Chidziwitso chofunikira pazaumoyo ndi chitetezo: Awa ndi mawu amaphunziro osungidwa kuchokera ku 2017. chaka, osati ntchito ya chitsime, kuika madzi, dongosolo kuthamanga, unsembe magetsi kapena madzi kukonzekera chipangizo. Miyezo yoyambirira, mtunda, kupsinjika, mphamvu, zida, njira ndi zonena zidasamutsidwa popanda kutsimikizira akatswiri kapena kutengera malamulo amasiku ano. Madzi ochokera m’zitsime, akasupe, mitsinje kapena zosefera zomwe zafotokozedwa siziyenera kutengedwa ngati zabwinobwino kuti munthu amwe popanda kutengera zitsanzo zoyenera, kusanthula kwa labotale ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi akuluakulu azaumoyo. Mpweya wokhala ndi activated pawokha si umboni wa kudalirika kwa ma microbiological kapena mankhwala amadzi. Kukumba kapena kulowa m’chitsime kumakhala ndi chiopsezo cha kugwa, kulephera kupuma, kumira ndi ngozi zina zakupha; ntchitozo ziyenera kukonzedwa ndikuchitidwa ndi akatswiri ovomerezeka omwe ali ndi zilolezo zofunikira. Mapampu, ma hydrophores, zotengera zopondereza ndi kuyika magetsi kumafunikira kusankha akatswiri, kutetezedwa ndi kuyika molingana ndi malamulo apano.
Zitsime zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi malo osungira madzi am’nyumba si gawo lazotsatsa zatsopano za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zimapangidwa panopa ndi mazenera amatabwa, mawindo a aluminiyamu amatabwa ndi zitseko zopangidwa mwamakonda. Pazenera linalake kapena pulojekiti ya pakhomo, mukhoza kutumiza pempho la mtengo.
Musanasankhe pothirira madzi kunyumba
M’malo omwe ali kutali ndi mizinda ndi midzi, sizingatheke kupereka madzi kuchokera kumalo opezeka anthu ambiri. Ngati palibe zotheka kuti mabanja angapo, kapena oyandikana nawo onse, agwirizane ndikumanga malo awoawo apakati pamadzi, vuto liyenera kuthetsedwa ndi malo awo opangira madzi apanyumba. Inde, chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa ku vutoli kale pogula malo kapena pozindikira malo a nyumba. Iyenera kufufuzidwa ngati pali gwero lamadzi lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupi ndi malo omwe mukufuna kumangapo, momwe madzi apansi panthaka amakhalapo komanso ubwino wake. Ngati pali chitsime chapafupi, chitsanzo cha madzi chiyenera kutengedwa mu botolo lophika bwino ndikutumizidwa ku bungwe loyenerera la Ukhondo. Madzi a mumtsinje angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji kuchokera ku gwero, chifukwa ndi okhawo omwe ali oyera, opanda kuipitsa. Kuchotsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi akasupe, m’pofunikanso kupeza chilolezo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu oyenerera.
Mlingo wa madzi apansi panthaka umakhudza kwambiri njira yothetsera madzi a pakhomo ngati mlingo wa madzi pansi pa nthaka suli pansi pa 7 meter, zitsime zoyamwitsa wamba ndi zotsika mtengo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo ngati mlingo uli wotsika, zitsime zokhala ndi mawilo kapena zomwe, zodula kwambiri, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa mfundo ya kupanikizika, ndizofunikira. Mzigwa, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, madzi apansi panthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala 4-5 meter, ndipo m’malo amapiri zimatengera momwe zinthu ziliri
Anakumba bwino
Chitsime chosavuta kwambiri ndi chomwe chimapangidwa pokumba. Kukumba bwino kungatheke kokha ndi katswiri wokhala ndi zida zoyenera, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa kukumba bwino kwa zitsime zomwe zimafuna luso linalake ndi chidziwitso, ntchitoyi ndi yoopsa kwambiri.
Pazitsime zokumbidwa, mphete za konkriti zopangidwa kale zokhala ndi m’mimba mwake 80 zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano, kapena 100 cm, kutalika 80 cm, zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yolumikizira. Pa mphete yoyamba, dzenje limakumbidwa ndi miyeso yoyenera kuti ligwirizane ndi mpheteyo. Imapitiriza kukumba kotero kuti mpheteyo itsetsereka pansi ndi pansi. Pamene mphete yoyamba ikumizidwa kwathunthu, yachiwiri imayikidwa ndi zina zotero. Nthaka yofukulidwa imangotayidwa kunja, kenako amakokoloka ndi ndowa.
Chosavuta komanso chowopsa kwambiri ndikukumba chitsime mumchenga. Momwemo, m’nthaka yotayirira, mphete zimayenda mosavuta ndipo kulowera kwadzidzidzi kwa mchenga kumachitika. Pa gawo lomaliza la kukumba bwino, mphete zomaliza zalowetsedwa kale mu nthaka yonyowa, mwina ngakhale m’madzi. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, wokumba chitsime nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kulowa kwa mchenga ndi madzi, chifukwa chake makwerero m’chitsime ayenera kukhala pafupi, ndipo wokumba ayenera kumangirizidwa ndi chingwe ndipo sayenera kusiyidwa osayang’aniridwa kwa mphindi imodzi. Chitsime chikatha, mutha kuyamba kupanga njira yokwezera madzi.
Zitsime zoyamwa
Zida zonyamulira madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito imodzi mwa mfundo zitatu izi: zida zamakina nthawi zambiri zimakweza madzi pamwamba pa chitsime; m’zitsime zokhala ndi gudumu, madzi amakwezedwa ndi zidebe zomwe zimayikidwa pa unyolo wosalekeza (mkuyu 1, kumtunda), zitsime zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa mfundo ya kupanikizika ndi kompresa zimayambitsa kupsyinjika kwakukulu mu chitsime chotsekedwa, chomwe chimakankhira madzi kupyolera mu chitoliro chimodzi.
Ubwino wa zitsimezi ndikuti madzi amathanso kukwera pamwamba pa chitsime, mwachitsanzo. m’thanki yoyikidwa padenga kapena pansi. Malire okweza madzi a zitsime zamakina potengera mfundo ya kupanikizika ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amathanso kukweza madzi kuchokera kuya kwambiri. Zitsime zoyamwa, mosiyana, zimayamwa mpweya pamwamba pa madzi pachitsime. Kulemera kwa mpweya ndi kofanana ndi gawo lamadzi la 10 m. Chifukwa chake, zitsime zoyamwa zimangokhala 10 m, koma kwenikweni zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 7 m kuya.
Chithunzi 1
Madzi ku nyumba za mabanja ndi nyumba zakumapeto kwa sabata zitha kuthetsedwa m’njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo ndi zitsime zoyamwa (ngati madziwo sali ozama kuposa7 m) M’zigwa ndiponso pafupi ndi madzi oyenda ndi opumira, madzi apansi panthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera kuposa awa. Chitsime chosavuta komanso chotsika mtengo kwambiri choyamwa ndi chotchedwa Norton chogwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja ndi pampu-ndi-lever ndi rammed-chubu chitsime (Chith.1, m’munsi). Mipope yachitsulo yamalata kuchokera 1 1/4”, kutalika kawirikawiri2 mamakankhidwira pansi mpaka kumadzi. Mutu wa dzenje wokhala ndi nsonga yozungulira umayikidwa pachitoliro choyamba, ndipo ngati malowo ndi amchenga, kusefa kumachulukira powotcherera waya wandiweyani wamkuwa. Pachidutswa choyamba cha chitoliro chodzazidwa kale, mapaipi otsatirawa amalumikizidwa ndi ma couplings. Kwa mutu wa chitsime kuchokera kutalika kwa chitoliro1,5 mzambiri zikulumikizidwa4 zidutswa za chitoliro kuchokera2 m. Mbali yakumbuyo ya chitoliro imakumbidwa kuti ituluke pansi pafupifupi theka la mita. Pampu yachitsulo yotayidwa imalumikizidwa kumtunda kwa chitoliro ichi, chomwe chimakhala ndi ulusi, kapena flange yake. Ndikofunikira kuti ma valve opopera atseke bwino, kuti pisitoni yapampu imayenda mosavuta komanso kuti chitsime chonse ndi mpope zitsekedwe bwino. Mukayika mpope, choyamba iyenera kudzazidwa ndi madzi kangapo kuchokera pamwamba ndikupopera njira yonse, mpaka madzi oyera atapezeka. Ngati pali chiopsezo chozizira, mpope ndi chitsime ziyenera kutsanulidwa.
Norton chikhoza kuikidwanso m’zitsime zokumbidwa (Mkuyu 1, gawo lapansi). Kuchuluka kwa chitsimechi pakukankha kumodzi kwa lever ndi 0,3 - 0,8 malita kuchokera kumbali yaukhondo, ndizokhutiritsa chifukwa madzi ndi mvula sizingalowemo. Kukonzekera kumangokhala ndi mfundo yakuti pisitoni yachikopa ndi valve yapansi iyenera kusinthidwa kamodzi pachaka. Zitha kuchitikanso kuti mpando wachitsulo wa valavu yonyamulirayo utha, kuti valavu imakakamira, kapena mchenga umalowa pansi pa valve ya phazi, komanso chifukwa cha kusamalidwa bwino kapena kusindikiza bwino, zinthu za chitsime sizitseka. Chitsime cha Norton ndichabwino ku nyumba zapanyumba (ngati madzi sakuzama kwambiri).
Suction-pressure zitsime
Makhalidwe abwino a zitsime zoyamwa amaphatikizidwa ndi zida zokokera. Mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zitsimezi ndiyofala kwambiri. Pazida ziwiri za piston chiwongolero chimodzi chimasuntha mbali yoyamwa mofanana ndi zitsime zoyamwa. Komabe, apa madzi oyamwa samapita kumalo omasuka, koma amalowa mu silinda ina yotsekedwa yomwe pisitoni imayendanso chifukwa cha lever yomweyo mmwamba ndi pansi. Vavu ya silinda iyi imagwira ntchito mosinthana ndi gawo loyamwa, kuti pisitoni isayamwe, koma imakankhira madzi patsogolo. Zipangizo zokokera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo. kuthirira munda, komanso kudzaza thanki yoyikidwa mamita angapo pamwamba pa chitsimecho. Atha kukhazikitsidwanso pazitsime zamachubu monga chitsime cha Norton. Chitsimechi (chipangizo) chimapereka madzi pokhapokha ngati chiwombankhanga chikusuntha, choncho, kuti madzi apitirizebe ku nyumba ya banja, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamodzi ndi thanki yapadera (yoikidwa pamtunda wina). Kwenikweni, mpope wokankhira-kankha wokhala ndi ma vanes ndi ofanana ndi zitsime izi. Apanso, kuyamwa ndi kukhetsa madzi kumaperekedwa ndi pampu yosuntha yomwe ili ndi ma valve awiri. Choyipa ndichakuti, chofanana ndi pistoni iwiri, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka 7m kuya (chithunzi 2, kumanzere)
Chithunzi2
Ndi chipangizo chokokera-kankhira titha kupereka madzi mosalekeza ku nyumba yabanja, ndikofunikira kungoyika tanki imodzi ya malita 200-500 padenga la nyumbayo, malo achipinda cham’mwamba, kapena chotchingira chachikulu. Choncho, madzi a m’chitsime ayenera kusamutsidwa ku thanki yomwe yatsekedwa, koma osati yosindikizidwa. Ngati thanki ili ndi zida zotsekera zotenthetsera (mwachitsanzo ubweya wagalasi) madzi omwe ali mmenemo amakhala osangalatsa nthawi zonse. Kulumikiza kusefukira kumayenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi m’mphepete kumtunda kwa thanki, ndipo chitoliro chosefukira chilowetsedwe ku ngalande (mkuyu 2, kumanja).
Pakati pa pampu yotulutsa-kutulutsa ndi thanki, titha kuphatikiza kutseka pamzere wodzaza. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthambi ina iyenera kupangidwa, kudutsa thanki, kuti chipangizocho chigwiritsidwe ntchito m’nyengo yozizira. Kuchokera kumunsi kwa thanki, timatsogolera madzi kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito (mapaipi apakhoma, chimbudzi, shawa, etc.). Kupanikizika kudzakhala kochepa, choncho ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mipope ndi mipope ndi m’mimba mwake yaikulu. Thanki iyeneranso kukhala ndi cholozera chowoneka bwino (mku. 3).
Chithunzi3
Chitsime cha injini ndi hydrophore
Kumene kuli magetsi komanso komwe madzi amayembekezeredwa amavomereza, ndizopanda ndalama kumanga nyumba yoyendera madzi, yomwe imagwiranso ntchito pamagetsi. Chofunika kwambiri pa siteshoni yotereyi ndikutseka danga pamwamba pa chitsime (mwina chubu chokulirapo) ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kupanikizika kwambiri m’malo awa ndi kompresa. Kupanikizika kwambiri kwa 1 atm kumatha kukankhira madzi mpaka utali wa 10 m. Chifukwa chake, ngati kompresa ikupanga kupanikizika kwambiri kwa 3 atm, titha kukankhira madziwo mpaka 30 m, kapena kutalika kwa 10 m kotero kuti kuthamanga kwamadzi pochoka pampopi ndi 2 atm.
Palinso dongosolo loterolo, pomwe kungotsegula pompopi kumatembenukira pa injini yapampu ndikuyamba kuyendetsa madzi, koma dongosolo lamtunduwu limadzaza mota yamagetsi ndi mpope chifukwa chakusintha kosalekeza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makina okhala hydrophore ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. M’dongosolo lino, 1,5 horsepower motor imayendetsa kompresa, yomwe imakankhira madzi m’chombo. Madzi amalowa mu thankiyi pokhapo, mpaka mphamvu ya mpweya pamwamba pa mlingo wa madzi mu thanki ifanane ndi kupsyinjika kwa chitsime. Ngati kupanikizika kwakwera kufika pamtengo wina, cholumikizira cholumikizidwa ndi choyezera champhamvu mu thanki chimayimitsa injini ya kompresa. Madzi amatha kutulutsidwa mu thanki popanda kusokonezedwa, mpaka kuthamanga kutsika pang’ono. Izi zikafika pang’onopang’ono, manometer kapena switchi, imayatsanso kompresa. Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyatsa, nthawi yamoyo wa chipangizocho imawonjezeka kwambiri (Mkuyu 4)
Chithunzi4
Kumene kuli magetsi komanso kumene madzi apansi ndi apamwamba, chipangizochi chikhoza kulumikizidwanso ndi mpope. Chipangizo chophatikizika chokhala ndi galimoto yamagetsi chili, kwenikweni, pa mfundo yokankhira-kukankha. Gawo loyamwa limakweza madzi mosalekeza kuchokera pachitsime, ndipo gawo loponderezedwa limakankhira mu hydrophore, mwachitsanzo, kulowa mumsewu wamadzi am’nyumba, ndikuwasunga pamenepo pakukakamiza kofunikira.
Malangizo achitetezo kuchokera kumawu oyamba
Pomaliza, maupangiri ofunikira kwa omanga malo opangira madzi apanyumba:
1. Chitsime chiyenera kukhala 10 komanso 20m kuchokera ku chimbudzi chapafupi, dzala ndi thanki yoyikiramo. Malo a chitsime ayenera kukhala kotero kuti kutuluka kwa madzi apansi sikubweretsa madzi onyansa m’chitsime nthawi iliyonse.
2. Chitsimecho chiyenera kutetezedwa ku mvula, fumbi, dothi, madzi otayira komanso kusamalidwa kuti madzi ochotsedwawo asabwerere kuchitsime.
3. Asanayambe kumanga, mlingo ndi ndondomeko ya madzi oyenda pansi pa nthaka iyenera kufufuzidwa komanso kuti mu nyengo youma. Titha kuyesanso pazitsime zapafupi.
4. Kulephera kofala kwa zitsime zoyamwa kapena kukakamiza nthawi zambiri kumakhala kusindikiza kosakwanira. Tikhoza kuyang’ana kulimba kwake m’njira yoti tidziŵe ngati pali mpweya kapena madzi olowera mwa kuyang’anitsitsa.
5. Titha kugwira ntchito yophatikiza pakuyika magetsi ngati tidazimitsapo kale magetsi. Tiyeni titchere khutu ku mfundo yakuti mafunde osokera (fook currents) amatha kuchititsa mantha ngakhale atayenda mtunda wautali kwambiri pa network yoperekera madzi!
6. Ngati tichotsa madzi m’dongosolo kapena kuteteza dongosolo kuti likhale lozizira nthawi yachisanu isanafike, tidzapewa zotsatira zoopsa.
Kufotokozera m’nkhokwe za zosefera za kaboni
Posefa madzi amasiku ano omwe aipitsidwa kwambiri komanso oyeretsedwa ndi mankhwala, sefa yabwino kwambiri itha kupanga. Amakhala ndi thanki yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ca. 1 lita kuti mudzazidwe ndi activated carbon. Makala amamanga zinthu zachiwiri ndi kuipitsa ndipo madzi otuluka mu fyuluta adzakhala abwino kwambiri moti akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakumwa.
Thanki imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku chitoliro chachikulu cha pulasitiki, mwachitsanzo. kukula kwa thermos kapena botolo la madzi a soda ndikuliyika pakhoma molunjika. Kulumikizana kwa payipi ya rabara kuyenera kuyikidwa pakati pa zivundikiro zam’mwamba ndi zapansi. Kulumikizana kwapansi ndi payipi kumalumikizidwa ndi gluing. Zipewazo zimangiriridwa ku thanki ndi ulusi, koma ziyenera kusindikizidwa ndi mphete ya rabara (mkuyu 5). Sieve yamkuwa kapena yamkuwa yokhala ndi mabowo ang’onoang’ono iyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa thanki, ndipo pamwamba pake mu danga lonse la thanki, adamulowetsa mpweya kukula kwa mtola. Sieve iyeneranso kuikidwa kumbali yakumtunda pamwamba pa kudzazidwa. Madzi amalowetsedwa mu fyuluta kuchokera pansi, ndipo madzi oyeretsedwa amachotsedwa pamwamba kuti madzi ayende kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba ndipo motero sangathe kunyamula zidutswa za carbon zomwe zilibe vuto lililonse.
Chithunzi5
Cartridge imodzi yosefera ndiyokwanira kusefa madzi akumwa oyenera kwa banja la ana anayi kwa theka la chaka. Zoona nkosafunikira kusefa madzi ochapira, ochapira ndi osamba. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi bwino kuika nthambi pampopi kuti tilowetse madzi omwe akufunikiradi.