Archival nyanzvi yezvinyorwa: chinyorwa chinochengetedza kupatsanurwa kwenhoroondo yemadziro, mataurirwo, zviyero uye zvinorehwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga. Haisi purojekiti yemadziro, static kana seismic kuverenga, humbowo hwemoto, ruzha kana kudzivirira kupisa, ruzivo rwekudzivirira mvura kana mirairo yekuuraya. Zvishandiso, huwandu hwekutakura, zvinongedzo, kusimbisa, kuwedzera, hunyoro uye kudzivirira moto uye kutevedzera mirairo inoshanda kunotemerwa nevagadziri vane mutoro zvichienderana nechinhu chaicho uye zvigadzirwa zvakaziviswa.

Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza uye hachimiriri kupihwa kwedhizaini kana kuuraya kwemabasa emasonry.

1. Madziro ekunze akagadzirwa nematombo chaiwo

Kutanga kubva pakuvaka kwakashata uye kushomeka kwekunze kwekunze kusvika pakuvakwa kuri nani uye kutaridzika kwakanaka, madziro muzvinyorwa zvekutanga akakamurwa kuita mapoka anotevera:

  1. Masvingo ematombo akatyoka - akagadzirwa nezvidimbu zvakadambuka, zvehukuru hwakasiyana, izvo kunyange zviri padhuze zvisingagadziriswe. Rusvingo runofanira kuenzana nehupamhi hwarwo hwese, muzvikamu zve 1,5m pakureba. Madziro ematombo akapwanyika anofanira kushandiswa chete kuchengetedza madziro.
  2. Madziro akaturikidzwa ematombo akapedzwa nesando - anogadzirwawo kubva kuzvidimbu zvehukuru hwakasiyana, ane padyo neanosangana, akagadziriswa nehupamhi hunosvika 12 cm, anenge akaenzana kune mumwe nemumwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, kureba kwakasiyana mukati mechikamu chimwe uye muzvikamu zvakasiyana.
  3. Irregular layered wall - nzvimbo dzinobata uye dziri pedyo dzinobatwa nehupamhi hunosvika 15 cm. Layer urefu, zvose mukati memiganhu yeimwe uye muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, chinjana pamateru ari pakati nepakati. Nemadziro ezvikamu zvenguva dzose, kureba kwematombo hakuchinji.
  4. Matombo akavezwa kana madziro emadziro - zvidimbu zvega zvinogadziriswa zvinoenderana nemadhirowa, uye nzvimbo dziri padyo nepadyo dzinofanirawo kugadziriswa pahupamhi hwese.
  5. Mudhuri wakavharwa kana madziro emidziyo yakasanganiswa - inogadzirwa nematombo akasarudzika ane madziro ejecha-lime zvidhinha, zvidhinha zvekongiri zvisingaremi kana zvidhinha zvakasimba kana zvisina mhango. Panguva imwecheteyo, chetatu chega chega chematombo echisikigo chinongofanira kunge chine zvisungo izvo zvinokwana 24 cm pakureba, uye zvinopinda kumashure kwemadziro mashoma 10 cm. Ukobvu hwematombo ematombo chaiwo hunofanirwa kunge huchikwana chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehurefu, uye zvirinani 11,5 cm.

Rusvingo rwematombo chaiwo akaputsika

Rusvingo rwematombo akavezwa zvakanaka

2. Madziro ekunze akagadzirwa nekongiri uye mabhuroko akagadzirwa ekubatanidza zvinhu

  1. Midhuri yekunze yakagadzirwa nekongiri inorema - rudzi urwu rwemadziro haruwanzo shandiswa pakuvaka makamuri akagadzirirwa kugara zvachose. Inonyanya kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi. Chete nemhando yakasanganiswa yemasonry ine light lime-concrete slabs ndeye kongiri kubva kumatombo aggregates anoshandiswa mukuvaka kuvaka.
  2. Madziro ekunze eakasimbiswa kongiri skeleton zvimiro - madziro ema skeleton zvimiro anozadzwa nemabhuroko kana zvidhinha. Kana mbiru dzekongiri dzakasimbiswa dzichipisa kupisa kwakanyanya, zvirinani kupisa kwemafuta kunofanirwa kupihwa munzvimbo idzodzo, senge mapuranga ekudzivirira akagadzirwa neshinda yehuni kana matanda ehuni, dombo kana girazi makushe, mapuranga ekudzivirira akagadzirwa nekoki, nezvimwe.
  3. Kunze madziro echiedza kongiri zvidhinha - kumadziro echiedza kongiri maburi mabhuroko ane porous aggregates, zvinodikanwa kugadzira hurongwa hwekututira, sezvo hukuru hwezvivharo izvi zvakakura zvinonyatso kuratidzwa kana zvidhinha hazvifanirwe kutemwa panguva yekuiswa. Kumadziro (kuburikidza nechiyero chekubatanidza) nehupamhi hwe 25 cm, mabhuroko asina maburi anogona kushandiswa sezvimedu zvemupendero kana grooves pazviso zvebhuroko isingakanganise. Kana madziro emukati achifanira kubatanidzwa kumadziro ekunze, kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa kuzadza mavhodhi akasara nechiedza chakasimba chekrete zvidhinha. Nenzira iyi, kubatana kwese hakuzokanganiswe uye kucheka hakudiwi.
  4. Saizvozvo, kune madziro akaitwa neakasimba mabhuroki ekongiri yeporous (gasi kana foam kongiri) iyo zvakare yakakura chiyero, zvinodikanwa kugadzira hurongwa hwekututira. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti majoini ari mumitsetse yakatarisana haana kufanana. Zvidimbu zvezvitsuwa zvinogona kupedzwa nekuona zvakajairwa zvidimbu zveporous kongiri.

Nzvimbo inooneka yemadziro anorema kongiri

Kuzadza madziro nematombo mune yakasimbiswa kongiri skeleton kuvaka

3. Ekunze zvidhinha madziro

  1. Madziro ekunze akagadzirwa nezvidhinha zvakasimba - zvezvidhinha zvinoonekwa, zvidhinha zvakaomarara zvinonyanya kushandiswa, nekuti maturu akaderera anowanikwa anopa fungidziro yakanaka. Zvisinei, nokuda kwechidziro chezvidhinha ichi chakasvibiswa, kusarudzwa kwekubatanidza kunonyanya kukosha;
  • bond block - zvidimbu zvevasungiri uye vane chikwereti vanochinjana zvakanaka

Schematic inomiririra yekubatanidza zvidhinha block

  • cross stitch - zvidimbu zvemabhii nemabhainda zvinochinjana zvakanaka, asi chikamu chechipiri chega chega chezvidhinha chinosungwa nechidhinha chehafu (hafu yechidhina)

Schematic inomiririra yekubatana kwemuchinjikwa wezvidhinha

  • Gothic kana Polish yekubatanidza - mune yega yega, zvisungo uye zvisungo zvinochinjana nemazvo; inopa fungidziro yakanaka

Schematic inomiririra yeGothic kana yePolish brickwork

  • Flemish kana Dutch kusunga - iwo mabhinda layers anochinjana nemazvo neGothic layer

Schematic inomiririra yeFlemish kana Dutch brickwork

  1. Madziro ekunze akagadzirwa nezvidhinha ane vertical cavities - hwaro hwezvidhinha nemakomba muhurefu hunofanana nehwaro hwezvidhinha zvakasimba (muchinjikwa kana block connection); madziro ezvidhinha ane cavities pamwe kureba akafukidzwa.
  2. Ekunze zvidhinha madziro ane longitudinal cavities - kana upamhi hwezvidhinha hunoenderana nehupamhi hwemadziro, bond bond inoiswa (kufukidza kwehafu yezvidhinha). Pamadziro ane majoini ekubvisa, akafukidzira i ¼ yechidhinha. Zvese zvinongedzo zve longitudinally hollow zvidhinha zvinoda zvidhinha zvehurefu hwakafanana nemapako pamicheto uye matinji, kuitira kuti makomba akareba anogona kuvharwa zvakanaka nemafuta.

4. Madziro ekunze akagadzirwa nemagirazi egirazi

Maonero emukati emadziro egirazi rinoonekera

Glass mabhuroko anowanzo gadzirwa kune zvikamu zvemadziro ekunze. Kune dzakawanda zviitiko apo iwe unongoda kurega masikati kuburikidza nekuvhura kana kuburikidza nemadziro ese, pasina kudiwa kwemhepo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvakanakisisa kushandisa zvivharo zvegirazi kuti zvizadze kuzarura mumadziro. Madziro akagadzirwa nemagirazi emadziro anoratidza mabhenefiti akati wandei kana achienzaniswa neakare mahwindo: kudzivirira kukuru kwemafuta, kudzivirira kukuru kweruzha, kuramba moto, kupararira kwechiedza zviri nani, kuramba kudzvinyirira, nezvimwewo.

Semutemo, magirazi egirazi anoiswa mumadziro anozvitsigira - haafanire kutakurwa. Pese panosangana nzvimbo dzegirazi nemadziro, mbiru dzemapuranga kana zvitsigiso zvesimbi, majoini ekuwedzera anofanira kupihwa asingafanire kuzadzwa nepurasita.

Inzvimbo yemahara inofanira kusiiwa pakati pekumusoro kwemadziro egirazi block uye yakasimbiswa kongiri substructure kana simbi tsigiro yekubhenda yakataurwa substructure. Majoini ekuwedzera pakati pemabhuroko egirazi nezvimwe zvinhu anofanirwa kuzadzwa nebituminous jute, asphalt inonzwika kana mapuranga anodzinga mvura.

Pamusoro pezvivharo zvegirazi zvinonyanya 3 m2 zvinokwana kuisa iyo yekusimbisa yekusimbisa mumadziro ari pedyo. Kana iri nzvimbo yakakura (kusvika 12 m2), nzvimbo dzemagirazi egirazi dzinofanira kuiswa mugomba remadziro kana kuiswa pamadziro emadziro uye kune rumwe rutivi rwakagadziriswa nemakona esimbi. Panzvimbo dzakakura kupfuura 12 m2 panodiwa masimbisirwo makuru. Kusimbisa kwakamira kwakadaro hakuoneki kubva kunze, uye kunogadzirwa nekongiri kana U-profiles. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoonekwa zvakadzika uye zvakadzika zvinosimbisa zvinogadzirwa neI-profiles.

Zvekare zvinoti kupisa, ruzha, moto uye kumanikidza kuramba hazvishande pachigadzirwa chemazuva ano. Iyo yepamusoro, kusimbisa, zvitsigiro, kuwedzera uye majoini anofanirwa kugadzirwa zvinoenderana neyakaziviswa system, mitoro uye inoshanda zviyero.

5. Madziro emukati

Nezvemukati madziro, mutsauko unofanirwa kuitwa pakati pekutakura mitoro uye kupatsanura madziro. Kutakura (kutakura-kutakura) masvingo emukati anopindirana nemadziro ekunze muhutano hwavo, kunze kwekuti kudzivirira kwekushisa hakudiwi kubva kwavari - kunze kwemasvingo pamatanho uye mamwe masvingo ekuparadzanisa emakamuri ekugara.

Madziro asina kutakurwa akakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu:

  • Yakasunungurwa, asi yakatsigirwa madziro emukati anovakwa pamusoro pehurefu hwese hwemadziro kana zvivako zvavanozorora,
  • Yakasunungurwa, yakasununguka-yakamira madziro emukati asina chero zvitsigiro zvenguva refu, kunze kwekumagumo,
  • Masvingo emukati anofambiswa ane nzvimbo inogona kuchinjwa.

Madziro emukati akagadzirwa nesimbi anowanzo gadzirwa chete mune akasiyana zviitiko, senge simbi ndiro madziro mumafekitari kana mahwendefa emutobvu emakamuri eX-ray. Kusiyana neizvi, zvakajairika kusangana nemadziro emukati anotakurika ari muchimiro chesimbi mafuremu ane sheet simbi yakashongedzwa kumativi ese, fiber kongiri slabs kana hardwood fiber slabs. Kazhinji madziro aya anozadzwa neshinda yegirazi.

Madziro emukati emapuranga anonyanya kugadzirwa nenzira yemapuranga furemu madziro - kazhinji ane glazing - kana muchimiro chemapuranga akagadzirwa kare. Horizontal sliding (shear) madziro anogadzirwa muchimiro chepanera kana semadziro anopetwa.

Panyaya yezvikamu uye madziro anofambiswa, kugadzikana, kusungirirwa, mutoro pachigadziko uye sirin’i, moto uye acoustic zvinodiwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwekupenya kunofanira kuongororwa. Madziro emakamuri eX-ray nemamwe masisitimu ekudzivirira kwemwaranzi anoda dhizaini yakasarudzika, zvinhu zvinodzorwa uye kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi.

Mudhuri wepuraisheni yemapuranga ane girazi rinopenya nemagonhi