Izindonga zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo

Okuqukethwe kwengcweti yengobo yomlando: i-athikili igcina ukuhlukaniswa komlando kwezindonga, izinkulumo, izilinganiso nezimangalo ezivela embhalweni wokuqala. Akuyona iphrojekthi yodonga, ukubala okumile noma kokuzamazama komhlaba, ubufakazi bomlilo, ukuvikeleka komsindo noma ukushisa, imininingwane yokuvimbela amanzi noma imiyalelo yokwenziwa. Impahla, umthamo wokulayisha, uxhumo, ukuqinisa, ukunwetshwa, umswakama nokuvikelwa komlilo kanye nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo kunqunywa abaklami abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngokusekelwe entweni ethile kanye nemikhiqizo emenyezelwe.

Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando yobuchwepheshe futhi asimeleli ukunikezwa kokuklama noma ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yamatshe.

1. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngetshe lemvelo

Kusukela ekwakhiweni okuqinile nokubukeka kwangaphandle okubuthakathaka kuya ekwakhiweni okungcono nokubukeka okuhle kakhulu, izindonga embhalweni wokuqala zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu alandelayo:

1. Izindonga zamatshe aphukile - zenziwe ngezingcezu ezicishe ziphuke, ezinosayizi abahlukene kakhulu, izindawo zazo eziseduze azicutshungulwa neze. Udonga kufanele lulingane nesikwele phezu kobubanzi balo bonke, ngezendlalelo ezingu-1,5m ngobude. Izindonga zamatshe ezichotshoziwe kufanele zisetshenziselwe kuphela ukugcina izindonga.
2. Izindonga ezinezendlalelo zamatshe aqedwe ngesando - nazo zenziwa ngezingcezu zosayizi abahlukahlukene, izindawo zazo ezincikene nezokuthintana, ezicutshungulwa ngobubanzi okungenani obungu-12 cm, cishe zi-perpendicular enye kwenye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubude besendlalelo buhlukile kokubili ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo esisodwa nasezindaweni ezihlukene.
3. Udonga olunezingqimba olungajwayelekile - izindawo ezithintayo neziseduze ziphathwa ngobubanzi okungenani obungu-15 cm. Ubude besendlalelo, kokubili ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yento eyodwa nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kushintshana emthambekeni omaphakathi. Ngezindonga zezendlalelo ezivamile, ukuphakama kwamatshe akushintshi.
4. Amatshe abaziwe noma izindonga zamabhulokhi - izingcezu ngazinye zicutshungulwa ngokufana ncamashí nemidwebo, futhi izindawo eziseduze nezixhumene nazo kufanele zicutshungulwe phezu kobubanzi bonke.
5. Udonga oluboshiwe noma udonga lwempahla exubile - lwenziwe ngetshe le-slab lemvelo elinodonga lwangemuva lezitini ze-sand-lime, amabhlogo kakhonkolo angasindi noma izitini eziqinile noma ezingenalutho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungqimba ngalunye lwesithathu lwetshe lemvelo kufanele luqukathe kuphela izixhumi okungenani ezinobude obungu-24 cm, futhi ezifaka ubukhulu bodonga lwangemuva okungenani 10 cm. Ugqinsi lwamatshe amatshe emvelo kufanele okungenani lube ingxenye yesithathu yobude, futhi okungenani kube 11,5 cm.

2. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngokhonkolo namabhulokhi enziwe ngezinto zokubopha

1. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngokhonkolo osindayo - lolu hlobo lodonga aluvamile ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamakamelo ahloselwe ukuhlala unomphela. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zezimboni. Kuphela ngohlobo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-masonry ene-lime-concrete slabs ukhonkolo ovela kuma-rock aggregates asetshenziselwa ukwakha.
2. Izindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo ze-skeleton zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe - izindonga zezakhiwo zamathambo zigcwele amabhlogo noma izitini. Uma amakholomu kakhonkolo aqinisiwe avumela ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu, ukufakwa kokushisa okungcono kakhulu kufanele kuhlinzekwe kulezo zindawo, njengamapulangwe okufakelwa enziwe ngokhuni lwezinkuni noma imicu yokhuni, uboya betshe noma ingilazi, amabhodi okushisa enziwe ngokhokho, njll.
3. Izindonga zangaphandle zamabhulokhi okhonkolo okhanyayo - ezindongeni zamabhulokhi angenalutho kakhonkolo okhanyayo anama-porous aggregates, kuyadingeka ukwakha uhlelo lokupakisha, ngoba ukuphakama kwala mabhuloki amakhulu kubonakala ngokugcwele uma amabhlogo kungadingeki ukuba aqoshwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ezindongeni (ngesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa) ezinobukhulu obungu-25 cm, amabhulokhi angenalutho angasetshenziswa njengezingcezu zonqenqema uma imisele esebusweni bebhulokhi ingaphazamisi. Uma izindonga zangaphakathi kufanele zixhunywe ezindongeni zangaphandle, kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze kugcwaliswe ama-voids asele ngezitini eziqinile zikakhonkolo. Ngale ndlela, konke ukuxhumana ngeke kuphazamiseke futhi ukusika akudingekile.
4. Ngokufanayo, ezindongeni ezenziwe ngamabhuloki aqinile okhonkolo onama-porous (igesi noma ukhonkolo we-foam) nawo wezinga elikhulu, kuyadingeka ukudala uhlelo lokupakisha. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amalunga ezingqimba eziseduze awafani. Izingcezu zezitolo zingaqedwa ngokubona izingcezu ezijwayelekile zekhonkrithi enezimbobo.

3. Izindonga zezitini zangaphandle

1. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngezitini eziqinile - ezindaweni ezibonakalayo zezitini, izitini eziqinile eziphansi zisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngoba kutholakala izingqimba eziphansi ezinikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kulolu donga lwezitini eziluhlaza, ukukhetha kokuxhumeka kubaluleke kakhulu;

• ibhulokhi yebhondi - izingqimba zababophezeli nabakweletayo ziyashintshana ngendlela efanele

• i-cross stitch - izingqimba zama-binder nama-binders ziyashintshana ngendlela efanele, kodwa ungqimba ngalunye lwesibili lwezibophezelo luboshwe ngesitini esiyingxenye (uhhafu wesitini)

• Uxhumano lwe-Gothic noma lwesiPolish - kusendlalelo ngasinye, izibophelelo nezibopho ziyashintshana kahle; inikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu

• Ukubopha okuFlemish noma kwesiDashi - izendlalelo zokuhlanganisa ziyashintshana kahle nezendlalelo zesiGothic

2. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngezitini ezinezimbobo eziqondile - isisekelo sezitini ezinemigodi ukuphakama sihambisana nesisekelo sezitini eziqinile (uxhumano lwesiphambano noma ibhulokhi); izindonga zezitini ezinezimbotshana zokuphakama zimboziwe.
3. Izindonga zezitini zangaphandle ezinezimbobo ezinde - uma ububanzi besitini buhambisana nobukhulu bodonga, kusetshenziswa isibopho sebhondi (imbondela yesitini esingu-½). Ezindongeni ezinamajoyinti okuxhumana asusiwe, imbondela ingu-¼ yesitini. Konke ukuxhumeka kwezitini ezingenalutho ezibude budinga izitini ezinobude obufanayo ezinezimbobo emaphethelweni nasezindaweni zokuphuma, ukuze imigodi ye-longitudinal ivalwe kahle ngokushisa.

4. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngamabhulokhi engilazi

Amabhulokhi engilazi enziwa kuphela izingxenye zezindonga zangaphandle. Kunezimo eziningi lapho udinga nje ukuvumela ukukhanya kwemini ngezikhala noma kuzo zonke izindonga, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungenisa umoya. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kungcono ukusebenzisa amabhlogo weglasi ukuze ugcwalise izimbobo ezindongeni. Izindonga ezenziwe ngamabhulokhi engilazi zibonisa inani lezinzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa namafasitela akudala: ukuvikela okukhulu kokushisa, ukuvikeleka okukhulu komsindo, ukumelana nomlilo, ukuhlakazeka okungcono kokukhanya, ukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu, njll.

Njengomthetho, amabhulokhi engilazi afakwa ezindongeni ezizisekelayo - akumele alayishwe ngokwezibalo. Nomaphi lapho ingilazi ihlangana khona nodonga, amakholomu okhuni noma izisekelo zensimbi, amajoyinti okunweba kufanele anikezwe akumele agcwaliswe ngokhonkolo.

Isikhala esikhululekile kufanele sishiywe phakathi konqenqema olungaphezulu lwezindonga zebhulokhi yengilazi kanye nesakhiwo esingaphansi sikakhonkolo esiqinisiwe noma usekelo lwensimbi lokugoba isakhiwo esingaphansi esishiwo. Amalunga okunweba phakathi kwamabhulokhi engilazi nezinye izinto kufanele agcwaliswe nge-bituminous jute, asphalt feel noma amabhodi okhuni axosha amanzi.

Ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zamabhulokhi engilazi okungenani 3 m2 kwanele ukufaka ukuqinisa okuqinisa odongeni oluseduze. Endabeni yezindawo ezinkudlwana (kufika ku-12 m2), izindawo ezingaphezulu zamabhulokhi engilazi kufanele zibekwe emseleni odongeni noma zibekwe ngokumelene namadrayini odongeni futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi zilungiswe ngamakhona ensimbi. Ezindaweni ezinkulu kuno-12 m2 ukuqinisa okukhulu kuyadingeka. Ukuqiniswa okuqondile okunjalo akubonakali ngaphandle, futhi kwenziwa ngokhonkolo noma amaphrofayela we-U. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqinisa okubonakalayo okuqondile nokuvundlile kwenziwa ngamaphrofayela we-I.

Izimangalo ezingokomlando zokushisa, umsindo, umlilo nokumelana nokucindezela akusebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo kuyo yonke imikhiqizo yesimanje. Ingaphezulu, ukuqinisa, izisekelo, ukunwetshwa kanye namajoyinti kufanele kuklanywe ngokuya ngesistimu emenyezelwe, imithwalo kanye namazinga avumelekile.

5. Izindonga zangaphakathi

Mayelana nezindonga zangaphakathi, kufanele kwenziwe umehluko phakathi kwezindonga zokuthwala nokuhlukanisa. Ukuthwala (ukuthwala umthwalo) izindonga zangaphakathi zihambisana nezindonga zangaphandle esakhiweni sazo, ngaphandle kokuthi ukuvikelwa okushisayo akudingeki kubo - ngaphandle kwezindonga ezitebhisini nezinye izindonga zokuhlukanisa amakamelo okuhlala.

Izindonga ezingalayishiwe zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:

• Izindonga zangaphakathi ezingalayishiwe, kodwa ezisekelwayo ezakhiwe phezu kwabo bonke ubude bezindonga noma izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo,
• Izindonga zangaphakathi ezingalayishiwe, ezimile ezingenazo izisekelo zobude, ngaphandle kwasekugcineni,
• Izindonga zangaphakathi ezinyakazayo indawo yazo ingashintshwa.

Izindonga zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngensimbi ngokuvamile zenziwa kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile, njengezindonga zamapuleti ensimbi ezimbonini noma amapuleti omthofu emakamelweni e-X-ray. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuvame kakhulu ukuhlangana nezindonga zangaphakathi ezigudlukayo ngendlela yamafreyimu ensimbi aneshidi lensimbi emaceleni omabili, ama-slabs kakhonkolo we-fiber noma ama-hardwood fiber slabs. Ngokuvamile lezi zindonga zigcwele uboya bengilazi.

Izindonga zangaphakathi zokhuni ngokuvamile zenziwe ngohlobo lwezindonga zohlaka lwamapulangwe - ngokuvamile ezicwebezelayo - noma zibe amaphaneli enziwe ngaphambili. Izindonga ezishelelayo ezivundlile (shear) zenziwe ngendlela yamaphaneli noma njengezindonga ezigoqayo.

Endabeni yama-partitions nezindonga ezinyakazayo, ukuzinza, okunamathiselwe, umthwalo esisekelweni nakusilingi, izidingo zomlilo ne-acoustic kanye nokuphepha kokucwebezela kufanele kubhekwe. Izindonga zamagumbi e-X-ray nezinye izinhlelo zokuvikela imisebe zidinga ukwakheka okukhethekile, izinto ezilawulwayo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe.