Inqaku elibalulekileyo lezempilo nokhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo esikwii-akhayivu esivela ku-2017. unyaka, hayi iprojekthi yequla, ufakelo lwamanzi, inkqubo yoxinzelelo, ufakelo lombane okanye isixhobo sokulungiselela amanzi. Imilinganiselo yokuqala, imigama, uxinzelelo, amandla, izixhobo, iinkqubo kunye namabango adluliselwe ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kweengcali okanye ukulungiswa kwimimiselo yanamhlanje. Amanzi aphuma emithonjeni, emithonjeni, kwimijelo okanye kwisihluzo esichaziweyo akufuneki athathwe njengekhuselekile ukuba angaselwa ngaphandle kwesampulu efanelekileyo, uhlalutyo lwebhubhoratri kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo bezempilo. Ikhabhoni esebenzayo ngokwayo ayibobungqina be-microbiological okanye i-chemical integrity yamanzi. Ukwemba okanye ukungena equleni kunomngcipheko wokuwa, ukufuthaniselwa, ukurhaxwa kunye nezinye iingozi ezibulalayo; imisebenzi kufuneka icwangciswe kwaye iqhutywe ziingcali ezigunyazisiweyo kunye neemvume eziyimfuneko. Iimpompo, ii-hydrophores, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo kunye nokufakelwa kombane kufuna ukhetho lweengcali, ukhuseleko kunye nofakelo ngokwemigaqo yangoku.
Amaqula achaziweyo kunye nezikhululo zamanzi asekhaya aziyonxalenye yesibonelelo esitsha sikawonke-wonke sase-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neengcango ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngefestile ethile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Phambi kokukhetha isikhululo samanzi sasekhaya
Kwiindawo ezikude nezixeko neelali, akukwazeki ukuba kubonelelwe ngamanzi asuka kubonelelo lwamanzi luluntu. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba iintsapho ezininzi, okanye ummandla wonke wengingqi, ukuba udibane kunye kwaye bakhe isikhululo samanzi esincinci esisembindini, ingxaki ihleli isonjululwe ngesikhululo samanzi sasekhaya. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe kule ngxaki sele sele uthenge umhlaba okanye xa umisela indawo yesakhiwo. Kufuneka kukhangelwe ukuba ngaba kukho umthombo wamanzi osebenzisekayo kwindawo ekufutshane nesiza sokwakha esifunwayo, apho iileya zamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akhoyo kwaye yintoni umgangatho wawo. Ukuba kukho umthombo osondeleyo, isampuli yamanzi kufuneka ithathwe kwibhotile ephekiweyo kwaye ithunyelwe ukuhlalutya kwi-Institute of Hygiene enobuchule. Amanzi avela kumlambo angasetyenziswa kuphela ngokuthe ngqo kumthombo, kuba kuphela kukho acocekileyo, ngaphandle kokungcola. Ukuthatha kunye nokusebenzisa amanzi entwasahlobo, kukwayimfuneko ukufumana imvume kugunyaziwe ofanelekileyo.
Inqanaba lamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba lichaphazela kakhulu isisombululo sesikhululo samanzi sasekhaya ukuba umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba awukho ngaphantsi kwe-7 meter, amaqula okufunxa aqhelekileyo kunye angabizi kakhulu anokusetyenziswa, kwaye ukuba umgangatho uphantsi, amaqula anamavili okanye lawo, abiza kakhulu, asebenza kumgaqo woxinzelelo, ayadingeka. Emathafeni, ecaleni kwemilambo namachibi, inqanaba lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba lidla ngokuba ngu-4-5 meter, kwaye kwiindawo ezinenduli kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zendawo
Wembe kakuhle
Elona qula lilula lelo lenziwa ngokugrumba. Ukumba kakuhle kunokwenziwa kuphela yingcali enezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kuba ukongeza ekugrunjweni okucokisekileyo kwamaqula afuna ubuchule obuthile kunye namava, lo msebenzi nawo uyingozi kakhulu.
Ukwenzela amaqula ambiweyo, amakhonkco ekhonkrithi esele enziwe ngedayamitha ye-80 asasetyenziswa nanamhla, okanye 100 cm, ubude 80 cm, kunye ne-grooved flanges yokudibanisa. Kwiringi yokuqala, umngxuma wembiwa ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokulingana neringi. Iphinde iqhubeke nokugrumba ukuze iringi isityibilike phantsi nasezantsi. Xa umsesane wokuqala ufakwe ngokupheleleyo, owesibini ubekwe njalo njalo. Umhlaba owombiweyo ulahlelwa ngokulula nje, uze kamva ukhutshelwe ngaphandle nge-emele.
Eyona nto ilula kwaye kwangaxeshanye iyingozi kakhulu kukugrumba iqula esantini. Ngokufanelekileyo, kumhlaba oxekethileyo, iisangqa zihamba ngokulula kwaye ukungenwa kwesanti ngesiquphe kunokwenzeka. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokumba kakuhle, iindandatho zokugqibela sele zifakwe kumhlaba omanzi, mhlawumbi nasemanzini. Ngethuba lomsebenzi, umgcini wequla uhlala ebonakaliswe kwingozi yesanti kunye nokungena kwamanzi, ngoko ke i-ladder emthonjeni kufuneka ihlale isondele, kwaye i-digger kufuneka iboshwe ngentambo kwaye akufanele ishiywe ingagcinwanga umzuzwana omnye. Ukuba iqula ligqityiwe, ungaqalisa ukwenza indlela yokunyusa amanzi.
Amaqula okufunxa
Izixhobo zokuphakamisa amanzi zisebenza ngokubanzi komnye wemigaqo emithathu: izixhobo zoomatshini zihlala ziphakamisa amanzi kuphela phezulu equleni; emithonjeni enevili, amanzi aphakanyiswa ngamabhakethi abekwe kwikhonkco eliqhubekayo (umkhiwane 1, inxalenye ephezulu), amaqula asebenza kumgaqo woxinzelelo kunye ne-compressor ebangela ukuxinzezeleka kwiqula elivaliweyo, elityhala amanzi ngombhobho omnye.
Inzuzo yala maqula kukuba amanzi anokunyuka ngaphezu komthombo, umz. kwitanki ebekwe phezu kophahla okanye emgangathweni. Umda wokunyuswa kwamanzi wamaqula omatshini asekelwe kumgaqo woxinzelelo ngokwethiyori awuqingqwanga, nto leyo ethetha ukuba banokunyusa amanzi kubunzulu obukhulu. Amaqula afunxayo, ngokwahlukileyo, afunxa umoya ngaphezulu kwamanzi equleni. Ubunzima bomoya bulingana nomhlathi wamanzi we-10 m. Ke ngoko, amaqula afunxayo alinganiselwe ngokwethiyori 10 m, kodwa xa eqhuba anokusetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga ku-7 m ubunzulu.
Umfanekiso 1
Unikezelo lwamanzi kwizakhiwo zeentsapho kunye nezindlu zempelaveki zinokusonjululwa ngeyona ndlela ilula nexabiso liphantsi ngamaqula afunxayo (ukuba amanzi akakho nzulu kunoko7 m) Emathafeni nakufutshane namanzi aqukuqelayo namileyo, inqanaba lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba lidla ngokuba phezulu kunale. Elona qula lilula nelisezantsi lokufunxa libizwa ngokuba yi-Norton-hand-operated pump-and-lever kunye ne-rammed-tube well (Fig.1, inxalenye esezantsi). Imibhobho yentsimbi eyenziwe ngesinyithi evela 1 1/4”, ubude ngokuqhelekileyo2 mziqhutywa emhlabeni wonke ukuya emanzini. Intloko enomngxuma enencam yeconical ibekwe kumbhobho wokuqala, kwaye ukuba umhlaba unesanti, umphumo wokucoca uyanda ngokuwelda umnatha wocingo oshinyeneyo wobhedu. Kwiqhekeza lokuqala lombhobho osele uzaliswe, le mibhobho ilandelayo idibaniswe ngokudibanisa. Kwintloko yequla ukusuka kubude bombhobho1,5 mngakumbi kuhlanganiswa4 amaqhekeza umbhobho ukusuka2 m. Umqolo wombhobho unqanyulwe ukuze uphume emhlabeni malunga nesiqingatha semitha. Ipompo yentsimbi etyhidiweyo idityaniswe kumphezulu walo mbhobho, oxhotyiswe ngomsonto, okanye iflange yawo. Kubalulekile ukuba iivalvu zempompo zivaleke kakuhle, ukuba ipiston yempompo ihambe lula kwaye iqula lonke kunye nempompo zitywinwe ngokwe-hermetically. Xa ubeka umpompo ekusebenzeni, kufuneka kuqala uzaliswe ngamanzi amaxesha amaninzi ukusuka phezulu kunye nokupompa yonke indlela, de kube kufunyenwe amanzi acocekileyo. Ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokukhenkceza, impompo kunye nequla kufuneka likhutshwe amanzi.
Norton unokufakwa kwimithombo egrunjiweyo (Umfanekiso 1, inxalenye engezantsi). Umthamo walo mthombo kwi-push enye ye-lever 0,3 - 0,8 ilitha ukusuka kwicala lococeko, kuyanelisa kuba amanzi kunye nemvula ayikwazi ukungena kuyo. Ukugcinwa kuqulethwe kuphela kwinto yokuba i-piston yesikhumba kunye nevalve esezantsi kufuneka itshintshwe kanye ngonyaka. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba isihlalo sentsimbi sevalve yokuphakamisa siguge, ukuba ivalve ixinge, okanye isanti ingene phantsi kwevalve yonyawo, kunye nokuba ngenxa yokungadibani kakuhle okanye ukutywinwa kakubi, izinto zequla azivaleki. Iqula laseNorton lilungele izindlu zangasese (ukuba itafile yamanzi ayinzulu kakhulu).
Amaqula oxinzelelo
Iimpawu ezilungileyo zequla loxinzelelo lokufunxa zidityaniswe nezixhobo zoxinzelelo lokufunxa. Iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zala maqula zixhaphake kakhulu. Kwizixhobo zamawele episton iliva enye ihambisa indawo yokufunxa ngokufana naleyo yamaqula okufunxa. Nangona kunjalo, apha amanzi afunxayo akaphumi kwindawo ekhululekileyo, kodwa angena kwenye i-cylinder evaliweyo e-piston yayo nayo ihamba ngenxa ye-lever efanayo phezulu naphantsi. Ivalve yale cylinder isebenza umva ukuya kwindawo yokufunxa, ukuze ipiston ingafunxi, kodwa ityhala amanzi ukuya phambili. Izixhobo ze-suction-thrust zinokusetyenziswa umz. ukunkcenkceshela igadi, kunye nokuzalisa itanki ebekwe kwiimitha ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwequla. Banokufakwa kwiqula letyhubhu njengeNorton kakuhle. Eli qula (isixhobo) linika amanzi kuphela ukuba i-lever ihanjiswe, ngoko ke, ukubonelela ngamanzi ngokuqhubekayo kwisakhiwo sentsapho, inokusetyenziswa kuphela ngokudibanisa netanki ekhethekileyo (ebekwe kwindawo ephakamileyo). Ngokwenyani, impompo yokutyhala enevanes iyafana nala maqula. Apha, kwakhona, ukufunxa kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanzi kubonelelwa yimpompo ye-vane ehambayo enenkqubo yevalve ephindwe kabini. Ukungalungi kukuba, ngokufanayo nesixhobo sepiston ephindwe kabini, ingasetyenziswa kuphela ukuya kuthi ga 7m ubunzulu (umfanekiso 2, kwicala lasekhohlo)
Umfanekiso2
Ngesixhobo se-suction-push sinokubonelela ngobonelelo lwamanzi oluqhubekayo kwisakhiwo sosapho, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukubeka itanki enye ye-200-500 iilitha phezu kophahla lwesakhiwo, indawo ye-attic, okanye i-rack ephezulu. Amanzi aphuma equleni, ke ngoko, kufuneka adluliselwe kwitanki evaliweyo, kodwa ingavalwanga. Ukuba itanki ifakwe i-thermal insulation imathiriyeli (umzekelo uboya beglasi) amanzi kuyo aya kuhlala emnandi. Uqhagamshelo oluphuphumayo kufuneka lubekwe kufuphi nomda ophezulu wetanki, kwaye umbhobho ophuphumayo kufuneka uhanjiswe kumjelo ohambisa amanzi amdaka (umzobo 2, kwicala lasekunene).
Phakathi kwempompo yokukhupha i-suction-discharge kunye netanki, sinokubandakanya ukuvala umgca wokuzalisa. Ngelo xesha, elinye isebe kufuneka lenziwe, lidlula itanki, ukwenzela ukuba isixhobo sisetyenziswe ebusika. Ukusuka kwindawo engezantsi yetanki, sikhokelela amanzi kwiindawo zokusetyenziswa (iimpompo zodonga, indlu yangasese, ishawa, njl.). Uxinzelelo luya kuba luphantsi, ngoko ke kungcono ukusebenzisa imibhobho kunye neempompo ezinobubanzi obukhulu. Itanki kufuneka kwakhona ixhotyiswe ngesalathisi senqanaba elibonakalayo (umzobo 3).
Umfanekiso3
Injini yemoto kunye nehydrophore
Apho kukho umbane kwaye apho ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okulindelweyo kuthetheleleka, kuqoqosho ukwakha isikhululo samanzi esinemoto, esisebenza kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo. Undoqo wesikhululo esinjalo kukuvala isithuba esingentla kwequla (mhlawumbi i-tube enkulu egrunjwe kakuhle) kwaye udale uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo kwesi sithuba ngecompressor. Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwe-1 atm lunokutyhala amanzi aye kumphakamo we 10 m. Ngoko ke, ukuba i-compressor ivelisa i-overpressure ye-3 atm, sinokutyhala amanzi kumphakamo we-30 m, okanye ukuphakama kwe-10 m ukwenzela ukuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi xa ushiya itephu 2 atm.
Kukwakho inkqubo enjalo, apho ukuvula nje umpompo kuvula i-motor yepompo kwaye iqalise ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, kodwa olu hlobo lwenkqubo lugqithisa i-motor yombane kunye nempompo ngenxa yokutshintsha rhoqo. Yiyo loo nto iinkqubo ezine-hydrophore izezona zisetyenziswayo. Kule nkqubo, i-1,5 i-horsepower motor iqhuba i-compressor, ecinezela amanzi kwinqanawa. Amanzi angena kule tanki ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, de umoya ongaphezulu komphakamo wamanzi etankini ulingane noxinzelelo equleni. Ukuba uxinzelelo luyenyuka kwixabiso elithile, umtshintshi oqhagamshelwe kwi-gauge yoxinzelelo kwi-tank uyeka i-compressor motor. Amanzi anokukhutshwa kwitanki ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, de kube uxinzelelo lwehla ukuya kubuncinci obuthile. Xa obu buncinane bufikelelwe, i-manometer okanye switsha, iphinda ivule isicinezeli. Ngokunciphisa inani lokutshintsha, ixesha lokuphila kwesixhobo landa kakhulu (Umfanekiso 4)
Umfanekiso4
Apho kukho umbane kwaye apho umgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba uphezulu, esi sixhobo sinokudityaniswa nempompo. Isixhobo esidibeneyo kunye ne-electric drive, enyanisweni, kumgaqo-siseko wokufunxa. Inxalenye yokufunxa ngokuqhubekayo iphakamisa amanzi ukusuka equleni, kwaye inxalenye yoxinzelelo iyayityhala kwi-hydrophore, oko kukuthi kuthungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi asekhaya, kwaye igcine apho kuxinzelelo olufunekayo.
Iingcebiso zokhuseleko kumbhalo wokuqala
Ekugqibeleni, iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo zabakhi bezikhululo zemibhobho yasekhaya:
1. Iqula kufuneka libe 10 kwaye nokuba 20m ukusuka kweyona yangasese ekufutshane, indawo yokulahla inkunkuma kunye netanki yokulungisa. Indawo yomthombo kufuneka ibe yinto yokuba ukuhamba kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akuzisi amanzi angcolileyo emthonjeni phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko.
2. Iqula kufuneka likhuselwe kwimvula, uthuli, ukungcola, amanzi amdaka kwaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba amanzi akhutshiweyo akabuyeli equleni.
3. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa, umgangatho kunye nenkqubo yokuhamba kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kufuneka ihlolwe kwaye kwimozulu eyomileyo. Sisenokwenza uvavanyo kumaqula akufutshane.
4. Intsilelo eqhelekileyo yokufunxa okanye imingxuma yoxinzelelo ngokuqhelekileyo kukutywinwa okunganelisiyo. Sinokujonga ukuxinana ngendlela yokuba siqonde ukuba kwaye apho umoya okanye amanzi angena khona ngokuphulaphula.
5. Sinokuwenza kuphela umsebenzi wokudityaniswa kufakelo lombane ukuba besiwucimile ngaphambili umbane. Masiyithathele ingqalelo into yokuba imisinga elahlekileyo (imisinga yonyawo) inokubangela ukothuka okuyingozi nakwimigama emide kakhulu kuthungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi!
6. Ukuba sisusa amanzi kwinkqubo okanye sikhusela inkqubo ekukhenkceni ngaphambi kwexesha lasebusika, siya kuthintela iziphumo ezibi.
Uvimba wenkcazelo yesihluzo sekhabhoni esisebenzayo
Ukuhluza amanzi anamhlanje aqhubeka engcoliseka kwaye acocwa ngokwekhemikhali, isihluzo esisebenza kakuhle sinokwenziwa. Iqulathe itanki kunye umthamo ca. 1 ilitha kufuneka izaliswe ngekhabhoni esebenzayo. Amalahle abopha izinto zesibini kunye nongcoliseko kwaye amanzi aphuma kwisihluzo aya kuba semgangathweni onokuthi asetyenziswe njengesiselo.
Itanki inokwenziwa kumbhobho weplastiki odayamitha omkhulu, umz. ubukhulu be-thermos okanye ibhotile yamanzi e-soda kwaye uyifake eludongeni kwindawo ethe nkqo. Uxhulumaniso lwe-rubber hose kufuneka lubekwe phakathi kwetanki eziphezulu kunye nezantsi. Uxhulumaniso oluphantsi kunye ne-hose ifakwe nge-gluing. Iicaps zifakwe kwitanki ngentambo, kodwa kufuneka zitywinwe ngendandatho yerubha (umkhiwane 5). Isefu yobhedu okanye yobhedu enemingxuma emincinci kufuneka ibekwe kwindawo esezantsi yetanki, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke indawo yetanki, i-carbon activated ubukhulu bepea. I-sieve kufuneka ifakwe kwicala eliphezulu ngaphezu kokuzaliswa. Amanzi angeniswa kwisihluzo ukusuka ezantsi, kwaye amanzi acociweyo asuswe phezulu ukuze amanzi aqukuqele ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela akakwazi ukuthwala kunye nezinye iziqwenga zekhabhoni ezingenabungozi ngokupheleleyo.
Umfanekiso5
Ikhatriji enye yokucoca yanele ukuhluza amanzi okusela ayimfuneko kusapho lwabane isiqingatha sonyaka. Ewe akuyomfuneko ukuhluza amanzi okuhlamba, ukuhlamba kunye nokuhlamba. Yiyo loo nto kukuhle ukubeka isebe etephini ukuze singene amanzi afuneka ngokwenene.