Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lo mbhalo uhlala uyingobo yomlando yobuchwepheshe futhi awuwona ukunikezwa komklamo we-geotechnical, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri noma imisebenzi yomhlaba.

Izigaba zezinto emhlabathini

Umhlabathi unezigaba ezintathu: okuqinile, okuwuketshezi kanye negesi. Isigaba esiqinile simelelwa izinhlayiya eziqinile, amanzi awuketshezi, kanye nesigaba segesi ngomoya ovaliwe noma umhwamuko wamanzi ezimbotsheni zenhlabathi. Izinhlobo ezithile zenhlabathi zingaba nesigaba esisodwa, ezimbili noma ezintathu, okusho ukuthi inhlabathi ingaba uhlelo lwesigaba esisodwa, izigaba ezimbili noma ezintathu. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zomhlabathi zincike ezigabeni ngazinye. Umhlabathi ongahlangani, njengesihlabathi esomile ngokuphelele noma amatshe, uqukethe isigaba esisodwa kuphela - izinhlayiya eziqinile. Umoya okhona ezimbotsheni zalowo mhlabathi awuvaliwe futhi awuphikisani nokuhamba kwezinhlayiya eziqinile, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukubhekwa njengesigaba. Umhlabathi omanzi obumbene ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, oqukethe izinhlayiya eziqinile nezimbotshana ezivaliwe, ezigcwaliswe ingxenye yamanzi futhi ngokwengxenye nomoya noma umhwamuko wamanzi, inhlabathi yesistimu yezigaba ezintathu. Endabeni yokunyakaza okuqinile, amanzi nomoya emigodini yomhlabathi kuyaphikiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Inhlabathi engaphansi kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, lapho ama-pores agcwele amanzi ngokuphelele, ukuze kungabikho umoya noma umhwamuko wamanzi kuwo, iyisistimu yezigaba ezimbili. Umhlabathi osezingqimbeni ezijulile kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlelo lwezigaba ezimbili, ngenxa yokuthi umoya ovaliwe emigodini yenhlabathi ekujuleni okukhulu awunawo umthelela obalulekile ezindaweni zayo ezibonakalayo, lapho kunjalo zinqunywa izakhiwo zezigaba eziqinile neziwuketshezi.

Ukwakheka kwegranulometric

Izithako eziqinile zomhlabathi zingamaminerali noma izinto eziphilayo ezinosayizi abahlukene, kusukela kumatshe amatshe amakhulu namabhuloki, ubukhulu bamakhulu nezinkulungwane zamamilimitha ukuya kusayizi we-molecule eyodwa. Njengoba wazi, i-molecule iyisigidi esisodwa semilimitha, i-millimicron eyodwa. Usayizi omncane kakhulu wokuqina komhlabathi uthathwa njenge-20 mnoma ama-microns.
Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zenhlabathi eqinile bunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu ezintweni zayo ezibonakalayo. Lobu bunzima buboniswa ukwakheka kwegranulometric, okubonisa isilinganiso sosayizi wokusanhlamvu ngamunye ngezingxenye zabo zesisindo nesisindo esiphelele senhlabathi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi ngokusho kokwakheka kwayo kwe-granulometric kuhlukile emazweni ahlukene. Isigaba sethu simi kanje:

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokomlando komhlabathi omahhadlahhadla kanye nezinhlamvu ezincane ngokosayizi wezinhlayiyana

Imikhawulo kasayizi wezinhlayiya

Usayizi2 mm- umngcele ophakathi komhlabathi omahhadlahhadla kanye nezinhlamvu ezinhle. Izinhlayiya eziqinile ezifika kuye2mmkhombisa ukukhuphuka kwe-capillary yamanzi emhlabathini. Umhlabathi oqinile awunakho i-capillarity. Usayizi0,2 mm– umngcele phakathi kwesihlabathi esimahhadlahhadla (ebukhali) kanye nesihlabathi esithambile (esithambile). Usayizi0,02 mm- umkhawulo lapho okusanhlamvu okukodwa emhlabathini kungabonwa ngeso lenyama. Usayizi0,002 mm– umngcele phakathi kwenhlabathi exegayo kanye nobumba Usayizi0,0002 mm- umngcele phakathi kobumba nobumba lwe-colloidal. Izithako eziqinile ezinosayizi ngezansi0,002 mmzinomthelela omkhulu ezintweni ezibonakalayo zomhlabathi. Lezi zithako zinika ukubumbana kwenhlabathi, futhi uma zizincane futhi ziningi emhlabathini, umhlabathi uhlangana kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlangana kwenhlabathi nakho kuncike ekubunjweni kwamaminerali ezinhlayiya eziqinile ezincane kune0,002 mm. Uma lezi zinhlayiya zakhiwe ngokubola kwamaminerali aqinile kakhulu njenge-quartz, khona-ke ukuhlangana kwawo kuphansi kakhulu noma akukho, futhi ukumuncwa kwawo kwamanzi nakho kuphansi. Uma izinhlayiya zingezansi0,002 mmezakhiwe ngokubola kwezinto zobumba, khona-ke zinezakhiwo ezibophayo eziqine kakhulu uma izinhlayiya zincane, kuyilapho ukumuncwa kwamanzi kwezinhlayiya ezinjalo kuphezulu kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yomhlabathi kunikeza idatha ebalulekile nethembekile kwezinye zezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo. Uma inhlabathi ibuswa izinhlayiya zobumba ezinobukhulu obungezansi0,002 mm, khona-ke kakade kusekelwe kulokho kungaphetha ngokuthi inhlabathi enjalo iyipulasitiki, ihlangene, i-hygroscopic, ine-capillarity ephezulu, i-permeability ephansi futhi ine-angle ephansi yokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi. Ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yenhlabathi imelelwa imigqa yokwakheka kwegranulometric (Fig.1).

Imigqa yegranulometric yesihlabathi esiwubhuqu, isihlabathi esinothuli, uthuli olunesihlabathi, inhlabathi enobumba nobumba

Sl.1- Imigqa yokwakheka kwenhlabathi yegranulometric:1- isihlabathi esinogwadule;2- isihlabathi esinothuli;3- uthuli lwesihlabathi;4- inhlabathi yobumba;5- ubumba

Izilinganiso zemigqa yokubunjwa kwegranulometric zibonisa ingxenye yesisindo yezinhlayiya eziqinile ezincane kunobubanzi obumelwe i-abscissa yephoyinti elinikeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni A yomugqa4umdidiyeli ukhombisa ukuthi kukhona92%usayizi wezinhlayiyana ngaphansi2 mm, nokuthi abasele8%usayizi phezu2 mm.

Ukuhlukaniswa komhlabathi ngokuya ngokubunjwa kwegranulometric

Inhlabathi equkethe izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinkulu kuno-2 mm ihlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwenhlabathi ngokubunjwa kwegranulometric, eboniswa kufig. 1. Ngokwenza kanjalo, lowo omelelwe kakhulu enhlabathini wamukelwa njengengxenye eyisisekelo, kuyilapho abanye bengeziwe. Isibonelo, uma i-granulation evamile yenhlabathi ngokuvamile iyisihlabathi esinenani elincane lamatshe, khona-ke inhlabathi enjalo ihlukaniswa njengesihlabathi esinogwadule, kuyilapho okuphambene kungaba yitshe eliyisihlabathi. Ekuhlukaniseni, amasheya amafrakshini ngamanye emhlabathini nawo angaboniswa. Isibonelo, uma inhlabathi iqukethe 15% ubumba, 45% uthuli, 30% nesihlabathi 10%, ingahlukaniswa njengenhlabathi yobumba 15% nobumba 10%.
Nokho, enhlabathini ecolekile equkethe izinhlayiya eziqinile ezincane kuno-2 mm, ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwegranulometric ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuya ngomdwebo ongunxantathu. Kunemidwebo eminingana enjalo, esizobhala kuyo eyisisekelo kakhulu evela ku-U.S. Bureau of Soils, fig. 2.

Umdwebo wokuhlukanisa umhlabathi ongunxantathu ngokwengxenye yesihlabathi, uthuli nobumba

Fig. 2 - I-US Bureau of Soil Triangular Diagram

Umdwebo uqukethe izimbazo ezintathu zokuxhumanisa ezigoqwe zibe unxantathu olinganayo, lapho i-eksisi ngayinye imele ingxenyenamba eyodwa, okuyisihlabathi, uthuli nobumba nge-% ngesisindo sayo yonke inhlabathi. Ingaphezulu lomdwebo lihlukaniswe ngezindawo 10, ngayinye emele uhlobo oluhlukile lwenhlabathi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lukanxantathu lumelela i-abscissa lapho izixhumanisi ezihambisana namanye ama-abscissa amabili ziphakanyiswa.
Iphuzu ngalinye kulo mdwebo line3izixhumanisi ezimele amaphesenti asohlwini3izingxenye zomhlabathi othile bese unquma uhlobo lomhlabathi. Ngakho, isibonelo, iphuzu M emdwebeni limelela ubumba. Itholakala ngendlela yokuthi kusukela kumdwebo we-granulometric ukwakheka komkhiwane.1nquma amaqembu ngamanye, kulokhu angaba (umugqa4emkhiwaneni.1):35%ubumba,25%uthuli,40%isihlabathi, lapho inani8%igravel enganakiwe njengoba iba ngaphansi kuka10%. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubhekise ezincekwini zesihlabathi, uthuli kanye netshe ngokusho kwesigaba saseMelika, kodwa kwamukelwa kanjalo ngenxa yamanani okuqhathanisa nolwazi olunakho ngokuhlukaniswa okunjalo.

Izinga lokungalingani kwenhlabathi

Ngokuka-Allen Hazen, izinga lokungalingani kwenhlabathi yi-ratio (fig.3)

U=d60/d10

lapho d60uhlamvu lwezinhlamvu oluhambisana ne-ordinate60%, kanye d10 ubukhulu bohlamvu obuhambisana ne-ordinate10%. Okwe-U< 5 tlo je ravnomernog sastava,
kwe U =5-15inhlabathi ayilingani ngokwakheka, okwe_U_ >15umhlabathi awulingani. Uma umugqa wokwakheka kwegranulometric umqansa, inani lezinga lokungalingani U lincane, kuyilapho elomugqa oyisicaba likhulu. Inani elincane lika-U lithi1. Uma umugqa wokwakheka kwegranulometric uphansi kakhulu, inani elingu-U lingaphezulu. Esihlabathini kuvamise ukuthi U=1-15, okwenhlabathi yobumba U=10-90, kodwa endabeni yenhlabathi enokwakheka okungalingani kakhulu, U ingaba namanani amakhulu kakhulu.

Ukunqunywa kwesithombe kobubanzi bohlamvu obuyisici kumugqa wegranulometric

Sl.3- Ukunqunywa kobubanzi bokusanhlamvu d60kanye d10

Umthetho wokuhlunga

Lo mthetho usekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-granulometric yesihlungi, umsebenzi wawo owukunciphisa i-hydraulic gradient ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwenhlabathi nongqimba lwe-drainage yamatshe ngosayizi wesikhashana wokusanhlamvu, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugezwa kwezinhlayiya ezincane zenhlabathi ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izimo eziyisisekelo okufanele ungqimba lokuhlunga luhlangabezane nazo ukuthi lungenamanzi futhi luzinzile. Kunemithetho eminingana yokwakhiwa kwezihlungi, phakathi kwazo umthetho kaTerzaghi kuphela ozofakwa ohlwini lapha njengowaziwayo kakhulu.

Umthetho ka-Terzaghi

Umthetho ka-Terzaghi ufundeka kanje: I-granulation yesihlungi kufanele ibe ngendlela yokuthi izinhlamvu zayo ngobuningi.15%izingxenye ngesisindo sayo yonke isisindo sokuhlunga (F15) kube okuncane4izikhathi ezinkulu kunezinhlayiya zomhlabathi ezimahhadlahhadla lapho isihlungi sincike khona (izisekelo) ngenani15%izingxenye ngesisindo sesisekelo (B15), ngaphandle kokuba nkulu kune4izikhathi B85, lokho kungusayizi wezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu85%izingxenye ngesisindo sesisekelo. Lo mthetho ungavezwa ngobudlelwano: F15/B15 >4kanye F15/B85< 4.
Isilinganiso sokuqala siqinisekisa ukungena kwamanzi kwesihlungi, kanti okwesibili siqinisekisa ukuzinza kwaso. Imigqa yegranulometric yomngcele yesisekelo nesihlungi ngokomthetho ka-Terzaghi

Sl.4- Umthetho wokuhlunga we-Terzaghia

Izinhlayiya ezincane nezinkulu kunazo zonke zesisekelo zethulwa emkhiwaneni.4imigqa yasemngceleni1futhi2. Imigqa yomngcele wesihlungi ithi3futhi4. Isimo F15 >4_B15_ umelelwa iphuzu a emgqeni womngcele3, isimo F15< 4_B85_ tačkom b na liniji 4.
Kunconywa ukuthi umugqa wokwakheka kwegranulometric yesihlungi ucishe ufane nomugqa wokwakheka kwegranulometric kwesisekelo. Esikhundleni semigqa emibili eyeqisayo yokwakheka kwegranulometric yesisekelo njengakufig.4, kungaba umugqa owodwa wokulinganisa okusanhlamvu. Uma kunjalo, amaphuzu B15 kanye B85 zisemgqeni ofanayo (njengaku fig.5). Ngokuvamile, umehluko we-granulation phakathi kwesisekelo nesendlalelo sokudonsa amanzi ufana nokuthi indawo yokuhlunga eyodwa ayanele ukuguqulwa phakathi kwesisekelo nesendlalelo. Kulokhu, isihlungi siqukethe izindawo zokuhlunga eziningana, ezinqunywa ngokuvumelana nomthetho ofanayo, kuze kube yilapho usayizi omkhulu wokusanhlamvu wediphozi ye-drainage ufinyelelwa.

Isibonelo sokucacisa izendlalelo zokuhlunga eziningi phakathi kwenhlabathi nesendlalelo sokudonsa amanzi

Sl.5- Isibonelo sokubalwa kwezingqimba zokuhlunga

Izigaba ezingenhla, osayizi abanqunyelwe kanye nemithetho kudluliselwa emthonjeni womlando futhi azithathi indawo yesigaba samanje se-geotechnical, umbiko waselabhorethri, ukwakheka kwesihlungi noma uhlelo lokusebenza. Umhlabathi wangempela kanye nohlelo lokudonsa amanzi ludinga amasampula amele, ukuhlolwa okufanele, ukuhlolwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu, ukuguguleka nokusimama kwangaphakathi, kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwa uchwepheshe ogunyaziwe ngokwemithetho nemibandela esebenzayo yephrojekthi ethile.