Izigaba zemathiriyeli emhlabeni kunye nokwakheka kwegranulometric

Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Lo mbhalo uhlala ungowogcino-mpepha wobugcisa kwaye ayisosithembiso soyilo lwe-geotechnical, uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri okanye imisebenzi yomhlaba.

Izigaba zemathiriyeli emhlabeni

Umhlaba unezigaba ezithathu: oqinileyo, olwelo kunye negesi. Isigaba esiqinileyo simelwe ngamasuntswana aqinileyo, amanzi angamanzi, kunye nesigaba segesi ngomoya ovaliweyo okanye umphunga wamanzi kwimibhobho yomhlaba. Iindidi ezithile zomhlaba zingabandakanya isigaba esinye, ezibini okanye ezithathu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umhlaba unokuba yinkqubo yesigaba esinye, izigaba ezibini okanye ezithathu. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zomhlaba zixhomekeke kwizigaba zomntu ngamnye. Umhlaba ongahambelaniyo, onjengesanti eyomileyo ngokupheleleyo okanye igrabile, inesigaba esinye kuphela - amasuntswana aqinileyo. Umoya okhoyo kwimibhobho yaloo mhlaba awuvalwanga kwaye awuchasi ukuhamba kweengqungquthela eziqinileyo, ngoko ke akunakuthathwa njengesigaba. Umhlaba omanzi ohambelanayo ngaphezu komgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, oqukethe amasuntswana aqinileyo kunye neepores ezivaliweyo, ezizaliswe ngokuyinxenye ngamanzi kwaye inxalenye yomoya okanye umphunga wamanzi, ngumhlaba wenkqubo yesigaba sesithathu. Kwimeko yokunyakaza okuqinileyo, amanzi kunye nomoya kwi-pores yomhlaba bachaswa ngexesha elifanayo. Umhlaba ongaphantsi komgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, iipores zawo zizaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi, ukuze kungabikho moya okanye umphunga wamanzi kuwo, yinkqubo yesigaba sesibini. Umhlaba okwimigangatho enzulu kucingelwa ukuba yinkqubo yezigaba ezimbini, kuba umoya ovaliweyo kwimibhobho yomhlaba kwindawo enzulu kakhulu ayinayo impembelelo enkulu kwiimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo, ezinokuthi zichongwe ngeempawu zezigaba eziqinileyo kunye nezamanzi.

Ukwakheka kwegranulometric

Izithako eziqinileyo zomhlaba ziyiminerali okanye izinto eziphilayo ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiingqalutye ezinkulu kunye neebhloko, ubungakanani bamakhulu kunye namawaka eemilimitha ukuya kubukhulu bemolekyuli enye. Njengoko usazi, imolekyuli sisinye sesigidi seemilimitha, imilimitha enye. Obona bukhulu buncinci bomhlaba obuqinileyo buthathwa njenge 20 mokanye iimicrons.
Ubungakanani bamasuntswana omhlaba oqinileyo bunempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwiimpawu zawo ezibonakalayo. Olu rhatyazo lubonakaliswa ngokubunjwa kwegranulometric, emele umlinganiselo wobungakanani beenkozo ngabanye ngokweenxalenye zabo zobunzima bobunzima bubonke bomhlaba. Ukwahlula komhlaba ngokwe-granulometric yayo ihluke kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Icandelwana lethu limi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Imilinganiselo yobungakanani besuntswana

Ubungakanani2 mm- umda phakathi komhlaba ocolekileyo kunye nocoliweyo. Amasuntswana aqinileyo ukuya kuthi ga2mmbonisa ukunyuka kwe-capillary yamanzi emhlabeni. Umhlaba ocolekileyo awunayo i-capillarity. Ubungakanani0,2 mm– umda phakathi kwesanti ecolekileyo (ebukhali) necolekileyo (ethambileyo). Ubungakanani0,02 mm- umda onokuthi uqondwe ngeliso lenyama iinkozo zomntu ngamnye emhlabeni. Ubungakanani0,002 mm– umda phakathi komhlaba kunye nodongwe Ubungakanani0,0002 mm– umda phakathi kodongwe kunye nodongwe lwe-colloidal. Izithako eziqinileyo ezinobungakanani obungezantsi0,002 mmzinempembelelo enkulu kwizinto ezibonakalayo zomhlaba. Ezi zithako zinika umanyano emhlabeni, kwaye ukuba zincinci kwaye zininzi emhlabeni, umhlaba ubambene ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubumbana komhlaba kuxhomekeke kukwakheka kweeminerali zamasuntswana aqinileyo amancinci kune0,002 mm. Ukuba ezi ngqungquthela zenziwe ngokuchithwa kwamaminerali anzima kakhulu njenge-quartz, ngoko ukudibanisa kwabo kuphantsi kakhulu okanye akukho nto, kwaye ukuxutywa kwamanzi kuphantsi. Ukuba amasuntswana angezantsi0,002 mmeyenziwe ngokubola kwezinto zodongwe, ngoko ke baneempawu zokubopha zonke ezomelele ngakumbi ukuba amasuntswana amancinane, ngelixa ukufunxwa kwamanzi kwiintlobo ezinjalo kuphezulu kakhulu. Ukubunjwa kwegranulometric yomhlaba kunika idatha ebalulekileyo kunye nethembekileyo kwezinye iimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo. Ukuba amasuntswana odongwe angaphantsi kwe-0,002 mm aphumelele emhlabeni, ngoko ke kunokugqitywa ukuba umhlaba onjalo yiplastiki, ihambelanayo, i-hygroscopic, kunye ne-capillarity ephezulu, i-permeability ephantsi kwaye ine-angle ephantsi yokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi. Ukubunjwa kwegranulometric yomhlaba kubonakaliswe yimigca yokwakheka kwegranulometric (umkhiwane 1).

Sl. 1 - Imigca yokwakheka komhlaba wegranulometric: 1-isanti yegravelly; 2-isanti enothuli; 3-uthuli lwesanti; 4-udongwe lomhlaba; 5-udongwe

Ulungelelwaniso lwemigca yokubunjwa kwegranulometric ibonisa ubunzima beqhekeza leengqungquthela eziqinileyo ezincinci kunobubanzi obumelwe yi-abscissa yenqaku elinikiweyo. Umzekelo, kwindawo A yomgca 4 ulungelelwaniso lubonisa ukuba kukho 92% amasuntswana amancinci kuno-2 mm, kwaye asele 8% makhulu kuno-2 mm.

Ukwahlula komhlaba ngokwegranulometric

Imihlaba equlethe amasuntswana aqinileyo amakhulu kuno-2 mm ihlelwa ngokokwahlulwa ngokubanzi komhlaba ngokubunjwa kwegranulometric, eboniswe kwifig. 1. Ngokwenza njalo, lowo umelwe kakhulu emhlabeni wamkelwa njengeqhekeza elisisiseko, ngelixa ezinye zongeziweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba igranulation jikelele yomhlaba ubukhulu becala yintlabathi enegrabile encinci, umhlaba onjalo uhlelwa njengesanti yegrabile, ngelixa ngokuchaseneyo iya kuba yintlabathi. Kuhlelo, izabelo zamaqhezu ngamnye emhlabeni zingabonakaliswa. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaba uqulethe 15% udongwe, 45% uthuli, 30% isanti kunye negrabile 10%, ingahlelwa njengomhlaba wodongwe 15% kunye negrabile 10%.
Nangona kunjalo, kwimihlaba ecolekileyo equlethe amasuntswana aqinileyo amancinci kune-2 mm, ulwahlulo olusekwe kukwakheka kwegranulometric ngokuqhelekileyo lwenziwa ngokomzobo ongunxantathu. Kukho imizobo enjalo emininzi, apho siya kudwelisa eyona isisiseko kwi-Bureau of Soils yase-US, umkhiwane. 2.

Fig. 2 - US Bureau ye-US yoMhlaba weSazobe esingunxantathu

Idayagram inee-asi zolungelelaniso ezintathu ezigoqwe zibe ngunxantathu olinganayo, apho iasi enye imele iqhezu elinye, oko kukuthi isanti, uthuli kunye nodongwe nge-% ngobunzima bobunzima bomhlaba wonke. Umphezulu womzobo wohlulwe ngokwezowuni 10, nganye kuzo imele uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomhlaba. Icala ngalinye likanxantathu limele i-abscissa apho ulungelelwaniso oluhambelana nezinye ezimbini ziphakanyiswa.
Inqaku ngalinye kulo mzobo linayo3ulungelelaniso olumele iipesenti ezidwelisiweyo3amaqhezu kumhlaba onikiweyo kwaye amisele uhlobo lomhlaba. Ngoko, umzekelo, inqaku elithi M kumzobo limele udongwe. Ifunyenwe ngendlela evela kumzobo we-granulometric ukwakheka komkhiwane.1misela amaqela ngamanye, apho kulo mzekelo aya kuba (umgca4emkhiwaneni.1):35%udongwe,25%uthuli,40%isanti, apho isixa se8%igrabile engahoywanga kuba ilingana nengaphantsi10%. Olu lwahlulo lubhekisa kumaqhezu esanti, uthuli kunye negrabile ngokwecandelo laseMelika, kodwa yamkelwa ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuthelekisa amaxabiso kunye namava anawo ngohlelo olunjalo.

Umlinganiselo wokungalingani komhlaba

Ngokuka-Allen Hazen, iqondo lokungalingani komhlaba ngumlinganiselo (umkhiwane.3)

U=d60/d10

apho d60Idayamitha yeenkozo ehambelana nolungelelwaniso60%, kunye d10 idiameter yengqolowa ehambelana nolungelelwaniso10%. Ye_U_< 5 tlo je ravnomernog sastava,
ye U =5-15umhlaba awulingani ngokuphakathi, ye U >15umhlaba awulingani. Xa umgca wokwakheka kwegranulometric umnqantsa, ixabiso leqondo lokungalingani U lincinci, ngelixa ukuba umgca osicaba mkhulu. Elona xabiso lincinci le-U ngu1. Ukuba umgca wokwakheka kwegranulometric ungaphezulu, ixabiso le-U liphezulu. Kwisanti ikholisa ukuba ngu-U=1-15, ngomhlaba wodongwe U=10-90, kodwa kwimeko yemihlaba enokwakheka okungalinganiyo kakhulu, U inokuba namaxabiso amakhulu kakhulu.

Sl.3- Ukumiselwa kwedayimitha yeenkozo d60kunye d10

Umgaqo wokuhluza

Lo mgaqo usekelwe ekubunjweni kwegranulometric yesihluzo, umsebenzi wokunciphisa i-hydraulic gradient ekudibaneni phakathi komhlaba kunye nomgangatho wokuhambisa amanzi ngamatye ngobungakanani bengqolowa yenguqu, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuhlanjululwa kwamasuntswana amancinci omhlaba ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Iimeko ezisisiseko ekufuneka zihlangabezane nazo umaleko wokucoca kukuba ube ngamanzi kwaye uzinzile. Kukho imigaqo emininzi yokuqulunqwa kwezihluzi, phakathi kwazo kuphela umthetho kaTerzaghi oza kudweliswa apha njengowona waziwa kakhulu.

Umthetho kaTerzaghi

Umgaqo kaTerzaghi ufundeka ngolu hlobo: Igranulation yesihluzi kufuneka ibe njalo kangangokuba iinkozo zayo ngokobuninzi.15%iinxalenye ngobunzima bobunzima besihluzo esipheleleyo (F15) ube ngoyena mncinane4amaxesha amakhulu kunawona masuntswana omhlaba arhabaxa apho isihluzo siphumle (iziseko) ngokobungakanani15%bamalungu ngobunzima besiseko (B15), ngaphandle kokuba nkulu kuno4amaxesha B85, obo bubungakanani bawona masuntswana amancinane85%iinxalenye ngobunzima besiseko. Lo mgaqo unokubonakaliswa ngobudlelwane: F15/B15 >4kunye no_F15/B85_< 4.
Umlinganiselo wokuqala uqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi kwesihluzi, ngelixa okwesibini kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo.

Sl.4- Umgaqo wokucoca we Terzaghia

Iincinci ezincinci kunye nezona zinkulu zesiseko zinikezelwa kumkhiwane.4imigca yomda1kwaye2. Imigca yemida yesihluzo yile3kwaye4. Imeko F15 >4_B15_ imelwe linqaku a kumgca womda3, imeko F15< 4_B85_ tačkom b na liniji 4.
Kucetyiswa ukuba umgca wokuqulunqwa kwegranulometric yesihluzi malunga nokuhambelana nomgca wokwakheka kwegranulometric yesiseko. Endaweni yemigca emibini egqithisileyo yokwakheka kwegranulometric yesiseko njengakwifig.4, inokuba ngumgca omnye wokutya okuziinkozo. Kuloo meko, amanqaku B15 kunye B85 zikumgca omnye (njengakwifig.5). Amaxesha amaninzi, umahluko kwi-granulation phakathi kwesiseko kunye ne-drainage layer kukuba indawo yokucoca enye ayanelanga kutshintsho phakathi kwesiseko kunye nomaleko. Kule meko, isihluzi siqukethe iindawo ezininzi zokucoca, ezichongiweyo ngokomgaqo ofanayo, de kube ubukhulu bengqolowa enkulu yediphozithi yokuhambisa amanzi.

Sl.5- Umzekelo wokubalwa kweeleya zokucoca

Ezi zahlulo zingentla, ubungakanani bomda kunye nemithetho ikhutshelwa isuka kumthombo wembali kwaye ayithathi ndawo yokuhlelwa kwe-geotechnical yangoku, ingxelo yelabhoratri, uyilo lokucoca okanye isicwangciso sokusebenza. Eyona ndlela yomhlaba kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ifuna iisampulu ezimele, uvavanyo olufanelekileyo, ukujongwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba nangaphezulu, ukhukuliseko nozinzo lwangaphakathi, kunye novavanyo olwenziwa yingcali egunyazisiweyo ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo kunye neemeko zeprojekthi ethile.