Inothi Lokuvikeleka: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ofakwe kungobo yomlando ovela ku-2018. unyaka, hhayi iphrojekthi noma imiyalelo yokufakwa okuzimele kwesistimu yokushisa. Ukubalwa, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusebenza, ukufakwa, ukuhlolwa kanye nokugunyazwa kufanele kunikezwe abaklami abaqeqeshiwe nosonkontileka, ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo esebenzayo kanye nemibhalo yomkhiqizi.
Izidingo zokushisisa zebhilidi zizonke nazo zithintwa imvilophu yesakhiwo. Bheka amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela e-aluminum kanye nezinsizakalo, noma thumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Ukushisisa ifulethi elikhudlwana nezakhiwo zomndeni ngezitofu zendabuko akuyona into yokuzilibazisa ebusika emnandi kakhulu. Ukushisa ngale ndlela akujabulisi nje kuphela ngoba kudala umsebenzi ukugcina isitofu, kodwa futhi ngoba kufanele ulungise uphethiloli, ubasa umlilo, uhlanze umlotha, futhi phakathi nayo yonke le misebenzi ifulethi liba ngcolile kunokuvamile. Ngaphezu kwalezi zimo ezimbi, ukushisa ngezitofu akuhlangabezani nezidingo zezindlu zanamuhla noma ngobuhle noma ngokulingana kokusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa. Ngokusekelwe kulawa maqiniso, akumangazi ukuthi hhayi kuphela ezakhiweni ezintsha ebunikazini bezenhlalakahle, kodwa futhi ezakhiweni ezikhethekile zomndeni namuhla, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokushisa oluphakathi.
Uhlelo lokushisisa kanye nomgomo wokusebenza
Idivayisi yokushisa ephakathi (isib.1) iqukethe uhlelo: i-boiler, izakhi zokushisa namapayipi. Indawo ephakeme kakhulu yale sistimu umkhumbi wokunweba. Lonke uhlelo lugcwele amanzi. Uma sishisa ku-boiler, amanzi ashisa futhi ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi athile aphansi, akhuphuka, futhi amanzi ashisayo athathelwe indawo ngamanzi apholile ezintweni zokushisa (ngakho-ke, anomthamo othize ophezulu). Amanzi ageleza phezulu afika epayipini eliya ezintweni zokufudumeza, lapho, akhiphe ukushisa kwawo, aphole futhi abuyele kubhayela.
Isithombe 1 — idivayisi yokushisisa okuphakathi.
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ngenxa yomehluko esisindweni esithile samanzi abandayo nashisayo ohlelweni, ukugeleza okuvaliwe okuqhubekayo kwakhiwa, okuvumela ukuhlinzekwa kwenani elithile lokushisa ezintweni zokushisa.
Amandla avumela ukuhamba kwamanzi ngenxa yomehluko wamazinga okushisa - ikakhulukazi uma kushisisa ileveli eyodwa kuphela - mancane kakhulu ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukala amadivayisi ngokusekelwe ezibalweni ezicophelelayo nezinembile. Empeleni, kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi amadivaysi, ikakhulukazi amafulethi amancane nalawo angawodwana, aklanywa ngokushesha futhi ngokusekelwe kudatha evela kokuhlangenwe nakho. Akungabazeki ukuthi isistimu yokushisa ephakathi ngezinye izikhathi ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ngale ndlela, kodwa kuvame kakhulu ukuthi ayisebenzi ngokungenasici, futhi amaphutha abangelwayo anzima kakhulu ukulungisa kamuva.
Kungakho akumele sizisole ngomzamo wokudala izibalo namaphrojekthi adingekayo, ngoba kuzokhokha impela. Akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi uhlelo olufana nalolu kufanele lusebenze impilo yonke.
Ukubalwa kwenani elidingekayo lokushisa
Umsebenzi wokuqala ngesikhathi sokuklama ukubala inani elidingekayo lokushisa lokushisisa amagumbi afunekayo. Inani elidingekayo lokushisa lokushisa lihambisana nokulahlekelwa kwayo. Ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kuncike emehlukweni phakathi kwezinga lokushisa langaphandle nezinga lokushisa legumbi elizoshiswa, ku-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa yalezo zindawo ezihlukanisa igumbi eliqashiwe, kanye nobukhulu balezi zindawo.
Isibalo kufanele senziwe ngokuhlukene endaweni ngayinye enama-coefficients ahlukene okudlulisa ukushisa kanye nomehluko wamazinga okushisa angaphandle nangaphakathi. Isamba semiphumela eyingxenye etholwe ngale ndlela izonikeza inani elidingekayo lokushisa kwegumbi. (Kulabo abamadolonzima ukwenza izibalo, sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukubala kudinga izibalo eziyisisekelo kuphela).
Inani lokushisa elidingekayo libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
Q=F * k (tb - tk)
Baphi:
Q - inani lokushisa elilahlekile ekamelweni, kcal / ihora;
F - indawo (udonga, iwindi, umnyango, phansi, uphahla) lapho ukushisa kudlula khona, m2;
k - i-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa kwendawo ebonakalayo, i-kcal / m2°C
tb- izinga lokushisa langaphakathi elifiswayo, °C
tk - izinga lokushisa langaphandle lendawo ephawuliwe, °C
Isithombe2— isibonelo sokubala inani lokushisa elidingekayo.
Faka kungobo yomlando isibonelo sokubala kwegumbi
Ukuze uthole ukubuka konke okungcono kokugeleza kwesibalo, sizothatha isibonelo esisebenzayo. Umsebenzi ukubala inani elidingekayo lokushisa kwesakhiwo sokuhlala kusuka esithombeni No.2. Idatha yobuchwepheshe yilezi: izindonga zokuhlukanisa ezenziwe ngezitini ezinama-porous, ubukhulu10 cm, enamende nhlangothi zombili, ukujiya kodonga oluyinhloko38 cm kukhomekwe nhlangothi zombili, umnyango ocwebezelisiwe owodwa, ifasitela eliphindwe kabili elinohlaka lwamapulangwe. uphahla olunemishayo yokhuni nhlangothi zombili embozwe ngamabhodi futhi ngaphezu kophahla i-attic evaliwe, ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukushisa okuncane okulindelekile kwangaphandle -20°C. Ukudlulisa ukushisa ngefasitela elingaphandle:
Indawo: F =1,5x2=3 m2
I-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa: k =3,5
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb = +20°C, tk = -20°C, tb - tk =20- (-20) =40°C
Q=3x3,5x40=420kcal/ihora
Iphaseji lokushisa ngodonga olukhulu olungaphandle:
Indawo: F =3h4- indawo yewindi =12-3=9 m2
Q =9h1,3x40=468kcal/ihora
Ukudlula kokushisa ngomnyango oya ehholo:
Indawo: F =0,9x2=1,8 m2
k =3
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb =20°C; tk =16°C, tb - tk =20-16=4°C
Q =1,8h3h4=21,6kcal/ihora
Ukudlula kokushisa odongeni kuya ehholo:
Indawo: F =3x3,5- indawo yomnyango =10,5-1,8=8,7m2
k =1,6
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb - tk =40°C
Q = 8,7 x 1,6 x 4 = 55,7 kcal/ihora
Ukudlula kokushisa odongeni kuya ku-WC:
Okungaphezulu: F = 1,5 x 3 = 4,5m2
k =1,6
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb - tk = 2°C
Q = 4,5 h 1,6 h 2 = 14,2 kcal/ihora
Ukudlula kokushisa odongeni kuya endlini yokugezela:
Surface: F = 1,9 x 3 = 5,7m2
k =1,6
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb - tk = 20 - (+24) = -4°C
Kulokhu, ukushisa kudlula endlini yokugezela kuye emakamelweni, i.e. akuwona ukulahlekelwa ukushisa, kodwa kuyinzuzo, ngakho-ke leli nani kufanele likhishwe ekushiseni okuphelele okudingekile.
Q = 5,7 h 1,6 x (-4) = -36,5
awukho umehluko ezingeni lokushisa phakathi kwamagumbi ngamanye, ngakho-ke akukho ukudluliswa kokushisa ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokubala.
Iphaseji lokushisa ophahleni:
Surface: F = 3,5 x 4 =15 m2
k = 1,5
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb - tk = 20 - (-12) = 32°C
Q =15 h 1,5 x 32 = 720 kcaI/ihora
Iphaseji lokushisa phansi:
Surface: F = 15m2
k = 1,5
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa: tb – tk = 20 - (-2) = 22°C
Q = 15 x 1,5 x 22 = 495 kcal/ihora
Isamba sokushisa esidingekayo:
420
468
21,6
55,7
14,2
720
495
-–––––
2194,5 kcal/ihora
Inani elitholwe ngale ndlela kufanele lenyuswe ngezibonelelo ezifana nemvume yezinhlangothi zomhlaba, imvume yomoya kanye nemvume yokuphazamiseka kokushisisa.
Izinsiza zomoya:
Izindawo ezijwayelekile: ezinodonga olulodwa olungaphandle oluvulekile:
10% enezindonga zangaphandle eziningi ezinezikhala: 15%
Izindawo ezinomoya: ezinodonga olulodwa lwangaphandle oluvulekile:
20%, enezindonga eziningi zangaphandle ezinezikhala: 25%.
Isisetshenziswa Sokuphazamisa Ukushisa:
Ukuphazamiseka okulindelekile ekushiseni kusukela ku-8 - 12 amahora ngosuku: 15%.
Ukuphazamiseka okulindelekile ekushiseni kusukela ku-12 - 16 amahora ngosuku: 25%.
Ukwengezwa emaceleni omhlaba
I-North-west orientation: 5%.
Ukuma kweNyakatho: 10%.
Igumbi esibonelweni litholakala endaweni enemimoya evamile, liqondiswe enyakatho ngakho-ke inani elitholiwe kufanele lingezwe kabili 10%, okungukuthi inani 20%.
Ngeke sibale imvume yokuphazamiseka kokushisisa, ngoba ayiqhubeki kancane.
2194,5
+438,9 (20%)
-———————
2633,4
Kusuka kuleli nani, inani lokushisa elitholwe odongeni ukuya endlini yokugezela kufanele lidonswe:
2633,4
- 36,5
-————
2596,9
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, inani lokushisa elidingekayo ukushisisa igumbi ngu-Q = 2597 kcal/ihora
Idizayini yesistimu
Okokuqala, uma uklama, kufanele udwebe isisekelo sezinhlangothi esikalini 1:100. noma uma kungenzeka 1:50. Izakhi zokushisa kufanele zibekwe ngaphansi kwefasitela, futhi emakamelweni lapho kungekho khona amafasitela, eduze komnyango oholela endaweni yamahhala, noma emakamelweni apholile. Ngenxa yomzila wepayipi okungenzeka ube mude, lolu hlelo lubiza kakhulu kunokuhlelwa kwemizimba yokufudumeza eduze kwezindonga zangaphakathi, kodwa izinzuzo, ukugeleza komoya kanye, mayelana nalokho, ukuhlelwa kwezinga lokushisa, kubaluleke kakhulu. (fig. 3)
Umfanekiso 3 — ukugeleza komoya endaweni yokushisisa.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokushisisa
Ngemva kwedizayini, ukukhethwa kohlobo lwezinto zokushisisa kanye nokunqunywa kwezindawo zokushisisa ezidingekayo kuyalandela. Ukushisa kwamanzi ashisayo, izakhi zokushisa ezifanele kakhulu ziyi-radiator yensimbi. Abantu abaningi bamanqika ukusebenzisa la ma-radiator, okusolwa ukuthi wonakaliswa ngamanzi futhi avuze ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho amanzi evame futhi ekhishwa ngokungafanele ohlelweni, noma lapho i-radiator ishiywe ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside ngemva kokukhipha amanzi. Ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, impilo yama-radiator ensimbi icishe ifane neyama-radiators ensimbi. Ama-radiators e-cast iron awafanele kakhulu ukushisisa amanzi ashisayo kwasekuqaleni ngoba abiza kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuthi anesisindo esikhulu esifile. Mayelana nokusebenza okushisayo, zombili izinhlobo zamaradiyetha ziyefana.
Amaradiyetha e-Aluminium aphakathi kwemizimba yesimanjemanje yokushisisa (Alutherm, Radal). Izici ezishisayo zalawa ma-radiators zihle kakhulu, isisindo sazo siphansi, zinokubukeka kwangaphandle okuhle kakhulu nesimanje. Ukuxhumana kwabo kwenziwa ngama-flanges anemicu. Lapho uxhuma i-radiator, ukuze ungadali isici se-galvanic futhi, kulokhu, ukugqwala, amakhanda nama-shafts of screws kufanele kufakwe i-insulator kagesi.
Ukuxhumeka kwama-athikili erediyetha
Amaradiyetha ensimbi abanzi kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela uma ukusebenzisa ajwayelekile (kusuka kokuthi 150 mm) kungaphumela kurediyetha ende kakhulu. Amarediyetha ensimbi atholakala ngokwentengiso ngezindatshana 5 - 10 -15 - 20 ezishiselwe ndawonye. Uma kudingeka ama-athikili angaphezu kuka-20 kurediyetha eyodwa, bese kuthi ga
inganwetshwa ngeyunithi 5 noma okungenzeka yezinto 10 kusetshenziswa 5/4“ izikulufu zerediyetha ezimaphakathi ezinochungechunge lwesokunxele nakwesokudla kanye ne-klingerite noma i-centaur resistant lubricate yamanzi enconyiwe. indawo yokubilisa ngenhla 100°C, noma uwoyela we-graphite uyadingeka ukuze ukhweze izakhi
Ama-radiator enziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe kanye namaradiyetha ensimbi okwakhiwa okudala ahlanganiswa ngezinto futhi aboshwe ngezikulufo eziphakathi nendawo. Uma sithenga ama-radiator esandla sesibili, kufanele ahlolwe kahle futhi ahlolwe ngaphambi kokufakwa, ikakhulukazi izingxenye zezakhi ngazinye. Kungcono ukuhlola isimo seshidi ngento ecijile (isb. i-scraper enezinhlangothi ezintathu), ngoba ishidi elibuthakathaka lizobhobozwa ngenxa yokucindezela, ngakho-ke ngale ndlela sizozisindisa ekuphazamisekeni okuqhubekayo.
Ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi
AmaRadiators esizihlanganisele wona, noma amaradiyetha angamasekeni, kufanele ahlolwe ngaphambi kokufakwa. Ukuhlolwa kuzokwenziwa ngendlela elula uma sivala ingxenye eyodwa ye-radiator ngamapulaki bese siyibeka kulawo mapulaki. Khona-ke sigcwalisa ngokuphelele i-radiator ngamanzi bese sivala enye yezimbobo ezisele nge-cap ene-threaded, bese sibeka i-hose yenjoloba ngokuxhunywa kwepayipi ngakolunye ukuvulwa. Xhuma enye ingxenye yepayipi lerabha kunethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi. Uma, ngenxa yengcindezi yenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi, ngemva kwamaminithi 5 -10 mamaminithi, singaboni ukuthi irediyetha iyavuza, singayifaka. Lapho ingekho inethiwekhi yamanzi, ingcindezi edingekayo kusukela ku-2-3 ingakhiqizwa ngepompo yesandla.
Ama-radiator angabekwa emilenzeni noma kuma-consoles, anamathiselwe odongeni. Isixazululo esinama-consoles singcono, ngoba asivimbeli ukuhlanza ngaphansi kwe-radiator, futhi sinokubukeka okungcono kobuhle. Ukuze unamathisele ikhonsoli, imbobo enokujula kokuthi 10 - 12cm kufanele ibhojwe odongeni ukuze izinhlangothi zokuvula zihambisane noma ukuvulwa kudlulele odongeni. Okungenani imigqa emibili yezitini ezonakalisiwe kufanele ihlale ngaphezu kwembobo. Ukuze uthole irediyetha yezinto 20 udinga ezimbili, futhi kweyodwa ende - ama-consoles amathathu.
Umthombo wokushisa
Indawo yokushisisa edingekayo yebhayela inqunywa ngokusekelwe ekushiseni okuphelele okudingekile kwesakhiwo (ifulethi). Sizothola lo sayizi ngokungeza amanani adingekayo okushisa emakamelweni ngamanye. Endabeni yamabhayela amancane, abaswa nge-coke noma amalahle ekhwalithi engcono, angabalwa 10.000 kcal/ihora 1 m2 indawo yokushisisa. Ngakho-ke, uma sihlukanisa inani elidingekayo lokushisa ngo-10.000, lapho-ke sizothola cishe indawo yokushisa edingekayo yebhayela. Kunconywa, nokho, ukuthatha ibhoyili esebenza kancane kancane kunaleyo ebaliwe.
Uhlobo lwebhayela ngokuyinhloko lunqunywa uhlobo lukaphethiloli. Ama-boilers ensimbi amancane afaneleka kakhulu ku-coke. Ama-boilers enziwe ngensimbi nokwakhiwa okuhlanganisiwe afaneleka kakhulu ekushiseni amafutha ahlukene.
Ama-boilers amancane ngokuvamile anendawo yokushisa1,5 m2 (15.000kcal/ihora),2,14 m2(22.000kcal/ihora) i3.16 m2(32.000 kcal/ihora). Okwesakhiwo somndeni, esinikezwe esithombeni no.4 njengesibonelo, ukugoqa kuyadingeka17.000kcal/ihora lokushisisa okuphelele. Sakhetha i-coke ukuze sibe namafutha. Ngokusho kwayo yonke idatha enikeziwe, i-boiler enendawo yokushisa ye2,14 m2.
Isithombe4— kudingeka ukushisa kwesakhiwo somndeni.