo, ungasisekeli, ungavuli izindonga futhi ungasusi izingxenye ezisekelayo ngaphandle kwemiyalo yonjiniyela wesakhiwo ogunyaziwe; uma kunesidingo, hlinzeka ngesikhala futhi uthinte izinsizakalo ezinekhono. Amapheshana phezu kwemifantu ayithathi indawo yokuhlolwa kochwepheshe. Izinkuni ezinegciwane noma ezilashiwe akufanele zishiswe zodwa.
Uphahla, usilingi nokulungiswa kabusha kwezakhiwo akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukukhiqiza kwamanje kugxile amafasitela okhuni, amawindi e-aluminium okhuni kanye neminyango eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngewindi elithile noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Uphahla noma uphahla njengengxenye yesakhiwo
Uphahla noma uphahla kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo sesakhiwo. Endabeni yezakhiwo zomndeni kanye nezindlu zezimpelasonto, ngokuvamile sinophahla lwendlu engaphansi kanye ne-attic kuphela, kodwa ngisho nokulungiswa kwalokhu, uchwepheshe ofanelekayo uyadingeka, kuhlanganise nenkampani yochwepheshe.
Amaphutha esilingi anganqunywa ngendlela egculisayo kuphela uchwepheshe. Ezimweni eziningi, ukulungiswa kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuhlobene nesixazululo esiyingxenye yezindonga ezinkulu ezithwala imithwalo kanye nokudalwa kwezakhiwo zesikhashana ezithwala imithwalo. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ukunikeza iseluleko ngokulungiswa “ekhaya” okuzimele kanye nokushintshwa kosilingi, sizochaza kuphela izakhi nokwakhiwa kwazo futhi sinikeze iseluleko ekuboneni amaphutha abo.
Ukusuka kophambana kuya kusilingi kakhonkolo oqinisiwe
Isixazululo esidala sikasilingi siwugodo oluphambanayo (fig.1,1. ingxenye). Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, imishayo yenziwe ngokhuni futhi ibekwe ngendlela ephambanayo, iziphetho zemishayo zibekwe ezindongeni ezinkulu. Endabeni yezindlu zakudala zabalimi, ezinomumo we-longitudinal, imishayo yayibekwa eduze kwesakhiwo phakathi kwezindonga ezimbili zokugcina, futhi imishayo emifushane eguquguqukayo yayibekwe phezu kwalokhu. Ngale ndlela, ingxenye yomthwalo idluliselwe emishayweni eguquguqukayo iye kuma-longitudinal, futhi ngokusebenzisa lokhu kuya ezindongeni zokugcina zesakhiwo. Babeka amapulangwe ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwemishayo evundlile futhi babeka ungqimba lobumba ophahleni olwakhiwe ngale ndlela lokuvala kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal. Kamuva, kwafakwa amapulangwe emishayweni ohlangothini olungezansi, futhi ambozwa uqweqwe olunamekwe.
Empeleni, lesi sixazululo sisasetshenziswa nanamuhla, umehluko wokuthi iron isetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezinkulu (Fig1,7. ingxenye), okungukuthi imishayo kakhonkolo eqinisiwe (isib.1,4. ingxenye) esikhundleni sezingodo. Amabhodi athathelwa indawo yizici zekhonkrithi noma izakhi ezenziwe ngezitini nokhonkolo. Isendlalelo se-insulating senziwe i-compacted slag lapho ungqimba lukakhonkolo lubekwe khona, futhi phezu kwalokhu kunephansi elifudumele noma elibandayo (umkhiwane.1,6. ingxenye). Ngaphandle kwesixazululo sophahla lwe-beam, uphahla lwesitini odakeni lwalusetshenziswa kabanzi esikhathini esidlule. Namuhla, uphahla olunjalo alukasenziwa, kodwa sisakwazi ukuzibona, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zomndeni ezindala, lapho ngokunokwenzeka zihlanganiswa nemishayo yensimbi (fig. VII-9,2. ingxenye).
Ukulimala kosilingi wokhuni
Iyagoba futhi iyaqhekeka
Endabeni yosilingi olunemishayo yokhuni, ukugoba kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile (fig. 1, 1. ingxenye). Ukhuni oluyoma futhi luguge ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lungathwala umthwalo kancane kancane futhi lukhubazeke engxenyeni ekude kakhulu nokumpintsha. Singabona ngokushesha ukuthi ugongolo lukhubazekile ngenxa yokuthi usilingi uqhekekile kuleyo ndawo. Uma sihlola imishayo ngokuningiliziwe, sizobona ukuthi imicu engezansi kwegongolo iphazamisekile, iphukile. Imishayo egotshwe ngendlela eyingozi kufanele isekelwe kuze kube yilapho isilungisiwe, kuqikelelwe ukuthi ingalayishi kakhulu uphahla oluphansi. Uma igumbi linophahla oluphansi, kungcono ukuqala ukwesekwa endaweni engaphansi bese ubeka imishayo yokusekela eyodwa ngaphezu komunye. Khomba ukuthi ukusekelwa kuqiniswe ngokuqinile lapho u-jamming, kodwa hhayi kakhulu kangangokuthi iphakamisa nophahla. izinambuzane kanye nesikhunta kuyinkinga enkulu ngemishayo yokhuni. Umsebenzi obhubhisayo wezinambuzane unciphisa kakhulu amandla okuthwala umthwalo wemishayo, kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi zingaphuka, futhi zingabonwa ngemigodi kanye nempushana yokhuni ekhishiwe, kanye nokuqhekeka kwesici sezinambuzane. Uma sehluleka ukukuvimba ngesikhathi, noma ukucekela phansi izinambuzane, sidinga ukushintsha umsebe.
Izinambuzane, isikhunta nokubola
Umonakalo omkhulu udalwe isikhunta. Kunezinhlobo eziningana futhi, ngeshwa, ezimweni eziningi azikwazi ukubonakala ebusweni bomuthi. Aziphindaphindi okhunini olomile noma olumanzi ngokuphelele. Izinga lokushisa elivumayo kakhulu lokukhiqiza kabusha ngu-+18 ukuya ku-+29°C.
Nokho, izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zesikhunta esibhubhisayo kufanele zihlukaniswe. Enye into ebizwa ngokuthi dry noma red, ngenxa yalokho izinkuni zibola futhi ziphenduke zibe uthuli, futhi amandla alo nawo ayancipha, okuthiwa. amhlophe lapho amachashazi amhlophe aqala ukubonakala phezu kokhuni futhi amandla okhuni ancipha kancane kancane. Umbhalo wokuqala uthi izinkuni ezibolile kufanele zisuswe ngokushesha futhi zishiswe; indlela yanamuhla yokususa nokulahla kufanele inqunywe uchwepheshe ngokohlobo lwezinkuni, ukwelashwa kanye nemithetho esebenzayo.
Ukulimala kwamavault, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe nensimbi
Izitini zezitini namatshe
Kuvame ukwenzeka ngezitini zezitini noma zamatshe ukuthi ukhonkolo oludala luwe, bese kwakhiwa izimbobo ku-vault. Njengomphumela, kanye nangenxa yengcindezi ku-vault, ezinye izici ziyawa ku-vault (fig. 1, 2. ingxenye). Izitini ezimaphakathi zivame ukuphakanyiswa. Iphutha libonakala yiqiniso lokuthi phakathi nendawo phansi kuqala kukhuphuka futhi kuqhekeke, futhi kamuva kuyacwila. Uma i-span inkulu kakhulu noma i-vault iphansi kakhulu, iphutha livela njengokudangala phakathi kwezitini noma itshe.
Izinto zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe
Iphutha elivame kakhulu lama-vaults kakhonkolo aqinisiwe insimbi yekhwalithi ephansi noma elayishwe kakhulu eqala iqhekeke futhi izingcezu zikakhonkolo ziwele (fig. 1, 4. ingxenye). Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi imishayo kakhonkolo ayigobi, kunzima ukubona umonakalo wayo ngakho-ke kufanele ihlolwe kaningi. Uma sibona imifantu kuzo, namathisela iziqephu zephepha ezilulekile ezindaweni ezisolisayo ukuze ubone ukuthi umfantu uyanda yini.
Imishayo yensimbi nokugqwala
Isitha semishayo yensimbi ngu corrosion (fig.1,3. ingxenye). Ukugqwala kuvame ukuvela ophahleni olungaphansi, ngoba izindonga zivame ukuba manzi, futhi imishayo ihlezi ezindongeni. Uma ukugqwala kusesigabeni esinjalo sokuthi ukugqwala sekuvele kuwela ezicucu noma izikali, ugongolo kufanele lusekelwe ngezisekelo zokhuni noma izitini, futhi ekugcineni, lapho licindezelwe khona, kufanele likhishwe, okungukuthi, vula udonga ukuze unqume ukuthi lingakanani izinga elilimele. Ukukhishwa kungenziwa kuphela uchwepheshe.
Uphahla lukakhonkolo oluqinisiwe kanye nezendlalelo
Namuhla, uphahla luvame ukwenziwa ngokhonkolo oluqinisiwe, ukuze indawo ephakathi igcwaliswe ngezinto ezikhonkolo ezenziwe ngaphambili noma izakhi ezenziwe ngezitini. Lezi zakhi zihlukaniswe nge-ter-paper, lapho kubekwa khona ungqimba lwe-slag, futhi ngaphezu kwalokhu ungqimba lobumba olunobukhulu obungaba ngu-approx.5 cm. Kokubili ophahleni nophahla lwangaphansi kungenziwa ngale ndlela. Ekugcineni, esikhundleni sobumba, ukhonkolo oyisisekelo ubekwa bese kuba ungqimba lukakhonkolo. Kuye ngenjongo yekamelo, ungqimba lwamatshe okwenziwa, ukhonkolo noma ukhuni lungabekwa (isib.2).
Enye idatha yomthombo
Izigxobo zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe (fig. 1, 4. ingxenye) zenziwe ngamaphrofayili ahlukene, ubukhulu nobude, futhi kuye ngohlobo, isisindo sazo ne-span nazo ziyashintsha. Izinto zikakhonkolo ezisakazwa ngaphambili nezinto zezitini zisetshenziselwa imishayo kakhonkolo eqinisiwe, ebekwe ebangeni elingu-100 noma 60 cm. Ukukhethwa kwemishayo yekhonkrithi eqinisiwe kwenziwa ukuze iziphetho zabo zilale ezindongeni, okungukuthi ku-cornice ubude be-18 cm futhi ziboshwe ngokusebenzisa insimbi yekhonkrithi ephuma odongeni, noma. umqhele. Ngaphezulu kwesitezi esingaphansi, imishayo kakhonkolo eqinisiwe ibekwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-stair gliders.
Ubude bezinsimbi zensimbi ezinobukhulu 80–400 mm kushintsha ngqo ngemva kokuthi 20 mm. Izisindo phakathi kwalezi zilinganiso zomkhawulo zisuka ku-6,0 kuye ku-92,6 kg imitha ngayinye. Ubude bazo obuncane 5, kanti ubude bazo 19 m (fig. 3).
Emabhilidini alula, umhlanga usetshenziswa njengempahla yamavault (fig. 1, 5. ingxenye). Ezakhiweni ezincane zomhlanga - uma sibeka ungqimba olulodwa ngezansi, olulodwa ngaphezu kwe-beam lungashintsha ngokuphelele izakhi ezimaphakathi kanye nongqimba lokufakelwa. Umhlanga ungasetshenziswa kuphela ophahleni, futhi nalapho kuphela uma ungahanjwanga futhi ungalayishiwe. Ingafakwa kahle uma siqala ukuyihlanza ngebhulashi lensimbi. Ubukhulu besendlalelo yibo: 1x2m, ukujiya 5 noma 10 cm.
Kudingekile ukusho futhi ukuthi ama-vaults angalungiswa kuphela ngesisekelo sokubala kwangaphambilini namaphrojekthi kanye nesisekelo semvume yokwakha etholiwe, futhi usonkontileka angaba uchwepheshe ogunyaziwe noma inkampani.
Uphahla oluhlobisa olusuka kungobo yomlando
Uphahla lokuhlobisa
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