Inqaku elibalulekileyo lobuchwephesha: Lo nguvimba wemfundo wovimba, hayi iprojekthi yokwenyani, ubalo okanye umyalelo wokuthintela amanzi, ubushushu okanye ukhuseleko lwesandi. Isisombululo sodonga kufuneka sihlolwe ulwakhiwo oluthile, umhlaba, amanzi, imozulu, umlilo, umswakama, i-condensation, i-acoustics kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo, imigangatho kunye namaxwebhu omenzi. Iimveliso kunye neenkqubo ezikhankanyiweyo ngokwembali, kubandakanywa amaphepha okukhokelayo, azenzi isindululo kwisicelo sanamhlanje.
Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kweendonga kunye ne-insulation ayiyonxalenye yokunikezelwa koluntu lwangoku lwe-Savo Kusić. Imveliso yanamhlanje ibandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neengcango zesiko.
1. Imilinganiselo yeemodyuli kunye neentlobo zeendonga
Ngokubhekiselele kumanyathelo eemodyuli ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, izindonga ezinamaqhina (ezenziwe ngezitena) kunye neendonga ezingenazo izihlanganisi (iindonga zekhonkrithi) ziyahlukaniswa. Iinkqubo ezakhayo ngaphandle kwamalungu, ngokuhambelana nobude kunye nobukhulu beendonga, kunye nobubanzi kunye nokuphakama kwefestile kunye nokuvuleka kweminyango, kuhambelana nemilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa isakhiwo.
Kwiinkqubo zesakhiwo kunye nezihlanganisi, ububanzi bokudibanisa buyasuswa kubude kunye nobukhulu bodonga imilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa ukuze kufumaneke umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ngokwemilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa ubude bodonga10 m, ixabiso legama - oko kukuthi ubude bokwenyani - buya kuxabisa9,99 m(ububanzi belungu elinye bu1 cm).
Kwimeko yokuvuleka (kunye nemilinganiselo ecocekileyo yangaphakathi) kwiinkqubo ezinokubambisana, ububanzi obunye bokudibanisa kufuneka bongezwe kwimilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa ukuze kufumaneke umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ububanzi obucacileyo bokuvulwa kwefestile ekrwada (i-masonry) ngu-1,5 m kumlinganiselo wolungelelwaniso, ububanzi begama buya kuba 1,51 m. Ekubeni ubukhulu beendlela ezikufutshane kwiindonga zezitena ngokuqhelekileyo 1,2 cm, lo mlinganiso wongezwa ekuphakameni kokuvula.
Iindonga zinokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezininzi:
- Iinkqubo ezakhayo zodonga:
- Iindonga ezilayelweyo - zelifa lemveli kunye neendonga zokugcina kuphela
- Iindonga kunye nokuqinisa iindonga
- Iindonga kwi-plaster
- Iindonga zeSlab
- Iindonga zokuzalisa izakhiwo zamathambo
- Iindonga ezinesakhelo
- Iindonga ezenziwe ngeepaneli ezenziwe ngaphambili
- Iindonga ezivela kwiinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo
- Iindidi zeendonga ngokwenjongo:
- Iindonga zesiseko
- Iindonga zangaphantsi
- Iindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo
- Iindonga zangaphakathi zezakhiwo
- Iindonga ze-Attic
- Iindidi zeendonga ngokwemathiriyeli:
- Iindonga zamatye zendalo
- Iindonga zekhonkrithi
- Iindonga zezitena / zebhloko
- Iindonga zeglasi
- Iindonga zentsimbi
- Iindonga zokhuni
2. Ukukhuselwa kweendonga kumswakama
Kwimeko yokukhusela udonga olungaphantsi, kukho ukukhuselwa kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nokukhuselwa kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ukukhuselwa kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kuthetha ukuba umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ungaphantsi komgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba. Ukuba umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ungaphezulu komgangatho womgangatho ophantsi, sithetha ngokukhuselwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ukusebenza kwala manqanaba mabini okukhusela kwahluke kakhulu, njengoko kufuneka ukhuseleko olungakumbi kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunomswakama.
Ukhuseleko kubumanzi obuphantsi komhlaba lwenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kwiileya ezithe tyaba nezithe nkqo. Ukuba luhlu oluthe tye, lwenziwe ngekhadibhodi, kwaye ukuba luluhlu oluthe nkqo, lwenziwa ngeendlela ezisekelwe kwibhitumene okanye i-asphalt yokufakelwa. Ngamanye amaxesha iiscreeds zesamente nazo zinokusetyenziswa.
Ku ukhuseleko kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kusetyenziswa ibhitumene okanye iasphalt eyenziweyo yokutywina esekwe kwibala lokutywina. Kukwakho nezigqubuthelo ezenziwe ngejute okanye ngamashiti okukhokela.
Iindonga zangaphandle ezingakhiwanga ngamatye endalo okanye izitena ze-facade, okanye ezingafakwanga iithayile ze-ceramic, iipleyiti zeglasi okanye amaphepha esinyithi esikhanyayo, zinokukhuselwa kwiishawa kunye nokunye ukufuma kwe-atmospheric ngokwenza i-plaster engagxumekiyo (kunye nokongezwa kwezinto zokugquma), ngokwenza iingubo zokutywina ezingenambala, okanye ngezinye iindlela.
3. I-thermal insulation yeendonga
Kumagumbi apho abantu behlala ngokusisigxina, ukuze kugcinwe iimeko zempilo ezithandekayo, ukhuseleko oluncinci lwe-thermal lwanele, olumele umda ophantsi wokukhusela ukushisa apho ukukhuselwa komphunga kwiindawo zangaphakathi kwiindonga zangaphandle kuthintelwe. Oku “ubuncinane bokukhusela i-thermal” awanelisi icala lezoqoqosho lokufudumeza. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukuphuculwa - kunye noqoqosho ngakumbi - ukukhuselwa kwe-thermal kuyadingeka, enokuthi igqitywe ngokubala.
I-thermal insulation yeendonga zangaphandle, ezimisele ukuba ifanelekile kwaye ngokukodwa izoqoqosho, kufuneka iqhutywe kuyo yonke indawo eludongeni, ngoko ke nakwiifestile, phezu kweefestile, iindawo ezisecaleni kunye nokuvuleka kweefestile, i-cerclage, njl njl.
Iindonga ezine-insulating insulating yangaphakathi zinenzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye iintlobo zokugquma ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, ngenxa yekhono labo eliphantsi lokugcina ubushushu ngokubanzi, kunye nokususwa kwabo buthathaka kobushushu obukhutshwa ngumzimba womntu.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufaka i-radiator niches ngokugqibeleleyo, kunye nokufakelwa kwamanzi kwiindonga zangaphandle. Kudla ngokuba luncedo ukugquma umphezulu wodonga ngasemva kweradiyetha ngamashiti e-aluminiyam ukuze ubonakalise ukusasazeka kwemitha yobushushu ukusuka kwiradiyetha ukuya kudonga lwangaphandle ubuyela egumbini.
4. Ukufakwa kwesandi kwiindonga
Namhlanje kukho ukugqunywa kwesandi ukusuka kwingxolo yendawo, ehanjiswa emoyeni, kunye nokuvalwa kwesandi ukusuka ingxolo yempembelelo, ehanjiswa ngesakhiwo sesakhiwo.
Ukwahlula kwisandi esisemoyeni, ngamandla e-48 dB, kunokuthathwa njengokhuseleko oluncinci nakwiindonga zokwahlula iiofisi ezibalulekileyo. Kungcono ukuba ukugqunywa kwesandi kunyuswe ukuya kuthi ga ku-50 dB, apho ulungelelwaniso lwegophe lomda lweendonga luphakanyiswe ngu-2 dB.
Iindonga ezibambeneyo zisasaza isandi ngokukodwa ngeentshukumo eziguquguqukayo. Impembelelo yesandi ibangela ukuba iindonga zidibanise, kwaye kwicala elichasene nomthombo wesandi, umoya uphinda uphephe. Ngokusekelwe kule nto, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga indlela yokukhusela isandi, ulwahlulo lwenziwa phakathi kweendonga ezizodwa kunye neendonga ezininzi.
Ngokwendlela yokukhusela isandi, ** iindonga ezilodwa ** zibandakanya ezo zakhiwe ukusuka kwelinye okanye ngaphezulu kwamaphepha adityaniswe ngokungqongqo omnye komnye. I-canvases nganye inokwenziwa ngezinto ezahlukeneyo. I-coefficient ye-sound insulation yendonga enye ixhomekeke kwi: mass (ubunzima ngemitha yesikwere), ukugoba ukuqina (ngokuchanekileyo, kumlinganiselo phakathi kobunzima bokugoba kunye nobunzima) kunye ukungena komoya (ukungaqhekezi, iindonga ezifakwe kakuhle). Ukukhusela isandi esincinci se-48 dB, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubunzima obuncinane bodonga olulodwa 350 kg/m2, kunye ne-50 dB malunga ne-480 kg/m2.
Ukubunjwa komdaka kunye neglue kuchaphazela kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwesandi kwiindonga. Udonga olulukiweyo luhlala lubonisa ukugquma kwesandi esingcono kune-unplastered, kuba ukutywinwa okungcono kwendawo yodonga kufezekiswa ngeglue. Olu phuculo kwi-insulation yesandi lufezekiswa ngokufaka i-adhesive kwicala elinye kuphela eludongeni. Kwiindonga ezenziwe ngezinto ezixubileyo, iglue ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yendlela yokukhusela isandi, kuba ikhusela ukuhanjiswa kwesandi ngeepores.
Iindonga ezininzi, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ubuchule bokugquma isandi, zibandakanya iipaneli zodonga ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, phakathi kwazo akukho xhulumaniso oluqinileyo, kodwa zihlulwe ngumaleko womoya. Kuphela kwiimeko apho i-canvas eguquguqukayo kunye nenzima ibekwe phambi kodonga olukhulu kunye nobukhulu be-10 cm okanye ngaphezulu, iiseyile zodonga ezinjalo zinokubotshwa omnye komnye ngaphandle komonakalo othile kwi-insulation yesandi, umz. kunye neskeleton eyenziwe ngee-slats kunye nesithuba esikhulu. Isithuba esikhulu phakathi kwamaphepha amabini, ngcono ukugquma (ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba i-insulation enendawo engenanto yanele).
Oku kulandelayo kungqineke kuluncedo ngokukodwa:
- amaqokobhe amabini akhiwe ngeepleyiti zoboya zomthi olula, ezibekwe ngendlela yokuba zime ngokukhululekileyo kumgama olinganayo ubuncinane 3-5 cm; ubunzima bodonga bubonke malunga 90 kg/m2,
- Iileyile ezimbini zomthi ezahlulwe ngokupheleleyo, ziqatywe ngaphandle ngeebhodi ezikhanyayo ezenziwe ngoboya bomthi obunobungqingqwa obuncinane be-3,5 cm.
Iindonga eziphindwe kabini zoonokrwece eziqinileyo ezinobunzima obulinganayo azifanelekanga.
Ukukhutshwa kwesandi sodonga oluthile kuya kuphumelela kuphela ukuba akukho zivulo kuyo, kuba kuloo meko isandi siya kuhambisa ngokuthe ngqo kwezo zivulo. Izimbobo ezincinci ezilingana nobude besandi, okanye ezincinci kunoko, ziya kusebenza kwigumbi elisecaleni njengomthombo omtsha wesandi.
Inqaku lesicelo: Ubungakanani bembali, ubunzima, amaxabiso okhuselo lwesandi kunye neenkcazo zomaleko wokugquma azithathi indawo yezibalo zangoku zokwakha, iinkcukacha ezidibeneyo, ulawulo lweebhulorho ezishushu, ukufuma kunye nokuqina komoya okanye umlinganiselo wemeko efunyenweyo.