Inothi elibalulekile lezempilo nokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ofakwe kungobo yomlando ovela ku-2017. unyaka, hhayi iphrojekthi yomthombo, ukufakwa kwamanzi, isistimu yokucindezela, ukufakwa kukagesi noma idivayisi yokulungisa amanzi. Izilinganiso zokuqala, amabanga, izingcindezi, amandla, izinto zokwakha, izinqubo nezimangalo zidluliselwe ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe noma ukuzivumelanisa nemithetho yanamuhla. Amanzi aphuma emithonjeni, emithonjeni, emifudlaneni noma okokuhlunga okuchazwe akumele kuthathwe njengokuphephile ukuthi angaphuzwa ngaphandle kokuthatha amasampula afanele, ukuhlaziya ilabhorethri kanye nesitifiketi yiziphathimandla zezempilo ezifanele. Ikhabhoni ecushiwe ngokwayo akubona ubufakazi be-microbiological noma ubuqotho bamakhemikhali emanzini. Ukumba noma ukungena emthonjeni kunobungozi bokuwa, ukuminza, ukuminza nezinye izingozi ezibulalayo; imisebenzi kumele ihlelwe futhi yenziwe ngochwepheshe abagunyaziwe abanezimvume ezidingekayo. Amaphampu, ama-hydrophore, imikhumbi yokucindezela nokufakwa kukagesi kudinga ukukhethwa, ukuvikelwa nokufakwa kochwepheshe ngokwemithetho yamanje.
Imithombo echaziwe neziteshi zamanzi asekhaya aziyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukukhiqiza kwamanje kugxile amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngewindi elithile noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Ngaphambi kokukhetha isiteshi samanzi sasekhaya
Ezindaweni ezikude namadolobha namadolobhana, akwenzeki ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi aphuma endaweni yomphakathi. Uma kungenzeki ukuthi imindeni eminingana, noma mhlawumbe indawo yonke, ihlangane futhi izakhele esabo isiteshi samanzi esimaphakathi, inkinga kusamele ixazululwe ngesiteshi samanzi sasekhaya. Yiqiniso, kufanele kuqashelwe le nkinga kakade lapho uthenga umhlaba noma lapho unquma indawo yesakhiwo. Kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi ngabe ukhona yini umthombo wamanzi osebenzisekayo eduze kwendawo yokwakha oyifunayo, lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba etholakala khona izingqimba nokuthi ikhwalithi yawo iyini. Uma kunomthombo oseduze, isampula lamanzi kufanele lithathwe ebhodleleni elibilisiwe kahle futhi lithunyelwe ukuze lihlaziywe esikhungweni esinekhono se-Institute of Hygiene. Amanzi aphuma emfudlaneni angasetshenziswa kuphela ngokuqondile emthonjeni, ngoba kukhona kuphela ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kokungcola. Ngokuthatha kanye nokusebenzisa amanzi entwasahlobo, kuyadingeka futhi ukuthola imvume kubaphathi abanekhono.
Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lithinta kakhulu isixazululo sesiteshi samanzi sasekhaya uma izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lingekho ngaphansi 7 meter, imithombo yokudonsa evamile neshibhile ingasetshenziswa, futhi uma izinga liphansi, imithombo enamasondo noma leyo, ebiza kakhulu, esebenza ngesimiso sokucindezela, iyadingeka. Emathafeni, eduze kwemifula namachibi, izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba livamise ukuba 4-5 meter, futhi ezindaweni ezinamagquma kuya ngezimo zendawo
Imbe kahle
Umthombo olula yilowo owenziwe ngokumba. Ukumba kahle kungenziwa kuphela uchwepheshe onemishini efanele, ngoba ngaphezu kokumbiwa kahle kwemithombo edinga ubuchwepheshe obuthile nolwazi, lo msebenzi nawo uyingozi kakhulu.
Emigodini embiwa olayini, izindandatho zikakhonkolo esezenziwe ngomumo ezinobubanzi obungu-80 asasetshenziswa nanamuhla, noma 100 cm, ubude 80 cm, anama-flange aminyene ukuze axhumeke. Eringini yokuqala, kumbiwa umgodi onezilinganiso ezifanele ukuze ulingane neringi. Ibese iqhubeka nokumba ukuze indandatho islayidela phansi naphansi. Lapho indandatho yokuqala isicwiliswe ngokuphelele, eyesibili ifakwa njalonjalo. Umhlabathi ombiwe uvele ulahlwe ngaphandle, bese kamuva ukhahlelwa ngebhakede.
Okulula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo okuyingozi kakhulu ukumba umthombo esihlabathini. Okungukuthi, emhlabathini ovulekile, izindandatho zihamba kalula futhi ukungena kungazelelwe kwesihlabathi kungenzeka. Esigabeni sokugcina sokumba umthombo, izindandatho zokugcina sezivele zifakwe emhlabathini omanzi, mhlawumbe ngisho nasemanzini. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, umgodi womthombo uhlala evezwe engozini yokungena kwesihlabathi namanzi, ngakho-ke iladi elisemthonjeni kufanele lihlale liseduze, futhi umgodi kufanele uboshwe ngentambo futhi akufanele ushiywe ungagadiwe umzuzwana owodwa. Uma umthombo usuphelile, ungaqala ukwenza indlela yokukhuphula amanzi.
Imithombo yokudonsa
Imishini yokuphakamisa amanzi ngokuvamile isebenza kwesinye sezimiso ezintathu: imishini eyimishini ngokuvamile iphakamisa amanzi phezulu kuphela komthombo; emithonjeni enesondo, amanzi aphakanyiswa ngamabhakede abekwe phezu kweketango eliqhubekayo (umkhiwane 1, ingxenye engaphezulu), imithombo esebenza ngesimiso sokucindezela nge-compressor ibangela ukucindezela ngokweqile emthonjeni ovaliwe, ophusha amanzi ngepayipi elilodwa.
Inzuzo yale mithombo ukuthi amanzi angaphinde akhuphuke ngaphezu komthombo, isb. ethangini elibekwe ophahleni noma phansi. Umkhawulo wokuphakamisa amanzi wemithombo yemishini esekelwe kumgomo wokucindezela ngokombono awunqunyelwe, okusho ukuthi angakwazi futhi ukuphakamisa amanzi ekujuleni okukhulu. Imithombo yokumunca, ngokuphambene, imunca moya ngaphezu kwamanzi emthonjeni. Isisindo somoya silingana nekholomu yamanzi ethi 10 m. Ngakho-ke, imithombo yokumunca ngokombono ikhawulelwe kokuthi 10 m, kodwa empeleni ingasetshenziswa ukufika 7 m ukujula.
Isithombe 1
Ukunikezwa kwamanzi ezakhiweni zemindeni kanye nezindlu zangempelasonto kungaxazululwa ngendlela elula neshibhe kakhulu ngemithombo yokumunca (uma amanzi engajulile7 m) Emathafeni naseduze namanzi agobhozayo nanyakazayo, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile aphakeme kunalokhu. Umthombo olula futhi oshibhile wokumunca lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Norton-hand-operated pump-and-lever kanye ne-rammed-tube well (Fig.1, ingxenye engezansi). Amapayipi ensimbi avela ku 1 1/4”, ubude ngokuvamile2 mashayelwa phansi aze ayofika emanzini. Inhloko eyimbobo enethiphu eyi-conical ibekwa epayipini lokuqala, futhi uma indawo iyisihlabathi, umphumela wokuhlunga uyanda ngokushisela inetha lensimbi yethusi eliminyene. Ngocezu lokuqala lwepayipi eligcwele kakade, amapayipi alandelayo axhunywe ngokuxhuma. Ngekhanda lomthombo kusukela ubude bepayipi1,5 mokwengeziwe kuyaxhunywa4 izingcezu zepayipi kusuka2 m. Ingxenye engemuva yepayipi i-rammed ukuze iphume emhlabathini cishe ingxenye yemitha. Iphampu yensimbi eyinsimbi ixhunywe engxenyeni engenhla yalelipayipi, efakwe intambo, noma iflenge lalo. Kubalulekile ukuthi ama-valve epompo avaleke kahle, ukuthi i-piston yepompo ihamba kalula nokuthi wonke umthombo nepompo kuvalwe kahle. Uma ufaka iphampu ekusebenzeni, kufanele iqale igcwaliswe ngamanzi izikhathi eziningana ukusuka phezulu bese ipompa yonke indlela, kuze kutholakale amanzi ahlanzekile. Uma kunobungozi bokuqanda, iphampu kanye nomthombo kufanele kukhishwe amanzi.
Norton nawo ungafakwa emithonjeni embiwe (Fig. 1, ingxenye engezansi). Amandla alo mthombo ekuphusheni okukodwa kwe-lever 0,3 - 0,8 amalitha ukusuka ohlangothini lwenhlanzeko, kuyanelisa ngoba amanzi nemvula ayikwazi ukungena kuwo. Ukugcinwa kuqukethe kuphela ukuthi i-piston yesikhumba kanye ne-valve ephansi kufanele ishintshwe kanye ngonyaka. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi isihlalo sensimbi se-valve ephakamisayo siguge, ukuthi i-valve ibambeke, noma isihlabathi singene ngaphansi kwe-valve yonyawo, kanye nokuthi ngenxa yokungahlangani kahle noma ukuvalwa kahle, izakhi zomthombo azivaleki ngokwe-hermetically. Umthombo waseNorton ulungele izindlu zangasese (uma itafula lamanzi lingashoni kakhulu).
Imithombo yokucindezela
Izakhiwo ezinhle zemithombo yokucindezela kokumunca zihlanganiswa namadivayisi okucindezela. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zale mithombo zisabalele kakhulu. Kumadivayisi ama-twin piston i-lever eyodwa ihambisa ingxenye yokumunca ngokufana naleyo yemithombo yokudonsa. Kodwa-ke, lapha amanzi amuncwa awaphumi endaweni ekhululekile, kodwa angena kwesinye isilinda esivaliwe i-piston yayo nayo inyakaza ngenxa ye-lever efanayo phezulu naphansi. I-valve yalesi silinda isebenza ngokuhlehla engxenyeni yokumunca, ukuze i-piston ingamunyi, kodwa iphushe amanzi phambili. Amadivayisi we-Suction-thrust angasetshenziswa isb. ukuchelela ingadi, kanye nokugcwalisa ithange elibekwe amamitha ambalwa ngaphezu komthombo. Angabuye afakwe emithonjeni yamashubhu njengomthombo waseNorton. Lo mthombo (idivayisi) unikeza amanzi kuphela uma i-lever ihanjiswa, ngakho-ke, ukuze kutholakale amanzi okuqhubekayo esakhiweni somndeni, ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhambisana ne-tank ekhethekile (ebekwe endaweni ephakeme). Empeleni, ipompo yokudonsa edonsayo enamavanes iyafana nale mithombo. Nalapha futhi, ukumuncwa nokukhishwa kwamanzi kunikezwa ipompo ye-vane ehamba ngokuhlukile efakwe isistimu ye-valve ephindwe kabili. Ububi ukuthi, ngokufana nedivayisi ye-double piston, ingasetshenziswa kuphela kuze kufike 7m ukujula (isithombe 2, ohlangothini lwesobunxele)
Isithombe2
Ngedivayisi yokudonsa sesingakwazi kakade ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi aqhubekayo esakhiweni somndeni, kuyadingeka kuphela ukubeka ithangi elilodwa elingu-200-500 amalitha ophahleni lwesakhiwo, isikhala se-attic, noma indawo yokubeka ephezulu. Amanzi aphuma emthonjeni, ngakho-ke, kufanele adluliselwe ethangini elivaliwe, kodwa elingavalwanga kahle. Uma ithangi lifakwe okokuvikela ukushisa (isib. uvolo wengilazi) amanzi akulo azohlala emnandi. Uxhumano oluchichimayo kufanele lubekwe eduze konqenqema olungaphezulu lwethangi, futhi ipayipi elichichimayo kufanele liyiswe kumgudu wokuhambisa indle (fig. 2, ohlangothini lwesokudla).
Phakathi kwepompo yokukhipha ukumunca kanye nethangi, singafaka ukuvala kulayini wokugcwalisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, elinye igatsha kufanele lenziwe, lidlula ithangi, ukuze idivayisi isetshenziswe ebusika. Kusukela engxenyeni engezansi yethangi, sihola amanzi ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa (ompompi bodonga, indlu yangasese, ishawa, njll.). Ukucindezela kuzoba phansi, ngakho-ke kungcono ukusebenzisa amapayipi amakhulu kanye nompompi. Ithangi kufanele futhi lifakwe inkomba yeleveli ebonakala kahle (fig. 3).
Isithombe3
I-Motor well kanye ne-hydrophore
Lapho kunogesi futhi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okulindelekile kuwuthethelela khona, ukonga ukwakha isiteshi samanzi esinenjini, esisebenza ohlelweni lokucindezela. Ingqikithi yesiteshi esinjalo ukuvala isikhala esingenhla komthombo (mhlawumbe ithubhu elimbiwayo elikhudlwana) bese udala ukucindezela ngokweqile kulesi sikhala nge-compressor. Ukucindezela ngokweqile okungu-1 atm kungaphusha amanzi afike kubude obungu-10 m. Ngakho-ke, uma i-compressor ikhiqiza ukucindezela okukhulu okungu-3 atm, singaphusha amanzi afike kubude obungu-30 m, noma afike ku-10 m ukuze umfutho wamanzi uma usuka empompini ube ngu-2 atm.
Futhi kukhona uhlelo olunjalo, lapho nje ukuvula umpompi kuvula injini yepompo bese kuqalwa ukuthutha kwamanzi, kodwa lolu hlobo lwesistimu lulayisha kakhulu injini kagesi kanye nepompo ngenxa yokuvula njalo. Yingakho amasistimu ane-hydrophore esetshenziswa kakhulu. Kulolu hlelo, i-1,5 motor horsepower ishayela i-compressor, ecindezela amanzi emkhunjini. Amanzi angena kuleli thangi kuze kube manje kuphela, kuze kube yilapho umfutho womoya ongaphezu kwezinga lamanzi ethangini ulingana nomfutho osemthonjeni. Uma ingcindezi ikhuphukela enanini elithile, iswishi exhunywe kugeji yokucindezela ethangini imisa injini ye-compressor. Amanzi angakhishwa ethangini ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kuze kube yilapho ukucindezela kwehla kuze kube buncane obuthile. Uma lobu buncane bufinyelelwa, i-manometer noma swishi, ivula i-compressor futhi. Ngokunciphisa inombolo yokuvula, isikhathi sokuphila socingo sikhuphuka kakhulu (Fig. 4)
Isithombe4
Lapho kunogesi nalapho izinga lamanzi angaphansi liphezulu, le divayisi ingaxhunywa epompini. Idivayisi ehlanganisiwe enedrayivu kagesi, empeleni, isesimisweni sokudonsa-push. Ingxenye yokumunca ngokuqhubekayo iphakamisa amanzi emthonjeni, futhi ingxenye yokucindezela iwadudulela ku-hydrophore, okungukuthi kunethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi asekhaya, futhi iwagcine lapho ngomfutho odingekayo.
Amathiphu okuphepha avela embhalweni wokuqala
Ekugcineni, amanye amathiphu abalulekile kubakhi beziteshi zamapayipi zasekhaya:
1. Umthombo kufanele ube 10 ngisho 20m usuka endlini yangasese eseduze, indawo yokulahla udoti kanye nethangi lokulungisa. Indawo yomthombo kufanele ibe ngendlela yokuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba akulethi amanzi angcolile emthonjeni ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.
2. Umthombo kufanele uvikeleke emvuleni, uthuli, ukungcola, amanzi amoshekayo futhi kufanele kuqikelelwe ukuthi amanzi akhishiwe awabuyeli emthonjeni.
3. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa, izinga kanye nenqubo yokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele kuhlolwe nokuthi esimweni sezulu esomile. Singase sihlole emithonjeni eseduze.
4. Ukushiyeka okuvamile kwemithombo yokumunca noma yokucindezela ngokuvamile ukuvaleka okungagculisi. Singahlola ukuqina ngendlela yokuthi sinqume ukuthi kunomoya noma amanzi ukungena kuphi ngokulalela.
5. Singakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa ekufakweni kukagesi uma besike sacisha ugesi ngaphambilini. Ake sinake iqiniso lokuthi imisinga (imisinga yezilwane) ingabangela ukushaqeka okubulalayo ngisho nasemabangeni amade kunethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi!
6. Uma sisusa amanzi ohlelweni noma sivikela isistimu emakhazeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi sasebusika, sizovimbela imiphumela emibi.
Incazelo yengobo yomlando yesihlungi sekhabhoni esicushiwe
Ngokuhlunga amanzi anamuhla aqhubeka engcoliswa futhi ahlanzwa ngamakhemikhali, isihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu singenziwa. Iqukethe ithangi elinomthamo we-ca. 1 ilitha okufanele igcwaliswe ngekhabhoni ecushiwe. Amalahle abopha izinto zesibili kanye nokungcola futhi amanzi aphuma esisefweni azoba sezingeni eliphezulu kangangokuthi angasetshenziswa njengesiphuzo.
Ithangi lingenziwa ngepayipi elikhulu lepulasitiki eliwububanzi, isb. ubukhulu be-thermos noma ibhodlela lamanzi e-soda bese ulinamathisela odongeni endaweni eqondile. Uxhumano lwe-rubber hose kufanele lubekwe phakathi kwezembozo zamathangi angaphezulu naphansi. Ukuxhumana okuphansi kanye ne-hose kuxhunywe nge-gluing. Amakepisi axhunywe ethangini ngentambo, kodwa kufanele avaliwe ngendandatho yerabha (umkhiwane 5). Isisefo sethusi noma sethusi esinezimbobo ezincane ngangokunokwenzeka kufanele sibekwe engxenyeni engezansi yethangi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho kuyo yonke indawo yethangi, ikhabhoni ecushiwe elingana nephizi. Isisefo kufanele futhi sibekwe ohlangothini olungenhla ngaphezu kokugcwalisa. Amanzi angeniswa esisefweni kusukela phansi, futhi amanzi ahlanziwe akhishwa phezulu ukuze amanzi ageleza esuka phansi aye phezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela angakwazi ukuthwala izingcezu zekhabhoni ezingenabungozi ngokuphelele.
Isithombe5
Ikhatriji elilodwa lokuhlunga lanele ukuhlunga amanzi okuphuza adingekayo emndenini wabane isigamu sonyaka. Yebo akudingekile ukusefa amanzi okugeza, ukuwasha nokugeza. Yingakho kukuhle ukubeka igatsha empompini ukuze singenise amanzi adingeka ngempela.