ʻO nā pā i loko o nā hale: ka makū, ka wela a me ke kani

Meka ʻoihana koʻikoʻi: He kikokikona hoʻonaʻauao waihona kēia, ʻaʻole he papahana maoli, helu ʻana a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana no ka wai wai, ka wela a i ʻole ka pale kani. Pono e nānā ʻia ka hopena o ka pā no ke kūkulu ʻana, ka lepo, ka wai, ke aniau, ke ahi, ka wai, condensation, acoustics a me nā mea e like me nā kānāwai kūpono, nā kūlana a me nā palapala a ka mea hana. ʻO nā huahana a me nā kaʻina hana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala, me nā pepa alakaʻi, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo no ka noi o kēia lā.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā paia a me ka insulation ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi lehulehu o Savo Kusić. ʻO ka manaʻo hana o kēia lā he puka puka lāʻau, pukapuka lāʻau-aluminika a me puka maʻamau.

1. Nā ʻano modular a me nā ʻano pā

E pili ana i nā ʻano modular i ke kūkulu hale ʻana, ʻokoʻa nā paia me nā hui (i hana ʻia i nā pōhaku lepo) a me nā pā me ka ʻole o nā hono (pā paʻa). ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kūkulu ʻole me nā hui ʻole, e like me ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa o nā paia, a me ka laulā a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka puka makani a me nā puka puka, e like me nā ana hoʻonohonoho hale.

No nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho me nā mea hoʻohui, e unuhi ʻia ka laulā o ka mea hoʻohui mai ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa o ka pā nā ana hoʻonohonoho i mea e loaʻa ai ke ana inoa inoa. No ka laʻana, inā e like me ke ana hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka pā ʻo 10 m, ʻo ka helu helu - ʻo ia. ʻO ka lōʻihi maoli - ʻo 9,99 m (ka laula o hoʻokahi hui ʻana he 1 cm).

I ka hihia o nā wehe (a me nā ana kūloko maʻemaʻe) no nā ʻōnaehana me nā hui, pono e hoʻohui ʻia hoʻokahi laula hui i nā ana hoʻonohonoho i mea e loaʻa ai ke ana nominal. No ka laʻana, inā ʻo 1,5 m ka laula maopopo o ka puka aniani maka (masonry) ma ke ana hoʻonohonoho, ʻo 1,51 m ka laulā inoa. No ka mea he 1,2 cm ka mānoanoa o nā hui pili ma nā paia pōhaku, ua hoʻohui ʻia kēia ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wehe.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pā i kekahi mau ʻano:

1. Nā ʻōnaehana pā hale:

• Nā pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia - no ka hoʻoilina a me nā pā paʻa wale nō
• Nā pā hoʻolei a hoʻoikaika ʻia
• ʻO nā pā i loko o ka hamo
• Nā paia pāpaʻi
• Nā pā no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā hana iwi iwi
• ʻO nā paia keʻano o ka pā
• ʻO nā pā i hanaʻia i nā paneli i hana muaʻia
• Nā pā mai nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia

2. Nā ʻano pā e like me ke kumu:

• Nā paia kumu
• Nā paia o lalo
• ʻO nā paia waho o nā hale
• Nā paia o loko o nā hale
• ʻO nā paia o luna

3. Nā ʻano pā e like me ka mea:

• Pā pōhaku maoli
• Paʻa paʻa
• Piliki/pāka pā
• Na paia aniani
• Pā kila
• Nā pā lāʻau

2. Ka pale ʻana i nā paia mai ka makū

I ka hihia o ka pale o lalo o ka pā, aia ka pale i ka wai ma lalo o ka honua a me ka pale ʻana i ka wai o lalo. ʻO ka pale ʻana mai ka wai ma lalo o ka honua ke ʻano o ka pae o ka wai ma lalo o ka pae o ka papahele haʻahaʻa. Inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka papahele haʻahaʻa, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka pale mai ka wai lalo. ʻOkoʻa loa ka hana ʻana no kēia mau pae ʻelua o ka pale, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pale ʻana mai ka wai lepo ma mua o ka makū.

Hoʻohana ʻokoʻa ka pale ʻana mai ka makū o lalo o ka honua no nā papa ākea a me ke kūpaʻa. Inā he papa ākea, ua hana ʻia me ka pahu pahu, a inā he ʻāpana kū pololei, hana ʻia me nā mea e pili ana i ka bitumen a i ʻole ka asphalt artificial. I kekahi manawa hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā screed sima.

No ka pale i ka wai ma lalo o ka honua, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka asphalt. Aia kekahi mau insulations i hana ʻia me ka jute a i ʻole nā ​​lau kepau.

ʻO nā pā o waho i kūkulu ʻole ʻia me ka pōhaku maoli a i ʻole nā ​​pōhaku maka, a ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā kile seramika, nā pā aniani a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa metala māmā, hiki ke pale ʻia mai ka ua a me nā wai ʻē aʻe o ka lewa ma o ka hana ʻana i ka plaster impermeable (me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea insulating), ma ka hana ʻana i nā uhi hoʻopaʻa kala ʻole, a ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.

3. Hoʻokaʻawale wela o nā paia

No nā lumi kahi e noho mau ai ka poʻe, i mea e mālama ai i nā kūlana olakino maikaʻi, ua lawa ka pale wela haʻahaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka pale wela kahi e pale ʻia ai ka condensation o nā mahu ma nā ʻili o loko o nā paia o waho. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu kēia “palena wela liʻiliʻi” i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokele waiwai o ka hoʻomehana. No kēia kumu, pono kahi pale wela i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia - a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka helu ʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale wela o nā paia o waho, i hoʻoholo ʻia he kūpono a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, pono e hana ʻia ma nā wahi āpau ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pā, no laila ma nā niches pukaaniani, ma luna o nā puka makani, nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao a me nā puka puka makani, cerclage, etc. lumi.

ʻO nā pā me ka uhi ʻana i loko ka mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe no nā kumu olakino, ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka wela ma ke ʻano ākea, a me ko lākou wehe ʻana i ka wela i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ke kino kanaka.

He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia e hoʻopili pono i nā niches radiator, a me nā hoʻokomo wai i nā paia o waho. He mea pono ke uhi i ka ili o ka paia ma hope o ka radiator me na pepa alumini i mea e ike ai i ka hoolele wela o ka radiator i ka paia o waho a hoʻi i loko o ka lumi.

4. Ka hoʻopaʻa leo o nā paia

I kēia mau lā, aia ka hoʻopuʻu kani mai ka leo spatial, i hoʻouna ʻia ma o ka lewa, a ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kani mai ka leo impact, i lawe ʻia ma o ke ʻano o ka hale.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ke kani lewa, me ka ikaika o 48 dB, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he pale haʻahaʻa loa no nā paia pā o nā keʻena koʻikoʻi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi inā hoʻonui ʻia ke kani ʻana i ka 50 dB, kahi e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai nā ordinates o ka pihi palena no nā paia e 2 dB.

Hoʻouna wale ʻia nā leo paʻakikī ma o nā haʻalulu flexural. ʻO ka hopena o ke kani ke kumu o ka ʻōlinolino o nā paia, a ma ka ʻaoʻao e kū pono ana i ke kumu kani, ʻo ka lewa pū kekahi. Ma muli o kēia, mai ka manaʻo o ka ʻenehana pale leo, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o nā pā hoʻokahi a me nā pā lehulehu.

Wahi a ka ʻenehana pale leo, ʻo pa hoʻokahi nā mea i kūkulu ʻia mai hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā lau i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia kekahi i kekahi. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā canvases me nā mea like ʻole. ʻO ka coefficient insulation leo o nā paia hoʻokahi e pili ana i: mass (kaumaha no kēlā me kēia square meter), bending stiffness (ʻoi aku ka pololei, ma ka ratio ma waena o ka bending stiffness a me ka nuipa) a me air permeability (non-cracked, well-glued walls). No ka pale leo haʻahaʻa o 48 dB, pono ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa o ka pā hoʻokahi 350 kg/m2, a no 50 dB ma kahi o 480 kg/m2.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mortar a me ke kāpili e hoʻopili nui i ka insulation leo o nā paia. Hōʻike mau ʻia kahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kani ʻana o ka leo ma mua o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o ka paia me ke kāpili. Loaʻa kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka insulation kani ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mea hoʻopili ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka pā. No nā paia i hana ʻia i nā mea porous, he mea koʻikoʻi ka glue mai ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana insulation leo, no ka mea e pale ana i ka lawe ʻana i ke kani ma o nā pores.

** ʻO nā pā he nui **, mai ka manaʻo o ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale leo, aia i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā pā pā, ma waena o ia mea ʻaʻohe pilina paʻa, akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e kahi papa ea. Ma nā hihia wale nō i kau ʻia ai kahi kāwele hikiwawe a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka pā nui me ka mānoanoa o 10 cm a ʻoi aʻe paha, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā mau canvases i kekahi i kekahi me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino i ke kani ʻana, e laʻa. me ka iwi iwi i hanaia me ka laula nui. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hakahaka ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka insulation (ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā lawa ka insulation me kahi hakahaka).

ʻO kēia mau mea i hōʻike ʻia he mea pono loa:

• ʻelua pūpū i haku ʻia me nā papa huluhulu lāʻau māmā, waiho ʻia i kū pono lākou ma kahi liʻiliʻi loa 3-5 cm; huina kaumaha o ka paia ma kahi o 90 kg/m2,
• ʻelua latike lāʻau i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia, i uhi ʻia ma waho me nā papa māmā i hana ʻia me ka huluhulu lāʻau me ka mānoanoa liʻiliʻi o 3,5 cm.

ʻAʻole kūpono nā paia māmā pālua o nā pūpū ʻoʻoleʻa like ʻole o ke kaumaha like.

E kūleʻa ana ke kani ʻana o kekahi pā inā ʻaʻohe puka i loko, no ka mea ma ia hihia e hoʻouna pololei ke kani ma ia mau puka. ʻO nā puka liʻiliʻi e like ana me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o kahi kani, a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ia, e hana ʻia ma ke keʻena pili i kumu hou o ke kani.

Noho no ka noi: ʻAʻole nā ​​​​mea mōʻaukala, nā nui, nā waiwai pale leo a me nā wehewehe ʻana o nā papa insulation i mea pani no ka helu ʻana i ke kino-kino, nā kikoʻī hui, ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā alahaka wela, ka mākū a me ka paʻa o ka ea a i ʻole ke ana ʻana o ke kūlana i loaʻa.