Hoʻoholo ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau e ka hele ʻana a i ʻole ka nele o nā hemahema, i ka nui o nā hihia e hōʻemi i kona ikaika a i ʻole e hōʻeha i kona helehelena waho.
Nodes
I ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia, loaʻa kekahi i nā puʻupuʻu olakino i hui pū ʻia me ka lāʻau, olakino, hui pū ʻia me ka lāʻau, a me nā puʻupuʻu ʻaʻole i hui pū me ia - nā puʻupuʻu ākea a hāʻule maʻalahi i waho (kiʻi4). ʻO nā Knots ka hemahema kumu e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano lāʻau a me nā huahana, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻopau i ka lokahi o ka lāʻau, paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana a hoʻemi i kona ikaika.
Inā loaʻa nā puʻupuʻu i loko o ka lāʻau, ʻo ka emi ʻana o kona ikaika e pili ana i ke kahua o ka pala o ka puʻupuʻu, kona nui a me kahi i kū ai. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻo nā knots i loaʻa i ka ʻāpana ʻāʻī a ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā kaola kaupaku e hoʻopilikia nui i ko lākou hiki ke hāpai. ʻAʻole pono nā puʻupuʻu me ke anawaena oi aku10 mm.
Ma nā lāʻau ʻili ʻia, nāwaliwali loa ka lāʻau ma nā wahi i loaʻa nā puʻupuʻu - nā puʻupuʻu make a nui i hui pū ʻia. ʻO nā puʻupuʻu i hui pū ʻia, a ʻoi aku hoʻi nā mea i hui ʻole ʻia, e hoʻopau i ka pono o nā mea kumu a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau ma mua o nā puʻupuʻu olakino.
Kiʻi4: Nodes - a) olakino, paʻakikī, hui pū ʻia; b) hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia paha; c) ka hemo ana; d) pepeiaohao; e) wili; f) puʻupuʻu - half-choke.
Nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā popopo
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kala maʻamau a me nā pala i loko a me waho.
Pena loko a popopo
ʻO nā kala o loko a me nā pala (Fig5) i ka wā e ola ana ka lāʻau ma ke kumu o ka lāʻau oʻo a i ʻole ma ka ʻāpana kumu o ka lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā fungi e luku ai i ka lāʻau. Komo nā spores fungal i loko o ka lāʻau ma o nā lālā haʻihaʻi a me nā ʻeha i ka lāʻau a me nā veins.
Kiʻi5: Pala pine.
I loko o ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia o nā ʻano coniferous a me broadleaf, ua pau ka hana ola o ka fungus. I loko o ka lāʻau o nā ʻano ʻano bulging lau (me ka ʻole o ke kumu), hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā haʻani i loko o ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia.
ʻAʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi ka ʻulaʻula o loko, ke kiko a me ke kumu hoʻopunipuni i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikaika o ka lāʻau. ʻO ka pala o loko, i hana ʻia e nā haʻani, hoʻopau i ka lāʻau a lilo i mea kūpono ʻole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana.
Pena waho a popopo
ʻIke ʻia nā waihoʻoluʻu o waho a me ka pala i ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia inā loaʻa ka haʻukū i loko. I ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, make nā spores fungal a pau e hoʻoulu ai i nā kala waho a me ka pala.
ʻO nā waihoʻoluʻu o waho a me nā popopo e pili ana i ka pala melemele, ka mottling, ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻulaʻula uliuli, nā kiko ʻeleʻele, ka ʻūhā, a me ka maʻi. Hoʻopau lākou i ka hiʻohiʻona o waho, akā hoʻemi iki i nā waiwai mechanical o ka lāʻau. ʻO ka pala sapwood, ka pox rot a me ka pala palupalu peripheral e hoʻopau i ka lāʻau. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hemahema o ka lāʻau ma ke kiʻi6.
ʻO ka lāʻau i loaʻa i ka haʻo maoli e nalowale kona mau waiwai mechanical a, ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka maʻi o ka lāʻau olakino ma nā hale kūʻai a me nā kahua kūkulu, pono e puhi ʻia.
Kiʻi6: Popopo o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole i hana ʻia e nā haʻupuʻu hoʻopau lāʻau - a) ʻōpala; b) ʻeha; c) ʻoʻoleʻa; d) pala laau kohu.
Nā māwae
E like me ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai a me ke ʻano o ka ʻeha, ua māhele ʻia nā māwae i nā māwae o ka ulu lāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka flammability, hoʻopuni a me nā māwae hau, a me nā māwae ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi, ma muli o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka lāʻau. Hoʻopilikia nā māwae i ka pono o ka lāʻau (Fig7).
Kiʻi7: Nā māwae o ka mechanical kumu - a) flammability; b) ke aloha kaiapuni; c) nā māwae ma muli o ka maloʻo ʻana a me ke kaumaha o ka ʻāpana poepoe; d) nā māwae ma muli o ke kaumaha o nā papa.
Nā hewa i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka lāʻau
Nā hewa ʻano lāʻau
ʻO nā hemahema i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau he curvature, grooving, twisting and eccentric heart. Hoʻemi kēia ʻano hewa i ka pākēneka hoʻohana o ka mea.
Nā hewa hoʻonohonoho lāʻau
ʻO nā hemahema o ka hale lāʻau - wili kaula, ʻaʻohe kahe o ka fiber, ʻaʻole i maʻamau ka laina o ka palaoa, ka lāʻau kohu ʻelua i loko, ka puʻuwai pālua, a me ka naʻau wahaheʻe - pili i ka ʻano kumu kumu lāʻau.
ʻO ka wili, ka ʻole o ke kahe ʻana o ka fiber a me ka ʻole o ka laina palaoa e hoʻemi i nā waiwai mechanical o ka lāʻau.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paona, ke kaumaha a me ka paʻakikī o ka lāʻau wili ma mua o ka lāʻau olakino. Eia naʻe, no ka mea ʻaʻole hōʻike ka lāʻau me ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka wili ʻāpana i nā loli nui i nā waiwai kino-mechanical i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lāʻau maʻamau, ua ʻae ʻia ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana me kekahi mau kapu. ʻO ka wili kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano nui. ʻO ka lāʻau kohu lua o ka lāʻau ʻoka i ka hana maʻamau e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi.
Puuwai o ka Laau
ʻO ka puʻuwai o ka lāʻau ke kumu i ka pipiʻi ʻana o ka lāʻau ʻili i ka wā e maloʻo ai a hōʻino i kona maikaʻi. Me ka hana poepoe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāpana puʻuwai he hemahema. Hoʻonui ka puʻuwai pālua i ka maikaʻi o ka hana poepoe. ʻO ka puʻuwai eccentric ka mea e hoʻemi nui ai i nā waiwai mechanical o ka lāʻau, a ma ia mau hihia kūpono i nā papa haʻahaʻa, a hiki i ka wahie.
ʻEha, ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻano ʻino
ʻO nā ʻeha he pūʻulu o nā kīnā e komo pū ana me nā ʻeha mechanical, nā ʻōpala, ka maloʻo hapa a me nā deformation mai nā ʻeha. Hiki i nā ʻeha mīkini ke hoʻemi i ka waiwai o ka lāʻau a kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau i ka ʻala i ka wā o kona ulu ʻana, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau poepoe i ka wā e waiho ai.
ʻO nā ʻili a me ka maloʻo hapa e hōʻino i ka maikaʻi, e hōʻino i ka pono o ka lāʻau a e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā papa makahiki.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka maʻi maʻi ʻaʻai i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pono mīkini a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau.
Ka huna huna ʻole
ʻO nā ʻeke, nā ʻeke a me nā ʻeke resin e hōʻino i ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau.
Koho lāʻau no nā puka makani a me nā puka
ʻO ka loiloi kūpono o nā mea waiwai kekahi o nā kumuhana e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā puka makani lāʻau, mau pukaaniani laau-aluminika a me puka. No kahi papahana kiko’ī a me nā ana i makemake ʻia, e hoʻouna noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo.