I kēia lā, nānā ʻo Savo Kusić i nā puka makani lāʻau, mau pukaaniani laau-aluminika, pukapuka maʻamau, puka a me noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo. Ke waiho nei kēia kikokikona ma ke ʻano he waihona ʻenehana a ʻaʻole ia he hāʻawi no ka hoʻolālā geotechnical, hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a i ʻole nā hana honua.
Nā māhele o nā mea i loko o ka lepo
ʻEkolu mau māhele ka lepo: paʻa, wai a me ke kinoea. Hōʻike ʻia ka māhele paʻa e nā ʻāpana paʻa, ka wai wai, a me ka pae kinoea e ka ea paʻa a i ʻole ka mahu wai i loko o nā pores lepo.
Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano lepo ke komo i hoʻokahi, ʻelua a ʻekolu ʻāpana paha, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ka lepo ke hoʻokahi-phase, ʻelua-phase a ʻekolu-phase system. ʻO nā waiwai kino o ka lepo e pili ana i nā pae pākahi.
ʻO ka lepo inoherent, e like me ke one maloʻo a i ʻole ka ʻiliʻili, hoʻokahi wale nō māhele - nā ʻāpana paʻa. ʻAʻole pani ʻia ka ea i loko o nā pores o ia lepo a ʻaʻole kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻa, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he pae.
ʻO ka lepo maʻemaʻe ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai honua, aia nā ʻāpana paʻa a me nā pores i pani ʻia, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai a me ka ea a i ʻole ka mahu wai, ʻo ia ka lepo o ka ʻōnaehana ʻekolu. I ka hihia o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea paʻa, kūʻē ka wai a me ka ea i loko o nā pores lepo i ka manawa like.
ʻO ka lepo ma lalo o ka pae wai honua, nona nā pores i hoʻopiha piha ʻia i ka wai, no laila ʻaʻohe ea a me ka mahu wai i loko o lākou, he ʻōnaehana ʻelua. ʻO ka lepo i loko o nā papa hohonu i manaʻo ʻia he ʻōnaehana ʻelua, no ka mea, ʻo ka ea i pani ʻia i loko o nā pores o ka lepo ma ka hohonu hohonu ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i kona mau kino kino, a ma ia hihia e hoʻoholo ʻia e nā waiwai o nā pae paʻa a me ka wai.
haku mele ʻana
ʻO nā mea paʻa o ka lepo, he mineral a i ʻole nā mea olaola o nā ʻano nui like ʻole, mai nā ʻiliʻili nui a me nā poloka, ka nui o nā haneli a me nā kaukani millimeters a hiki i ka nui o hoʻokahi mole. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka mole he hoʻokahi miliona miliona o ka millimeter, hoʻokahi millimicron. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā paʻa lepo i manaʻo ʻia he 20 ma i ʻole microns.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo paʻa ka hopena nui i kona mau waiwai kino. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano koʻikoʻi e ka haku mele granulometric, e hōʻike ana i ka lakio o ka nui o kēlā me kēia hua ma ko lākou mau ʻāpana kaumaha i ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka lepo. ʻOkoʻa ka mahele o ka lepo e like me kona ʻano granulometric ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. Penei kā mākou mahele:
Nā palena nui o nā ʻāpana
Nui2 mm- ka palena ma waena o ka lepo ʻeleʻele a me ka lepo maikaʻi. Nā ʻāpana paʻa a hiki i ka2mmhōʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka lepo. ʻAʻohe capillary o ka lepo ʻōpala.
Nui0,2 mm– ka palena ma waena o ke one koʻikoʻi (koʻi) a me ke one ʻeleʻele.
Nui0,02 mm- ka palena i hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hua ʻai i loko o ka lepo me ka maka ʻōlohelohe.
Nui0,002 mm– ka palena ma waena o ka lepo a me ka pālolo
Nui0,0002 mm– ka palena ma waena o ka pālolo a me ka pālolo colloidal.
ʻO nā mea paʻa paʻa i ka nui ma lalo0,002 mmhe mea nui i ka waiwai kino o ka lepo. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea i ka hui ʻana i ka lepo, a inā he liʻiliʻi lākou a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lepo, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, pili pū ka hui ʻana o ka lepo i ka hui ʻana o ka mineral o nā ʻāpana paʻa liʻiliʻi ma mua0,002 mm. Inā hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e ka decomposition o nā minela paʻakikī loa e like me ka quartz, a laila haʻahaʻa loa ko lākou cohesion a ʻaʻole i loaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kā lākou hoʻoheheʻe wai. Inā aia nā ʻāpana ma lalo0,002 mmhana ʻia e ka decomposition o nā mea pālolo, a laila loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai paʻa i ʻoi aku ka ikaika inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka lawe ʻana o ka wai o ia mau mea.
ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o ka lepo e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi a hilinaʻi hoʻi no kekahi o kona mau waiwai kino. Inā lanakila nā ʻāpana pālolo ma lalo o 0,002 mm i ka lepo, a laila hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he plastic, coherent, hygroscopic, me ka capillary kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa permeability a me kahi kihi haʻahaʻa o ka friction kūloko.
Ke hōʻike ʻia nei ka haku mele granulometric o ka lepo e nā laina o ka haku mele granulometric (fig. 1).
Fig. 1 - Nā laina o ka haku ʻāina granulometric: 1-one one; 2-ke one lepo; 3-puehu one; 4- lepo lepo; 5-pālolo
Ke hōʻike nei ka laina ordinate o ka haku mele granulometric i ka hakina kaumaha o nā ʻāpana paʻa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke anawaena i hōʻike ʻia e ka abscissa o ke kiko i hāʻawi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ma ke kiko A o ke kaha 4 hōʻike ka ordinate he 92% mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2 mm, a ʻo ke koena 8% ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 2 mm.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻāina e like me ka haku mele granulometric
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lepo i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana paʻa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 2 mm e like me ka mahele nui o ka lepo e ka haku mele granulometric, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka fig. 1. I ka hana ʻana pēlā, ʻo ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia i ka lepo e ʻae ʻia ʻo ia ka hakina kumu, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea hou aku. No ka laʻana, inā he one ka nui o ka granulation o ka lepo me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻiliʻili, a laila ua helu ʻia ia lepo me ke one ʻiliʻili, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe he ʻiliʻili one. Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā hakina pākahi i ka lepo. No ka laʻana, inā loaʻa i ka lepo ka 15% pālolo, 45% lepo, 30% one a me 10% ʻiliʻili, hiki ke helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he lepo pālolo me 15% pālolo a me 10% ʻiliʻili.
Eia naʻe, no nā lepo ʻili maikaʻi i loaʻa nā ʻāpana paʻa liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2 mm, hana maʻamau ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma muli o kā lākou haku mele granulometric e like me ke kiʻi triangular. Aia kekahi mau kiʻi like ʻole, a mākou e helu ai i ka mea nui loa mai ka US Bureau of Soils, fig. 2.
Fig. 2 - Ke Keʻena ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Triangular Diagram
He ʻekolu koʻi koʻi huikau i pelu ʻia i loko o ka huinakolu like, a ʻo kēlā me kēia koʻi e hōʻike ana i hoʻokahi hakina, ʻo ia hoʻi ke one, ka lepo a me ka pālolo ma ka % ma ke kaumaha o ka nui o ka lepo. Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻili o ke kiʻikuhi i nā ʻāpana 10, e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia mea i kahi ʻano lepo ʻokoʻa. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka huinakolu i kahi abscissa kahi e hoʻāla ʻia ai nā ordinates e like me nā abscissas ʻelua ʻē aʻe.
Loaʻa kēlā me kēia kiko o kēia kiʻi3nā koina e hōʻike ana i nā pākēneka i helu ʻia3nā hakina i loko o ka lepo i hāʻawi ʻia a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka lepo. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kiko M ma ke kiʻikuhi e hōʻike ana i ka pālolo. Loaʻa iā ia ma ke ala mai ke kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻohui granulometric fig.1e hoʻoholo i nā ʻaoʻao pākahi, i kēia hihia (laina4ma fig.1):35%pālolo,25%lepo,40%one, kahi o ka nui o8%ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka ʻiliʻili no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi10%.
ʻO kēia hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i nā ʻāpana o ke one, ka lepo a me ka ʻiliʻili e like me ka mahele ʻAmelika, akā ua ʻae ʻia e like me ia ma muli o nā waiwai hoʻohālikelike a me ka ʻike i loaʻa iā ia me kahi hoʻohālikelike.
Degere o ka like ole o ka lepo
Wahi a Allen Hazen, ʻo ke degere o ka like ʻole o ka lepo ka ratio (fig.3)
U=d60/d10
kahi d60anawaena palaoa e pili ana i ka ordinate60%, a me d10 anawaena hua e pili ana i ka ordinate10%.
No U< 5 tlo je ravnomernog sastava,
no U =5-15ʻaʻole kūlike ka lepo i ka haku ʻana,
no U >15ʻaʻole kūlike ka lepo.
Ke piʻi ka laina o ka haku mele granulometric, liʻiliʻi ka waiwai o ke degere o ka like ʻole U, ʻoiai ʻo ia no kahi laina palahalaha he nui. ʻO ka waiwai liʻiliʻi loa no _U_1. Inā ʻoi aku ka palahalaha o ka laina o ka haku mele granulometric, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai o U. No ke one ka mea maʻamau U=1-15, no ka lepo lepo U=10-90, aka, no ka lepo me ka like ole o ka haku mele, U hiki ke loaa i na waiwai nui loa.
Sl.3- Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke anawaena palaoa d60a me d10
Kānāwai lula
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia lula ma ka ʻano granulometric o ka kānana, ʻo ia ka hana e hōʻemi i ka gradient hydraulic i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka lepo a me ka papa wai pōhaku e ka nui o ka palaoa transitional, i mea e pale ai i ka holoi ʻana i nā ʻāpana lepo liʻiliʻi e ka wai lepo. ʻO nā kūlana maʻamau e hui ai ka papa kānana ʻo ia ka wai-permeable a paʻa. Nui nā lula no ka haku ʻana i nā kānana, ʻo ia wale nō ka lula a Terzaghi e helu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa.
Ke aupuni o Terzaghi
Heluhelu ʻia ka lula a Terzaghi: ʻO ka granulation o ka kānana e like me kāna mau hua i ka nui.15%ʻāpana ma ke kaumaha o ka nui kānana holoʻokoʻa (F15) ka liʻiliʻi loa4ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻāpana lepo ʻoi loa kahi e kau ai ka kānana (mau kumu) i ka nui15%o na hapa ma ke kaumaha o ke kumu (B15), me ka ʻole o ka nui ma mua o4manawa B85, oia ka nui o na mea liilii loa ma85%ʻāpana ma ke kaumaha o ke kumu. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kēia lula e nā pilina:
F15/B15 >4a me F15/B85< 4.
ʻO ka lakio mua e hōʻoia i ka wai permeability o ka kānana, aʻo ka lua e hōʻoia i kona kūpaʻa.
Sl.4- ʻO ke kānāwai kānana o Terzaghia
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ke kumu ma ka fig.4laina palena1a2. ʻO nā laina palena o ka kānana3a4. Kūlana F15 >4_B15Hōʻike ʻia ʻo _ e ke kiko a ma ka laina palena3, kūlana F15< 4_B85_ tačkom b na liniji 4.
Manaʻo ʻia e pili like ka laina o ka haku mele granulometric o ka kānana me ka laina o ka haku mele granulometric o ke kumu.
Ma kahi o ʻelua laina koʻikoʻi o ka haku mele granulometric o ke kumu e like me ka fig.4, hiki ke hoʻokahi laina o ka ʻai maʻamau. I kēlā hihia, helu B15 a me B85 aia ma ka laina like (e like me ka fig.5).
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka granulation ma waena o ke kumu a me ka papa wai ʻaʻole lawa kahi kānana no ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o ke kumu a me ka papa. I kēia hihia, aia ka kānana i nā ʻāpana kānana, i hoʻoholo ʻia e like me ke kānāwai like, a hiki i ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka waihona wai.
Sl.5- Ka laʻana o ka helu ʻana o nā papa kānana
Hoʻololi ʻia nā māhele ma luna, nā palena palena a me nā lula mai kahi kumu mōʻaukala a ʻaʻole ia he pani no ka hoʻohālikelike geotechnical o kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻoihana, hoʻolālā kānana a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā hana. Pono ka ʻāina maoli a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ka hoʻāʻo kūpono, ka nānā ʻana i ka wai o lalo a me ka wai i luna, ka ʻili a me ka paʻa o loko, a me ka loiloi ʻana e kekahi loea i mana e like me nā lula pili a me nā kūlana o ka papahana kikoʻī.