Zvikamu zvezvinhu muvhu uye granulometric kuumbwa

Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chehunyanzvi hwekuchengetera zvinhu uye hachisi chekupihwa kweiyo geotechnical dhizaini, kuyedza marabhoritari kana zvepasi.

Zvikamu zvezvinhu muvhu

Ivhu rine zvikamu zvitatu: rakasimba, mvura uye gasi. Chikamu chakasimba chinomiririrwa nezvikamu zvakasimba, mvura yemvura, uye gasi chikamu nemhepo yakavharwa kana mhute yemvura mumavhu evhu. Dzimwe mhando dzevhu dzinogona kuva nechikamu chimwe, zviviri kana zvitatu, izvo zvinoreva kuti ivhu rinogona kuva nechikamu chimwe chete, chezvikamu zviviri kana zvitatu. Zvinhu zvemuviri zvevhu zvinoenderana nezvikamu zvega. Ivhu risingawirirani, rakadai sejecha rakaoma zvachose kana matombo, rine chikamu chimwe chete - zvimedu zvakasimba. Mhepo iripo mumapores evhu iroro haina kuvharwa uye haipikisa kufamba kwezvikamu zvakasimba, saka haigoni kuonekwa sechikamu. Ivhu rakanyorova rakabatana pamusoro pemvura yepasi, iyo ine zvimedu zvakasimba uye mapores akavharwa, akazadzwa chikamu nemvura uye chikamu nemhepo kana mvura mhute, ivhu retatu-phase system. Panyaya yekufamba kwakasimba, mvura nemhepo muvhu pores zvinopesana panguva imwe chete. Ivhu riri pasi pemvura yepasi, iyo pores izere nemvura, kuitira kuti pave pasina mhepo kana mhute yemvura mukati mavo, igadziriro yezvikamu zviviri. Iyo ivhu muzvikamu zvakadzika inofungidzirwa kuva maviri-phase system, nokuti mhepo yakavharwa mumapores evhu pakadzika kwakadzika haina simba guru pane zvayo zvepanyama, izvo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvinotarirwa nemhando dzezvikamu zvakasimba uye zvemvura.

Granulometric kuumbwa

Solid ingredients yevhu imineral kana organic matter yehukuru hwakasiyana, kubva pahurungudo hombe nemabhuroko, saizi yemazana nezviuru zvemamilimita kusvika pakukura kwemorekuru rimwe. Sezvaunoziva, morekuru miriyoni imwe yemirimita, imwe millimicron. Hukuru hudiki hwezvakaoma ivhu hunoonekwa se 20 mor microns.
Saizi yevhu rakasimba zvidimbu zvine simba rakakura kwazvo pazvinhu zvaro. Uku kukora kunoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwegranulometric, iyo inomiririra chiyero chezviyo zvega nezvikamu zvadzo nehuremu huremu hwese hwevhu. Kupatsanurwa kwevhu maererano nekuumbwa kwayo kwegranulometric kwakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana. Chikamu chedu ndeichi:

Particle size limits

Size2 mm- muganho pakati pevhu rakaoma uye rakanaka-grained. Zvimedu zvakasimba zvekusvika2mmratidza kuwedzera kwecapillary yemvura muvhu. Ivhu rakakora-grained harina capillarity. Size0,2 mm- muganho pakati pejecha rakatsetseka (rakapinza) nejecha rakatsetseka. Size0,02 mm- muganho unosvika kune zviyo zvega muvhu zvinogona kuzivikanwa neziso rakashama. Size0,002 mm- muganhu pakati pevhu rakasununguka nevhu Size0,0002 mm- muganhu pakati pevhu uye colloidal ivhu. Solid ingredients saizi pazasi0,002 mmzvine simba guru pamaitiro evhu. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa kubatana kune ivhu, uye kana zviri zviduku uye zvakawanda muvhu, ivhu rinowedzera kubatana. Zvisinei, kubatana kwevhu kunoenderanawo nekugadzirwa kwemaminerari ezvimedu zvakasimba zviduku pane0,002 mm. Kana zvimedu izvi zvakaumbwa nekuparara kwemaminerari akaoma zvikuru akadai se quartz, ipapo kubatana kwavo kwakaderera kana kusipo, uye kunwa kwavo kwemvura kunenge kwakaderera. Kana zvimedu zviri pazasi0,002 mminoumbwa nekuparara kwezvinhu zvevhu, zvino vane zvisungo zvinosunga izvo zvose zvakasimba kana zvikamu zviduku, asi kunwa kwemvura kwezvikamu zvakadaro kwakakwirira zvikuru. Iyo granulometric kuumbwa kwevhu inopa yakakosha uye yakavimbika data pane zvimwe zvayo zvemuviri. Kana zvimedu zvevhu pasi pasi 0,002 mm zvinokunda muvhu, zvino zvinogona kutogumiswa kuti ivhu rakadaro ipurasitiki, yakabatana, hygroscopic, ine high capillarity, yakaderera permeability uye ine yakaderera angle yemukati. Kuumbwa kwegranulometric yevhu inomiririrwa nemitsara yekugadzirwa kwegranulometric (fig. 1).

Sl. 1 - Mitsara ye granulometric ivhu kuumbwa: 1-gravelly jecha; 2-jecha rine guruva; 3-jecha huruva; 4-ivhu revhu; 5-ivhu

Maodhisheni emitsara yekuumbwa kwegranulometric inoratidza huremu chidimbu chezvikamu zvakasimba zvidiki pane dhayamita inomiririrwa neabscissa yenzvimbo yakapihwa. Semuyenzaniso, papoint A yemutsara 4 iyo yakarongeka inoratidza kuti pane 92% zvidimbu zvidiki pane 2 mm, uye kuti asara 8% akakura kupfuura 2 mm.

Ivhu kupatsanurwa maererano granulometric kuumbwa

Ivhu rine zvimedu zvakasimba zvakakura kudarika 2 mm zvinorongwa maererano nekupatsanurwa kwevhu nekugadzirwa kwegranulometric, inoratidzwa mumufananidzo. 1. Mukuita kudaro, iyo inonyanya kumiririrwa muvhu inogamuchirwa sechikamu chekutanga, asi mamwe anowedzera. Semuyenzaniso, kana kuwanda kwevhu kuzhinji kuri jecha rine huturu hudiki, saka ivhu rakadaro rinoiswa muboka sejecha rine jecha, nepo zvinopesana nejecha. Muchikamu, zvikamu zvezvikamu zvakasiyana muvhu zvinogonawo kuratidzwa. Semuyenzaniso, kana ivhu riine 15% ivhu, 45% huruva, 30% jecha ne 10% ivhu, rinogona kurongwa sevhu revhu rine 15% ivhu uye 10% matombo.
Zvisinei, kune ivhu rakatsetseka rine zvimedu zvidiki zvidiki pane 2 mm, kupatsanurwa kunoenderana nekuumbwa kwavo kwegranulometric kunowanzoitwa zvinoenderana nedhayagiramu yetriangular. Kune akati wandei madhayagiramu akadaro, atinozonyora ekutanga kubva kuUS Bureau yeSoils, fig. 2.

Fig. 2 - US Bureau yeSoil Triangular Diagram

Diagiramu ine matemo matatu akarongeka akapetwa kuita gonyotatu yakaenzana, umo akiso imwe neimwe inomiririra chikamu chimwe, chinoti jecha, guruva nevhu mu % nekurema kwehuremu hwevhu rose. Pamusoro peiyo dhizaini yakakamurwa kuita 10 zones, imwe neimwe inomiririra yakaparadzana mhando yevhu. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rwegonyonhatu runomiririra abscissa kubva kune iyo ordinates yakafanana kune mamwe maviri abscissas anosimudzwa.
Imwe neimwe pfungwa iri mumufananidzo ine3macoordinates anomiririra zvikamu zvakarongwa3zvikamu zviduku muvhu rakapiwa uye kuona rudzi rwevhu. Saka, semuenzaniso, poindi M pamufananidzo inomiririra ivhu. Inowanikwa nenzira iyo kubva pamufananidzo we granulometric inoumbwa fig.1sarudza mapoka ega ega, ayo munyaya iyi angave (mutsara4mumuonde.1):35%ivhu,25%huruva,40%jecha, uko kuwanda kwe8%hurungudo yakaregeredzwa sezvo ichisvika kushoma pane10%. Iyi kupatsanurwa kunoreva zvikamu zvejecha, guruva uye matombo zvichienderana nechikamu cheAmerica, asi chinogamuchirwa saizvozvo nekuda kwekufananidza hunhu uye ruzivo rwainarwo nemhando yakadai.

Degree yevhu kusaenzana

Sekureva kwaAllen Hazen, dhigirii rekusaenzana kwevhu chiyero (fig.3)

U=d60/d10

kupi d60dhayamita yezviyo inoenderana neiyo ordinate60%,uye d10 dhayamita yezviyo inoenderana neakarongeka10%. Zve U< 5 tlo je ravnomernog sastava,
ye U =5-15ivhu harina kuenzana mukuumbwa, zve U >15ivhu rakaumbwa zvisina kuenzana. Kana mutsara wekuumbwa kwegranulometric wakakwira, kukosha kwedhigirii rekusaenzana U idiki, nepo iyo yemutsetse wakatsetseka yakakura. Hukoshi hudiki hwe U ndehwe1. Kana mutsara we granulometric composition yakanyanya kuwanda, kukosha kwe U kwakakwira. Kujecha rinowanzoita U=1-15, yevhu revhu U=10-90, asi kana iri ivhu rine maumbirwo asina kuenzana zvikuru, U rinogona kuva nemhando huru zvikuru.

Sl.3- Kutsunga dhayamita yezviyo d60uye d10

Sefa mutemo

Mutemo uyu unobva pane granulometric kuumbwa kwesefa, iro basa nderekudzikisa hydraulic gradient pakusangana pakati pevhu uye dombo remvura dhizaini nekukura kwezviyo zvekuchinja, kuitira kudzivirira kugezwa kwezvikamu zvidiki zvevhu nemvura yepasi. Mamiriro ezvinhu ekutanga anofanira kusangana nesefa ndeekuti ive mvura-inopindika uye yakagadzikana. Pane mitemo yakati wandei yekuumbwa kwemasefa, pakati peiyo chete mutemo weTerzaghi uchanyorwa pano seunonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Mutemo waTerzaghi

Mutemo waTerzaghi unoti: Iyo granulation yesefa inofanira kunge yakaita kuti zviyo zvayo pahuwandu.15%zvikamu nehuremu hwesefa yese misa (F15) kuva mudiki4nguva dzakakura kudarika zvidimbu zvevhu zvakaomesesa panogara sefa (mabhesi) pahuwandu15%yezvikamu nekurema kwegadziko (B15), pasina kukura kupfuura4nguva B85, ndihwo saizi yezvimedu zvidiki pa85%zvikamu maererano nehuremu hwechigadziko. Mutemo uyu unogona kuratidzwa nehukama: F15/B15 >4uye f15/B85< 4.
Reshiyo yekutanga inovimbisa kupera kwemvura kwesefa, nepo yechipiri ichivimbisa kugadzikana kwayo.

Sl.4- Iyo yekusefa mutemo weTerzaghia

Zvidiki uye zvakakura zvimedu zvechigadziko zvinoratidzwa mufig.4miganhu yemuganhu1uye2. Mitsetse yemuganhu wesefa ndeye3uye4. Condition F15 >4_B15_ inomiririrwa nepoint a pamutsetse wemuganhu3, mamiriro F15< 4_B85_ tačkom b na liniji 4.
Zvinokurudzirwa kuti mutsara weiyo granulometric kuumbwa kwesefa inenge yakaenzana nemutsara weiyo granulometric kuumbwa kwehwaro. Panzvimbo pemitsetse miviri yakanyanyisa yegranulometric kuumbwa kwechigadziko semuonde.4, inogona kuva mutsara mumwe wepakati pezviyo. Kana zvakadaro, pfungwa _B15_uye b85 vari pamutsetse mumwechete (semufig.5) Kazhinji kazhinji, mutsauko wegranulation pakati pechigadziko uye dhiraivha yedhiraivha ndeyekuti imwe sefa zone haina kukwana pakuchinja pakati pechigadziko neraki. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo sefa ine akati wandei mafirita nzvimbo, ayo anotemerwa maererano nemutemo mumwechete, kusvika yakakura saizi yezviyo yedhipoziti yasvika.

Sl.5- Muenzaniso wekuverenga kwemasefa layer

Iwo mativi ari pamusoro, saizi yemuganhu uye mitemo inotamiswa kubva kune yenhoroondo sosi uye haisi inotsiva yazvino geotechnical classification, mushumo werabhoritari, dhizaini dhizaini kana hurongwa hwekuita. Iyo chaiyo ivhu uye dhizaini system inoda mumiriri sampling, kuyedzwa kwakakodzera, kutariswa kwemvura yepasi nepamusoro pemvura, kukukurwa kwevhu uye kugadzikana kwemukati, pamwe nekuongororwa nenyanzvi ine mvumo maererano nemirairo inoshanda uye mamiriro eiyo purojekiti chaiyo.