INqaku loKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo esikwi-akhayimu esivela ku-2017. unyaka, kwaye hayi uvavanyo lokuthwala umthamo, iprojekthi yokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili okanye umyalelo wemisebenzi ezimeleyo. Amagama okuqala, imilinganiselo, izixhobo, amaqondo obushushu kunye neenkqubo zaye zagqithiselwa ngaphandle kokukhangela ngokwemigangatho kunye nemimiselo yanamhlanje. Iintanda, ukuphambuka, ukuqhekeka kodaka okanye ikhonkrithi, ukubola, ukubola, ukugqabhuka kwezandi kunye nezinye iimpawu zomonakalo wesilingi okanye isilingi zinokubonisa umngcipheko omkhulu. Musa ukuhlala phantsi kwesakhiwo esikrokrelayo, ungasixhasi, ungavuli iindonga kwaye ungasusi iinxalenye ezixhasayo ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yobunjineli obugunyazisiweyo; ukuba kuyimfuneko, nika indawo kwaye uqhagamshelane neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo. Imicu yamaphepha phezu kweentanda ayithathi indawo yokuhlolwa kobungcali. Iinkuni ezosulelekileyo okanye ezinyangweyo akufuneki zitshiswe zodwa.
Isilingi, iisilingi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo aziyonxalenye yonikezelo olutsha luka-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi zealuminiyam kunye neengcango ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngefestile ethile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Isilingi okanye isilingi njengento yolwakhiwo
Isilingi okanye isilingi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zolwakhiwo lwesakhiwo. Kwimeko yezakhiwo zeentsapho kunye nezindlu zempelaveki, ngokuqhelekileyo sinophahla lwendlu engaphantsi kunye ne-attic, kodwa nangona ukulungiswa kwezi zinto, ingcali efanelekileyo iyadingeka, kubandakanywa nenkampani yobungcali.
Iziphoso zeCeiling zinokumiselwa ngokwanelisayo kuphela yingcali. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukulungiswa kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kuhambelana nesisombululo senxalenye yeendonga eziphambili zokuthwala kunye nokudalwa kwezakhiwo zexeshana. Ke ngoko, asinakunika iingcebiso malunga nokulungiswa okuzimeleyo “kwekhaya” kunye nokutshintshwa kweesilingi, siya kuchaza kuphela izinto kunye nokwakhiwa kwazo kwaye sinikeze iingcebiso malunga nokubona iimpazamo zabo.
Ukusuka kumqadi onqamlezileyo ukuya kwisilingi yekhonkrithi eyomeleleyo
Esona sisombululo sidala sesilingi ngumqadi womnqamlezo (umkhiwane.1,1. inxalenye). Kangangamawaka eminyaka, imiqadi yenziwe ngamaplanga kwaye ibekwe ngokunqamlezayo, kunye neziphelo zemiqadi ezibekwe kwiindonga eziphambili. Kwimeko yezindlu zakudala zabalimi, ezinemilo yobude, imiqadi nayo yabekwa ecaleni kwesakhiwo phakathi kweendonga ezimbini zokugqibela, kunye nemiqadi emifutshane enqamlezileyo ibekwe phezu kwale nto. Ngale ndlela, inxalenye yomthwalo idluliselwe kwiiplanga ezinqamlezileyo ukuya kwii-longitudinal, kwaye ngale nto ukuya kwiindonga zokuphela kwesakhiwo. Babeka iibhodi kwicala elingasentla lemiqadi enqamlezileyo baze babeke umaleko wodongwe kwisilingi eyenziwe ngolu hlobo ukuvalwa kunye ne-thermal insulation. Kamva, kwafakwa iiplanga kwimiqadi ekwicala elingezantsi, zaza zatyatyekwa stucco.
Ngokwenyani, esi sisombululo sisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje, kunye nomahluko othi iron isetyenziselwa izakhiwo ezikhulu (Fig1,7. inxalenye), oko kukuthi ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo imiqadi (umkhiwane.1,4. inxalenye) endaweni yeeplanga. Iibhodi zatshintshwa zizinto eziphathekayo okanye izinto ezenziwe ngezitena kunye nekhonkrithi. I-insulating layer yenziwe i-compacted slag apho i-concrete yekhonkrithi ibekwe khona, kwaye phezu kwalo mgangatho ofudumeleyo okanye obandayo (umkhiwane.1,6. inxalenye). Ngaphandle kwesisombululo sesilingi se-beam, isilingi sezitena kumdaka sasisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwixesha elidlulileyo. Namhlanje, iisilingi ezinjalo azisenziwa, kodwa sinokuzibona, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo zentsapho endala, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba zidibaniswe nemiqadi yentsimbi (umkhiwane VII-).9,2. inxalenye).
Umonakalo kwiisilingi zamaplanga
Ukugoba kunye neentanda
Kwimeko yeesilingi ezinemiqadi yeplanga, ukugoba kungenzeka ngenxa yokugcwala (fig. 1, 1. inxalenye). Ukhuni olumayo kwaye luguge ngokuhamba kwexesha, luyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ngaphantsi nangaphantsi kwaye lukhubazeke kwindawo ekude kakhulu ukusuka kumpinki. Sinokuqonda ngoko nangoko ukuba umqadi wonakele ngenxa yokuba isilingi i-cracked kuloo ndawo. Ukuba sijonga imiqadi ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi, siya kubona ukuba iifiber kwicala elingezantsi lomqadi ziphazamisekile, zaphukile. Imiqadi egotywe ngokuyingozi kufuneka ixhaswe de ilungiswe, ulumke ungalayishi isilingi esisezantsi. Ukuba igumbi linomgangatho ophantsi, kungcono ukuqalisa inkxaso kwisiseko esisezantsi kwaye ubeke imiqadi yokuxhasa enye ngaphezu komnye. Injongo yokuba inkxaso iqiniswe ngokuqinileyo xa i-jamming, kodwa kungekhona kakhulu kangangokuba iphakamisa isilingi ngokunjalo. izinambuzane kunye nokungunda yingxaki enkulu kwimiqadi yeplanga. Umsebenzi owonakalisayo wezinambuzane unciphisa kakhulu umthamo womthwalo wemiqadi, kude kube kwinqanaba lokuba banokuphuka, kwaye banokuqatshelwa ngemingxuma kunye nomgubo womthi okhutshiweyo, kunye nokuqhekeka kweempawu zezinambuzane. Ukuba siyasilela ukuyithintela ngexesha, okanye ukutshabalalisa, izinambuzane, kufuneka sitshintshe umqadi.
Izinambuzane, umngundo kunye nokubola
Umonakalo omkhulu ukwabangelwa yi- fungi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kwaye, ngelishwa, kwiimeko ezininzi azikwazi ukubonakala kumphezulu womthi. Aziphindaphindi kumthi owomileyo okanye omanzi ngokupheleleyo. Elona qondo lobushushu lilungele ukwenziwa kwakhona ngu +18 ukuya ku +29°C.
Nangona kunjalo, zimbini iindidi eziphambili zefungus ezonakalisayo kufuneka zahlulwe. Enye into ebizwa ngokuba eyomileyo okanye ebomvu, ngenxa yoko ukhuni luyabola kwaye luguquke lube luthuli, kwaye amandla alo nawo ayancipha, okubizwa. mhlophe apho amachaphaza amhlophe aqala ukuvela kumphezulu womthi kwaye amandla omthi ayancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Umbhalo wokuqala uthi iinkuni ezibolileyo zifanele zisuswe ngoko nangoko zize zitshiswe; indlela yanamhlanje yokususa kunye nokulahla kufuneka igqitywe yingcali ngokohlobo lomthi, unyango kunye nemithetho esebenzayo.
Umonakalo kwiivaults, ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kunye nentsimbi
Uphahla lwezitena kunye namatye
Kuhlala kusenzeka ngezitena okanye iivault zamatye ukuba udaka oludala luwe, kwaye ke izivulo zidalwe kwivault. Ngenxa yoko, kunye nangenxa yoxinzelelo kwi-vault, ezinye izinto ziwela ngaphandle kwe-vault (umkhiwane 1, 2. inxalenye). Izitena eziphakathi zidla ngokuphakanyiswa. Iphutha lichongwa yinyaniso yokuba umbindi womgangatho wokuqala ukhuphuka kwaye uqhekeke, kwaye kamva uyatshona. Ukuba i-span sikhulu kakhulu okanye ivault ithe tyaba kakhulu, ingxaki ibonakala njengokudakumba kwizitena eziphakathi okanye ilitye.
Izinto eziqinisiweyo zekonkrithi
Eyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo yeevaults zekonkrithi eziqinisiweyo ngumgangatho ophantsi okanye umqadi olayishwe kakhulu uqala ukuya ukuqhekeka kunye neziqwenga zekhonkrithi ziyawa (fig. 1, 4. inxalenye). Ukuqwalasela ukuba imiqadi yekhonkrithi ayigobi, kunzima ukuqaphela umonakalo wabo kwaye ngoko kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo. Ukuba siqaphela iintanda kuzo, ncamathelisa iziqwenga zamaphepha ezolulekileyo kwiindawo ezirhanelekayo ukuze ubone ukuba intanda iyanda na.
Imiqadi yentsimbi kunye nomhlwa
Utshaba lweentsimbi zentsimbi ngu corrosion (fig.1,3. inxalenye). I-Corrosion idla ngokuvela kwiisilingi ezingaphantsi, kuba iindonga zihlala zifumile, kwaye imiqadi ihleli ezindongeni. Ukuba i-corrosion ikwinqanaba elinjalo ukuba i-rust sele iwa ngamaqhekeza okanye izikali, umqadi kufuneka uxhaswe ngeenkxaso zokhuni okanye izitena, kwaye ekupheleni, apho ugxininiswe khona, kufuneka ukhululwe, oko kukuthi, vula udonga ukuze unqume ngokuthe ngqo ukuba yonakalisa kangakanani. Ukukhutshwa kunokwenziwa kuphela yingcali.
Iisilingi zekonkrithi ezomeleleyo kunye neeleya
Namhlanje, iisilingi zihlala zenziwe ngekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo, ukwenzela ukuba indawo ephakathi izaliswe zizinto zekhonkrithi ezenziwe ngaphambili okanye izinto ezenziwe ngezitena. Ezi zinto zibekwe zodwa kunye nephepha le-ter, apho kubekwe khona umaleko we-slag, kwaye ngaphezulu kolu luhlu lodongwe olunobunzima be-approx.5 cm. Zombini iisilingi kunye neesilingi zangaphantsi zingenziwa ngolu hlobo. Ngaloo mva, endaweni yodongwe, isiseko sekhonkrithi sibekwe kwaye emva koko i-concrete yekhonkrithi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo yegumbi, umaleko welitye elenziweyo, ikhonkrithi okanye umthi unokubekwa (umkhiwane.2).
Enye idatha yomthombo
Imiqadi eqinisiweyo-ekhonkrithi (umkhiwane 1, 4. inxalenye) yenziwe kwiiprofayili ezahlukeneyo, imilinganiselo kunye nobude, kwaye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo, ubunzima babo kunye ne-span nabo bayatshintsha. Izinto zekhonkrithi zangaphambili kunye nezitena zisetyenziselwa imiqadi yekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, ezibekwe kumgama we-100 okanye 60 cm. Ukukhethwa kweebhondi zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo zenziwa ukwenzela ukuba iziphelo zazo zilale kwiindonga, oko kukuthi kwi-cornice ubude be-18 cm kwaye ziboshwe ngokusebenzisa intsimbi ekhonkrithi ephuma eludongeni, okanye. isithsaba. Ngaphezulu komgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba, imiqadi yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo ibekwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba zii-stair gliders.
Ubude bemiqadi yentsimbi enemilinganiselo 80–400 mm itshintsha kanye emva 20 mm. Ubunzima phakathi kobu bunzima busuka ku-6,0 ukuya ku-92,6 kg ngemitha ende. Obona bude babo buncinci 5, kwaye obona bude ngu 19 m (fig. 3).
Kwizakhiwo ezilula, ingcongolo isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokwenza iivaults (umkhiwane 1, 5. inxalenye). Kwizakhiwo zeengcongolo ezincinci - ukuba sibeka umaleko omnye ngezantsi, omnye ngaphezu komqadi unokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo izinto eziphakathi kunye nomaleko wokugquma. I-Reed ingasetyenziselwa kuphela isilingi, kwaye nalapho kuphela ukuba ayihambanga kwaye ayilayishwanga. Inokufakwa kakuhle ukuba siqala ukuyicoca ngebrashi yentsimbi. Imilinganiselo yomaleko zezi: 1x2m, ubukhulu 5 okanye 10 cm.
Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya kwakhona ukuba iivaults zinokulungiswa kuphela ngokusekelwe kubalo lwangaphambili kunye neeprojekthi kunye nesiseko semvume yokwakha efunyenweyo, kwaye unokontraka unokuba yingcali egunyazisiweyo okanye inkampani kuphela.
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