Izindonga zangaphandle nangaphakathi kulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo

Umxholo wengcali yooVimba: inqaku ligcina ulwahlulo lwembali yeendonga, intetho, imilinganiselo namabango avela kumbhalo wokuqala. Akuyona iprojekthi yodonga, ukubalwa kwe-static okanye i-seismic, ubungqina bomlilo, isandi okanye ukukhuselwa kobushushu, iinkcukacha zokungangeni kwamanzi okanye imiyalelo yokwenziwa. Izinto eziphathekayo, umthamo womthwalo, ukudibanisa, ukuqiniswa, ukwandiswa, umswakama kunye nokukhuselwa komlilo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemimiselo esebenzayo kunqunywe ngabaqulunqi abanoxanduva ngokusekelwe kwinto ethile kunye nemveliso ebhengeziweyo.

Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyi-archive yobugcisa kwaye alibonisi isibonelelo sokuyila okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa.

1. Izindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngamatye endalo

Ukuqala kulwakhiwo olurhabaxa kunye nenkangeleko ebuthathaka yangaphandle ukuya kulwakhiwo olungcono kunye nenkangeleko entle ngakumbi, iindonga kumbhalo wokuqala zohlulwe ngokwamaqela alandelayo:

1. Iindonga zelitye eliqhekekileyo - zenziwe ngamaqhekeza aqhekekileyo, anobukhulu obahlukeneyo, nemigangatho emeleneyo ayilungiswanga kakuhle. Udonga kufuneka lulinganiswe ngokulinganayo phezu kobubanzi balo bonke, kwiileya ze-1,5m ngobude. Iindonga zamatye ezityumkileyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela ukugcina iindonga.
2. Iindonga ezigutyungelwe ngamatye agqitywe ngehamile - nazo zenziwe ngamaqhekeza obungakanani obahlukeneyo, obuso bazo obujongeneyo kunye nobonxibelelwano, obucutshungulwe ngobubanzi obuncinci 12 cm, buphantse buxhomekeke komnye nomnye. Kwangaxeshanye, umphakamo womaleko wahlukile zombini ngaphakathi umaleko kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo.
3. Udonga olunolwaleko olungaqhelekanga - umphezulu ochukumisayo noyayameneyo uphathwa kububanzi ubuncinane 15 cm. Umphakamo womaleko, zombini ngaphakathi kwemida yesinye kunye nakwiileya ezahlukeneyo, zitshintshana kwithambeka eliphakathi. Ngeendonga zemigangatho eqhelekileyo, ukuphakama kwamatye akutshintshi.
4. Ilitye eliqingqiweyo okanye iindonga zebhloko - iziqwenga zomntu ngamnye zisetyenzwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokwemizobo, kwaye iindawo zazo ezimeleneyo kunye nezonxibelelwano kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kububanzi bonke.
5. Udonga oludityanisiweyo okanye udonga oluxutyiweyo lwenziwe ngelitye lendalo le-slab elinodonga olungasemva lwezitena zesanti-yekalika, iibhloko zekhonkrithi ezikhaphukhaphu okanye izitena eziqinileyo okanye ezingenanto. Kwangaxeshanye, lonke uluhlu lwesithathu lwelitye lendalo kufuneka luqulathe kuphela izibophelelo ezinobude obuncinci 24 cm, kwaye ezifaka ubunzima bodonga lwangemva ubuncinane 10 cm. Ubungqingqwa bamatye endalo amacwecwe mabube sisinye kwisithathu ubuncinane sobude, kwaye ubuncinane 11,5 cm.

2. Iindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi kunye neebhloko ezenziwe ngezinto ezidibeneyo

1. Iindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi enzima - olu hlobo lodonga alufane lusetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kwamagumbi ahloselwe ukuhlala ngokusisigxina. Isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiindawo zoshishino. Kuphela ngohlobo oludibeneyo lwe-masonry kunye ne-lime-concrete i-slabs ekhanyayo i-concrete evela kwii-rock aggregates ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
2. Iindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo ze-skeleton zekhonkrithi eziqiniweyo - iindonga zezakhiwo zamathambo zizaliswe ngeebhloko okanye izitena. Ukuba iintsika zekhonkrithi ezomeleziweyo zivumela ubushushu obuninzi, ukufakwa kwe-thermal engcono kufuneka kubonelelwe kwezo ndawo, njengeebhodi zokugquma ezenziwe ngoboya bomthi okanye iintambo zomthi, ilitye okanye uboya beglasi, iibhodi zokugquma ezenziwe nge-cork, njl.
3. Iindonga zangaphandle zeebhloko zekhonkrithi ezikhanyayo - kwiindonga zeebhloko zekhonkrithi ezikhanyayo kunye ne-aggregates ye-porous, kuyimfuneko ukudala isicwangciso sokupakisha, ekubeni ukuphakama kwezi bloko ezinkulu kubonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo ukuba iibhloko akufanele zigawulwe ngexesha lofakelo. Kwiindonga (ngomlinganiselo wokulungelelaniswa) kunye nobukhulu be-25 cm, iibhloko ezingenanto zingasetyenziselwa njengeziqwenga zomphetho ukuba i-grooves ebusweni bebhloko ayiphazamisi. Ukuba iindonga zangaphakathi kufuneka zidibaniswe kwiindonga zangaphandle, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuzalisa i-voids eseleyo ngezitena eziqinileyo zekhonkrithi. Ngale ndlela, uxhulumaniso lonke aluyi kuphazamiseka kwaye ukusika akudingekile.
4. Ngokufanayo, kwiindonga ezenziwe ngeebhloko eziqinileyo zekhonkrithi ye-porous (igesi okanye i-foam ikhonkrithi) nazo zinezinga elikhulu, kuyimfuneko ukwenza isicwangciso sokupakisha. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuba amajoyina kwiindawo ezikufutshane azihambelani. Iziqwenga zeendawo zokuthengisa zingagqitywa ngokubona iziqwenga eziqhelekileyo zekhonkrithi ye-porous.

3. Iindonga zezitena zangaphandle

1. Iindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngezitena eziqinileyo - kwimigangatho yesitena ebonakalayo, izitena ezisezantsi eziqinileyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu, kuba iileya eziphantsi zifunyanwa zinika umbono omnandi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kolu donga lwezitena eziluhlaza, ukhetho lokudibanisa lubaluleke kakhulu;

• ibhloko yebhondi - iileya zezibopheleli kunye nabatyalwayo ziyatshintshana ngokufanelekileyo

• i-cross stitch - iileya zezibophelelo kunye nezibopheleli zitshintshana ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa umaleko ngamnye wesibini wezibophelelo ubotshelelwe ngesiqingatha sesitena (isiqingatha sesitena)

• Uqhagamshelo lweGothic okanye lwasePoland - kwinqanaba ngalinye, izibophelelo kunye nezibophelelo zitshintshana ngokufanelekileyo; inika umbono omhle kakhulu_

• Ukubophelela okuFlemish okanye kwamaDatshi - iileya zesibophelelo zitshintshana ngokufanelekileyo neGothic layers_

2. Iindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngezitena ezinemingxuma emi nkqo - isiseko sezitena ezinemingxuma ekuphakameni zihambelana nesiseko sezitena eziqinileyo (umnqamlezo okanye uxhulumaniso lwebhloko); iindonga zezitena ezinemingxuma ecaleni komphakamo zigqunyiwe.
3. Iindonga zezitena zangaphandle ezinemingxuma emide - ukuba ububanzi bezitena buhambelana nobukhulu bodonga, ibhondi yebhondi isetyenziswa (ukwaleka kwe-½ yezitena). Kwiindonga ezineejoyinti zokudityaniswa kwe-offset, i-overlay yi-¼ yesitena. Zonke izidibaniso zezitena ezivulekileyo ezihlala ixesha elide zifuna izitena zobude obufanayo kunye nemingxuma emacaleni kunye neendawo zokuphuma, ukwenzela ukuba i-longitudinal cavities ivalwe ngokufanelekileyo nge-thermal.

4. Iindonga zangaphandle ezenziwe ngeebhloko zeglasi

Iibhloko zeglasi zenziwe kuphela kwiindawo ezingaphandle kweendonga. Kukho iimeko ezininzi xa ufuna ukuvumela ukukhanya kwemini ngokuvuleka okanye ngeendonga zonke, ngaphandle kwesidingo somoya. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kungcono ukusebenzisa iibhloko zeglasi ukuzalisa izivulo kwiindonga. Iindonga ezenziwe ngeebhloko zeglasi zibonisa inani leenzuzo xa kuthelekiswa neefestile zakudala: ukhuseleko olukhulu lwe-thermal, ukukhuselwa kwesandi esikhulu, ukuchasana nomlilo, ukusasazwa ngcono kokukhanya, ukumelana noxinzelelo olukhulu, njl.

Njengomthetho, iibhloko zeglasi zifakwe kwiindonga ezizixhasayo - akufanele zifakwe kwi-statically. Naphi na apho umphezulu weglasi udibana nomphezulu wodonga, iintsika zomthi okanye izixhaso zentsimbi, iindawo zokuhlanganisana zokwandiswa mazibonelelwe ukuze zingagcwaliswa ngodaka.

Isithuba esikhululekileyo kufuneka sishiywe phakathi komphetho ophezulu weendonga zebhloko yeglasi kunye nesakhiwo sekhonkrithi esomeleziweyo okanye inkxaso yentsimbi yokugoba isakhelo esikhankanyiweyo. Ukwandiswa kwamalungu phakathi kweebhloko zeglasi kunye nezinye izinto kufuneka kuzaliswe ngejute yebhituminous, i-asphalt eveziweyo okanye iibhodi zefibre zamaplanga ezigxotha amanzi.

Kumabala eebhloko zeglasi kuninzi 3 m2 kwanele ukufaka ukuqiniswa kokuqina kwindonga ekufutshane. Kwimeko yeendawo ezinkulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12 m2), iindawo eziphantsi kweebhloko zeglasi kufuneka zibekwe kwi-groove eludongeni okanye zibekwe ngokubhekiselele kwimibhobho yodonga kwaye kwelinye icala lilungiswe ngeekona zetsimbi. Kwimigangatho emikhulu kuno-12 m2 kufuneka iziqinisekiso ezinkulu. Ukuqiniswa okunjalo okuthe nkqo akubonakali ngaphandle, kwaye zenziwe ngekhonkrithi okanye iiprofayili ze-U. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqiniswa okubonakalayo okuthe nkqo kunye nokuthe tye kwenziwa ngeeprofayili ze-I.

Amabango embali obushushu, isandi, umlilo kunye noxinzelelo lokuxhathisa akusebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kuyo yonke imveliso yanamhlanje. Umphezulu, ukuqinisa, ukuxhasa, ukwandiswa kunye nokudibanisa kufuneka kuqulunqwe ngokwenkqubo ebhengeziweyo, imithwalo kunye nemigangatho efanelekileyo.

5. Iindonga zangaphakathi

Ngokuphathelele iindonga zangaphakathi, ulwahlulo kufuneka lwenziwe phakathi kweendonga zokuthwala kunye nezahlulo. Ukuthwala (ukuthwala umthwalo) iindonga zangaphakathi zihambelana neendonga zangaphandle kwisakhiwo sazo, ngaphandle kokuba ukukhuselwa kwe-thermal akufunwa kubo - ngaphandle kweendonga kwizitebhisi kunye neendonga ezithile zokwahlula kwamagumbi okuhlala.

Iindonga ezingalayishwanga zahlulwe ngokwamaqela amathathu:

• Iindonga ezingalayishwanga, kodwa ezixhaswayo zangaphakathi ezakhiwe phezu kobude bonke beendonga okanye izakhiwo ezihlala kuzo,
• Iindonga zangaphakathi ezikhululekile, ezimileyo ezingenazo naziphi na izixhaso zexesha elide, ngaphandle kweziphelo,
• Iindonga zangaphakathi ezishukumayo ezinesikhundla esinokutshintshwa.

Iindonga zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neendonga zentsimbi kwiifektri okanye iipleyiti ezikhokelela kumagumbi e-X-ray. Ngokuchasene noko, kuxhaphake kakhulu ukudibana neendonga zangaphakathi ezishukumayo ngokwemo yezakhelo zetsimbi ezinamashidi entsimbi emacaleni omabini, amacwecwe ekhonkrithi yefiber okanye amacwecwe omthi onzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi ndonga zizaliswe ngoboya beglasi.

Iindonga zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngomthi zenziwe ngohlobo lweendonga zesakhelo somthi - zihlala zikhazimla - okanye ngokwemo yeephaneli ezenziwe ngaphambili. Iindonga ezithe tyaba zokutyibilika (shear) zenziwe ngohlobo lweepaneli okanye njengeendonga ezisongwayo.

Kwimeko yezahlulo kunye neendonga ezihambayo, ukuzinza, ukudibanisa, umthwalo kwisiseko kunye nesilingi, iimfuno zomlilo kunye ne-acoustic kunye nokhuseleko lwe-glazing kufuneka luhlolwe. Iindonga zamagumbi eX-reyi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokhuselo lokusasazeka kwemitha zifuna uyilo olulodwa, imathiriyeli elawulwayo kunye noqinisekiso lobuchwephesha.