Inothi elibalulekile lochwepheshe: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa ogciniwe, hhayi iphrojekthi yangempela, izibalo noma iziqondiso zokuvimbela amanzi, ukuvikela okushisayo noma komsindo. Isixazululo sodonga kufanele sibhekwe ukwakhiwa okuthile, inhlabathi, amanzi, isimo sezulu, umlilo, umswakama, ukufingqa, ama-acoustics kanye nezinto zokwakha ngokuya ngemithethonqubo esebenzayo, amazinga kanye nemibhalo yomkhiqizi. Imikhiqizo eshiwo ngokomlando nezinqubo, okuhlanganisa namashidi omthofu, azihlanganisi izincomo zokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla.
Idizayini kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindonga kanye nokufakwa kwe-insulation akuyona ingxenye yamanje enikezwa ngumphakathi ye-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kokukhiqiza kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa amawindi okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
1. Ubukhulu be-modular nezinhlobo zezindonga
Ngokuphathelene nezinyathelo ze-modular ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, izindonga ezihlangene (ezenziwe ngezitini) kanye nezindonga ezingenayo amalunga (izindonga zikakhonkolo) zihlukaniswa. Izinhlelo ezakhayo ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa, ngokusho kobude nobukhulu bezindonga, kanye nobubanzi nokuphakama kwefasitela nokuvuleka kweminyango, kuhambisana nezinyathelo zokuhlanganisa isakhiwo.
Kuzinhlelo zesakhiwo ezinezixhumi, ububanzi besixhumi buyasuswa kubude nokujiya kodonga izilinganiso zokuxhumanisa ukuze kutholwe isilinganiso esincane. Isibonelo, uma ngokusho kwesilinganiso sokuxhumanisa ubude bodonga buyi10 m, inani elincane - okungukuthi ubude bangempela - buzolingana9,99 m(ububanzi belunga elilodwa bu1 cm).
Esimeni sokuvuleka (kanye nezilinganiso ezimsulwa zangaphakathi) zamasistimu anama-couplings, ububanzi obukodwa bokuhlanganisa kufanele kwengezwe ezilinganisweni zokuxhumanisa ukuze kutholwe isilinganiso esivamile. Isibonelo, uma ububanzi obucacile bokuvuleka kwewindi (i-masonry) okungavuthiwe kungu-1,5 m esilinganisweni sokuxhumanisa, ububanzi begama buzoba 1,51 m. Njengoba ubukhulu bamajoyini aseduze ezindongeni zezitini ngokuvamile 1,2 cm, lesi silinganiso sengezwe ekuphakameni kokuvula.
Izindonga zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana:
- Amasistimu odonga akhayo:
- Izindonga ezinezingqimba - ezamagugu nezindonga zokugcina kuphela
- Izindonga ze-Cast futhi eziqinisiwe
- Izindonga ku-plaster
- Izindonga ze-Slab
- Izindonga zokugcwalisa ukwakhiwa kwamathambo
- Izindonga ezimise uhlaka
- Izindonga ezenziwe ngamaphaneli enziwe ngaphambili
- Izindonga ezivela kumasistimu ahlanganisiwe
- Izinhlobo zezindonga ngokwenhloso:
- Izindonga zesisekelo
- Izindonga ezingaphansi
- Izindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo
- Izindonga zangaphakathi zezakhiwo
- Izindonga ze-attic
- Izinhlobo zezindonga ngokuya ngezinto ezibonakalayo:
- Izindonga zamatshe zemvelo
- Izindonga zikakhonkolo
- Izindonga zezitini/block
- Izindonga zengilazi
- Izindonga zensimbi
- Izindonga zokhuni
2. Ukuvikelwa kwezindonga kumswakama
Endabeni yokuvikelwa kodonga lwangaphansi, kukhona ukuvikelwa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuvikelwa kumswakama ongaphansi komhlaba. Ukuvikelwa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kusho ukuthi izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lingaphansi kwezinga lephansi elingaphansi. Uma izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lingaphezu kwezinga lesitezi esingaphansi, sikhuluma ngokuvikelwa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ukusebenza kwalawa mazinga amabili okuvikela kuhluke kakhulu, njengoba kudingeka ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kunomswakama.
Ukuvikelwa kumswakama ongaphansi komhlaba kwenziwa ngendlela ehlukile ezendlalelo ezivundlile nezime mpo. Uma ungqimba oluvundlile, lwenziwe ngekhadibhodi, futhi uma luwungqimba oluqondile, lwenziwa ngezindlela ezisekelwe ku-bitumen noma i-asphalt yokufakelwa. Ngezinye izikhathi izinsimbi zikasimende nazo zingasetshenziswa.
Ukuze ukuvikela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, kusetshenziswa itiyela noma isiqeshana sokuvala esisekelwe ku-asphalt sokwenziwa. Kukhona futhi izinsimbi ezenziwe nge-jute noma amashidi okuhola.
Izindonga zangaphandle ezingakhiwe ngamatshe emvelo noma izitini ze-facade, noma ezingafakwanga ngamathayili e-ceramic, amapuleti engilazi noma amashidi ensimbi ekhanyayo, zingavikelwa emanzini kanye nokunye umswakama womkhathi ngokwenza i-plaster engangenisi (ngokwengezwa kwezinto zokuvikela), ngokwenza izimbotshana zokuvala ezingenambala, noma ngezinye izindlela.
3. I-thermal insulation yezindonga
Emakamelweni lapho abantu behlala khona unomphela, ukuze kugcinwe izimo zempilo ezivumayo, ukuvikelwa okushisayo okuncane kwanele, okubonisa umkhawulo ophansi wokuvikela okushisayo lapho kuvinjelwa khona ukufiphala komhwamuko ezindaweni zangaphakathi zezindonga zangaphandle. Lokhu “ukuvikela okuncane kokushisa” akwenelisi uhlangothi lwezomnotho lokushisisa. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe okuthuthukisiwe futhi okunomnotho okwengeziwe kuyadingeka, okunganqunywa ngokubala.
Ukushisa okushisayo kwezindonga zangaphandle, okunqunywa ukuthi kufanelekile futhi ikakhulukazi ukonga, kufanele kwenziwe yonke indawo ezindaweni zodonga, ngakho-ke nasezindaweni zefasitela, phezu kwamafasitela, izindawo eziseceleni nokuvuleka kwamafasitela, i-cerclage, njll.
Izindonga ezine-insulating coating yangaphakathi zinenzuzo kunezinye izinhlobo zokugqumisa ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, ngenxa yekhono lazo eliphansi lokugcina ukushisa ngokujwayelekile, kanye nokususwa kwazo okubuthakathaka kokushisa okukhishwa umzimba womuntu.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufaka ngokuphelele ama-radiator niches, kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi ezindongeni zangaphandle. Ngokuvamile kuyasiza ukumboza udonga olungemuva kwerediyetha ngamashidi e-aluminium ukuze kubonakale imisebe yokushisa esuka kurediyetha ukuya odongeni olungaphandle emuva kwegumbi.
4. Ukufakwa komsindo kwezindonga
Namuhla kukhona ukuvalwa komsindo ovela emsindweni wendawo, odluliselwa emoyeni, kanye nokwehliswa komsindo osuka umsindo womthelela, odluliselwa ngesakhiwo sesakhiwo.
Ukuzihlukanisa nomsindo osemoyeni, okunamandla angu-48 dB, kungabhekwa njengesivikelo esincane ngisho nasezindongeni ezihlukanisayo zamahhovisi abalulekile. Kungcono uma ukufakwa komsindo kukhushulwa ku-50 dB, lapho izixhumanisi zejika lomngcele wezindonga ziphakanyiswa 2 dB.
Izindonga ezihlangene zidlulisa umsindo ngokukhethekile ngokudlidliza okuguquguqukayo. Umthelela womsindo ubangela ukuba izindonga zilokoze, futhi ohlangothini oluphambene nomthombo womsindo, umoya nawo uyalokoza. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ngokombono wendlela yokuvikela umsindo, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwezindonga ezilodwa neziningi.
Ngokwesu lokuvikela umsindo, izindonga ezizodwa zihlanganisa lezo ezakhiwe kusuka eshidini elilodwa noma amaningi ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile elinye kwelinye. Amakhanvasi angawodwana angenziwa ngezinto ezihlukene. I-coefficient ye-insulation yomsindo yodonga olulodwa incike kulokhu: mass (isisindo imitha yesikwele), ukuqina okugobayo (ngokunembe kakhulu, esilinganisweni phakathi kokuqina okugobayo nesisindo) kanye nokungena komoya (okungaqhekeki, izindonga ezinanyathiselwe kahle). Ukuze uthole ukuvikelwa komsindo okuncane okungu-48 dB, kuyadingeka ukuthi isisindo esincane sodonga olulodwa sibe ngu-350 kg/m2, futhi kokuthi 50 dB cishe 480 kg/m2.
Ukwakhiwa kodaka kanye ne-glue kuthinta kakhulu ukukhishwa komsindo kwezindonga. Udonga olunamekiwe luhlala lubonisa ukungezwani okungcono komsindo kune-unplastered, ngoba ukuvalwa okungcono kodonga kutholakala ngeglue. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kokufakwa komsindo kufinyelelwa ngokufaka i-adhesive ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela lodonga. Ezindongeni ezenziwe ngezinto ezinama-porous, i-glue ibaluleke kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni kwenqubo yokufaka umsindo, ngoba ivimbela ukuhanjiswa komsindo ngokusebenzisa ama-pores.
Izindonga eziningi, ngokombono wendlela yokuvala umsindo, zihlanganisa amaphaneli odonga amabili noma ngaphezulu, phakathi kwawo okungekho ukuxhumana okuqinile, kodwa ahlukaniswa ungqimba lomoya. Kuphela ezimeni lapho ikhanvasi eguquguqukayo nesindayo ibekwe phambi kodonga olukhulu olunogqinsi olungu-10 cm noma ngaphezulu, amakhanvasi anjalo angaboshelwa ngaphandle kwanoma imuphi umonakalo othile ekufakeni umsindo, isb. enohlaka lwamathambo enziwe ngama-slats anezikhala ezinkulu. Isikhala esikhulu phakathi kwamashidi amabili, kungcono ukufakwa kwe-insulation (yebo, uma ukufakwa kwesikhala esingenalutho kwanele).
Okulandelayo kubonakale kuwusizo ngokukhethekile:
- amagobolondo amabili akhiwe ngamapuleti eboya enziwe ngokhuni olula, abekwe ngendlela yokuthi ame ngokukhululeka ebangeni elincane elilinganayo 3-5 cm; isamba sesisindo sodonga mayelana 90 kg/m2,
- amalathini amabili okhuni ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele, ahuqwe ngaphandle ngamabhodi alula enziwe ngoboya bezinkuni anobukhulu obuncane obungu-3,5 cm.
Izindonga ezilula kabili zamagobolondo aqinile ahlukene anesisindo esilinganayo azifaneleki.
Ukufakwa komsindo odongeni oluthile kuzophumelela kuphela uma kungekho zikhala kuwo, ngoba kuleso simo umsindo uzodlulisela ngokuqondile kulawo mathuba. Izimbobo ezincane ezilingana ngesilinganiso nobude begagasi bomsindo, noma ezincane kunawo, zizosebenza ekamelweni eliseduze njengomthombo omusha womsindo.
Inothi lohlelo lokusebenza: Ubukhulu bomlando, uquqaba, amanani okuvikela umsindo nezincazelo zezendlalelo zokwahlukanisa azithathi indawo yokubala kwamanje kokwakheka komzimba, imininingwane ehlanganyelwe, ukulawulwa kwamabhuloho ashisayo, umswakama nokucinana komoya noma ukukalwa kwesimo esitholiwe.