Chengetedzo Chengetedzo: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chakachengetwa kubva ku 2018. gore, uye kwete purojekiti kana mirairo yekumisikidza yakazvimirira yekudziya system. Kuverenga, kusarudzwa kwemidziyo, kuisirwa, kuyedzwa uye kupihwa basa kunofanirwa kupihwa kune vagadziri vane hunyanzvi uye makondirakiti, zvichienderana nemirau inoshanda uye zvinyorwa zvemugadziri.
Kudziya kwese kwechivako kunokanganiswa zvakare nehamvuropu yekuvaka. Tarisa mahwindo emapuranga, timber-aluminium Mahwindo uye masevhisi, kana kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni.
Kupisa furati hombe uye zvivakwa zvemhuri nezvitofu zvechinyakare haisi iyo inonyanya kunakidza nguva yechando. Kupisa nenzira iyi hakufadzi kwete chete nekuti kunogadzira basa rekuchengetedza chitofu, asiwo nekuti unofanirwa kugadzirira mafuta, kubatidza moto, kuchenesa madota, uye panguva yemabasa ese aya imba inosviba kupfuura nguva dzose. Pamusoro pezvisina kunaka izvi, kudziyisa nezvitofu hakuenderane nezvinodiwa nedzimba dzemazuvano zvingave zvinoyevedza kana maererano nekuenzana kwekugovera tembiricha. Kubva pane izvi chokwadi, hazvishamisi kuti kwete chete muzvivako zvitsva muhutano hwemagariro evanhu, asiwo muzvivako zvemhuri zvakakosha nhasi, inoshandiswa kupisa system.
Heating scheme uye musimboti wekushanda
Central kudziyisa mudziyo (fig.1) ine system: boiler, zvinhu zvinodziya uye mapaipi. Nzvimbo yepamusoro peiyi sitimu mudziyo wekuwedzera. Iyo yese system yakazadzwa nemvura. Kana tikapisa mubhailer, mvura inopisa uye nekuda kwesimba rayo rakadzika, inokwira, uye mvura inopisa inotsiviwa nemvura yakanyoroveswa mumhepo inopisa (saka, ine yakakwirira chaiyo giravhiti). Mvura inoyerera ichikwira inouya kuburikidza nepombi kune zvinopisa zvinhu, ipapo, ichipa kupisa kwayo, inotonhora uye inodzokera kubhailer.
Mufananidzo 1 — mudziyo wekudziya nepakati.
Saizvozvo, nekuda kwekusiyana kwehuremu chaihwo hwemvura inotonhora uye inopisa muhurongwa, kuenderera kwekuvhara kuyerera kunogadzirwa, izvo zvinogonesa kupihwa kwehumwe huwandu hwekupisa kune zvinopisa zvinhu.
Simba rinogonesa kutenderera kwemvura nekuda kwekusiyana kwetembiricha - kunyanya pakudziya padanho rimwe chete - idiki kwazvo uye nekudaro zvakakosha kuyera midziyo zvichienderana nekungwarira uye nemaverengero akarurama. Mukuita, zvinowanzoitika kuti zvishandiso, kunyanya kune madiki uye ega ega mafurati, akagadzirwa nekukurumidza uye zvichibva pane data kubva pane zvakaitika. Hapana mubvunzo kuti imwe yepakati yekudziya system dzimwe nguva inogona kubudirira kuita nenzira iyi, asi zvinowanzoitika kuti haishande zvisina mhosva, uye zvikanganiso zvinokonzeresa zvakanyanya kuoma kugadzirisa gare gare.
Ndosaka tisingafanire kudemba kuedza kugadzira kuverenga uye mapurojekiti anodiwa, nekuti zvinozobhadhara. Hatifanire kukanganwa chokwadi chekuti hurongwa hwakadai hunofanirwa kushanda kwehupenyu hwese.
Kuverenga kwehuwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa
Basa rekutanga panguva yekugadzira ndere kuverenga huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa hwekudziya makamuri anodiwa. Nhamba inodiwa yekupisa yekupisa inoenderana nekurasikirwa kwayo. Kurasikirwa nekupisa kunoenderana nemusiyano wekunze kwekushisa uye tembiricha yekamuri rinofanira kudziyiswa, pane iyo yekutamisa coefficient yenzvimbo idzo dzinoganhura kamuri inocherechedzwa, pamwe nehukuru hwenzvimbo idzi.
Iko kuverenga kunofanira kuitwa kwakaparadzana kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo ine akasiyana ekufambisa kupisa coefficients uye nekusiyana kwekunze uye mukati tembiricha. Huwandu hwemhedzisiro inowanikwa nenzira iyi ichapa huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa kwekamuri. (Kune avo vasingade kuita masvomhu, tapota cherechedzai kuti kuverenga kunoda masvomhu chete).
Huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa hunoverengerwa uchishandisa formula:
Q=F * k (tb - tk)
varipi:
Q - huwandu hwekupisa hwakarasika nekamuri, kcal / awa;
F - pamusoro (madziro, hwindo, gonhi, pasi, sirin’i) umo kupisa kunopfuura, m2;
k - kupisa kwekutamisa coefficient yenzvimbo yakacherechedzwa, kcal / m2°C
tb- inodiwa tembiricha yemukamuri, °C
tk - kunze tembiricha yenzvimbo inocherechedzwa, °C
*Mufananidzo2- muenzaniso wekuverenga huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa.
Chengetedza muenzaniso wekuverenga kwekamuri
Kuti uone zviri nani kuyerera kwekuverenga, isu tichatora muenzaniso unoshanda. Basa racho nderokuverenga huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa kwechivako chekugara kubva pamufananidzo no.2. Unyanzvi data ndeiyi: kugovera madziro akagadzirwa ne porous zvidhinha, zviyero10 cm, yakadzururwa kumativi ose, iyo huru yemadziro38 cm akapurasitwa mativi ose, gonhi rimwe chete rakapenya, hwindo repaviri rine furemu yemapuranga. sirin’i nematanda ematanda kumativi ose akafukidzwa nemapuranga uye pamusoro pedenga reimba yakavharwa, pasi pevhu repasi. Zvinotarisirwa zvishoma tembiricha yekunze -20°C. Kutamisa kupisa nepahwindo rekunze:
Nzvimbo: F =1,5x2=3 m2
Coefficient yekupisa kupisa: k =3,5
Musiyano wetembiricha: tb = +20°C, tk = -20°C, tb - tk =20- (-20) =40°C
Q=3x3,5x40=420kcal/awa
Heat passage kuburikidza nekunze kwemadziro makuru:
Nzvimbo: F =3h4- hwindo nzvimbo =12-3=9 m2
Q =9h1,3x40=468kcal/awa
Kupinda kwekupisa nemusuwo wehoro:
Nzvimbo: F =0,9x2=1,8 m2
k =3
Musiyano wetembiricha: tb =20°C; tk =16°C, tb - tk =20-16=4°C
Q =1,8h3h4=21,6kcal/awa
Kupfuura kwekupisa nemumadziro kuenda kuhoro:
Nzvimbo: F =3x3,5- nzvimbo yemusuwo =10,5-1,8=8,7m2
k =1,6
Kusiyana kwetembiricha: tb - tk =40°C
Q = 8,7 x 1,6 x 4 = 55,7 kcal/awa
Passage yekupisa nemumadziro yakananga kuWC:
Surface: F = 1,5 x 3 = 4,5m2
k =1,6
Musiyano wetembiricha: tb - tk = 2°C
Q = 4,5 h 1,6 h 2 = 14,2 kcal/awa
Passage yekupisa nemumadziro kuenda kuimba yekugezera:
Surface: F = 1,9 x 3 = 5,7m2
k =1,6
Musiyano wetembiricha: TB - tk = 20 - (+24) = -4°C
Muchiitiko ichi, kupisa kunopfuura kubva muimba yekugezera kuenda kumakamuri, i.e. haisi kurasikirwa kwekupisa, asi kuwedzera, uye naizvozvo kukosha uku kunofanira kubviswa kubva pakupisa kunodiwa.
Q = 5,7 h 1,6 x (-4) = -36,5
hapana mutsauko mukupisa pakati pemakamuri ega, saka hapana kutamiswa kwekupisa uye nekudaro hapana chikonzero chekuverenga.
Kupisa ndima nepadenga:
Surface: F = 3,5 x 4 =15 m2
k = 1,5
Musiyano wetembiricha: tb - tk = 20 - (-12) = 32°C
Q =15 h 1,5 x 32 = 720 kcaI/awa
Kupisa ndima nepasi:
Surface: F = 15m2
k = 1,5
Musiyano wetembiricha: tb – tk = 20 - (-2) = 22°C
Q = 15 x 1,5 x 22 = 495 kcal/awa
Kupisa kunodiwa:
420
468
21,6
55,7
14,2
720
495
-–––––
2194,5 kcal/awa
Kukosha kunowanikwa nenzira iyi kunofanira kuwedzerwa nezvibvumirano zvakadai semvumo yemativi enyika, mvumo yemhepo uye kubvumirwa kukanganisa kupisa.
Wind accessories:
Nzvimbo dzakajairwa: ine madziro ekunze ane kuvhurwa:
10% ine madziro ekunze akawanda ane mazaru: 15%
Nzvimbo dzine mhepo: ine madziro ekunze ane kuvhurika:
20%, ine madziro ekunze akawanda ane mazaru: 25%.
Heat Interruption Accessory:
Inotarisirwa kuvhiringwa mukudziya kubva 8 - 12 maawa pazuva: 15%.
Inotarisirwa kuvhiringwa mukudziya kubva 12 - 16 maawa pazuva: 25%.
Kuwedzera kumativi enyika
Maodzanyemba-kumadokero: 5%.
Maodzanyemba yakatarisa: 10%.
Imba iri mumuenzaniso iri munzvimbo ine mhepo yakajairika, yakananga kuchamhembe uye saka kukosha kwakawanikwa kunofanira kuwedzerwa kaviri 10%, i.e. yakazara 20%.
Hativerenge mari yekuvhiringidza kupisa, nekuti haina kuenderera mberi.
2194,5
+438,9 (20%)
-———————
2633,4
Kubva pakukosha uku, huwandu hwekupisa hwakagamuchirwa kubva kumadziro kuenda kuimba yekugezera hunofanira kuderedzwa:
2633,4
- 36,5
-————
2596,9
Saizvozvo, huwandu hwekupisa hunodiwa kupisa mukamuri ndeye Q = 2597 kcal/awa
Sistimu dhizaini
Chekutanga, paunenge uchigadzira, unofanirwa kudhirowa hwaro hwemativi mukero 1:100. kana kuti kana zvichiita 1:50. Zvinhu zvekupisa zvinofanirwa kuiswa pasi pehwindo, uye mumakamuri asina mahwindo, padyo nemusuwo unoenda kunzvimbo yemahara, kana kumakamuri anotonhorera. Nekuda kwepombi ingangove yakareba, kurongeka uku kunodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura kurongeka kwemaviri ekudziya pamwe nemadziro emukati, asi zvakanakira, kuyerera kwemhepo uye, maererano neizvozvo, kurongeka kwekushisa, kwakanyanya kukosha. (fig. 3)
Mufananidzo 3 - kuyerera kwemhepo kutenderedza muviri wekudziya.
Sarudzo yekudziya zvinhu
Mushure mekugadzirwa, kusarudzwa kwerudzi rwezvinhu zvinopisa uye kusarudzwa kwezvitsva zvinopisa zvinopisa zvinotevera. Pakupisa kwemvura inopisa, iyo inonyanya kufanirwa kupisa zvinhu ndeye simbi radiators. Vanhu vakawanda vanozeza kushandisa ma radiator aya, vachinzi ari kukuvadzwa nemvura nekukasika kubuda. Zvisinei, izvi zvinongoitika chete kana mvura inowanzo uye isina kururamiswa kubva muhurongwa, kana apo radiator inosara isina mvura kwenguva yakareba mushure mekudonha mvura. Pasi pekushandiswa kwakajairwa, hupenyu hwema radiator esimbi hunenge hwakangofanana nehuya hwesimbi yakakandwa. Cast iron radiators haisi iyo yakanyanya kukodzera kupisa mvura inopisa pakutanga nekuti inodhura zvakanyanya uye zvakare nekuti ine hombe yakafa huremu. Panyaya yekushanda kwekupisa, marudzi ese emaradiyeta akafanana.
Aluminium radiators ndeimwe yemazuva ano ekudziya miviri (Alutherm, Radal). Mamiriro ekupisa eaya ma radiator akanaka kwazvo, uremu hwavo hwakaderera, vane chimiro chakanaka uye chemazuva ano chekunze. Kubatana kwavo kunogadzirwa ne threaded flanges. Paunenge uchibatanidza radiator, kuitira kuti usagadzira galvanic element uye, mukubatana uku, corrosion, misoro uye shafts ye screws inofanira kuiswa insulator yemagetsi.
Kubatanidzwa kwezvinyorwa zveradiator
Marayadhiya esimbi akafaranuka anofanirwa kushandiswa chete kana kushandisa akajairwa (kubva 150 mm) achizokonzera reyedhiya refu. Masiredhiya esimbi anowanikwa mukutengesa aine 5 - 10 -15 - 20 zvinyorwa zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete. Kana zvinopfuura 20 zvinyorwa zvichidikanwa paradiyeta imwe, ipapo ga
inogona kuwedzerwa neyuniti ye 5 kana zvimwe zve 10 maelement uchishandisa 5/4“ masiruu eradiator ane shinda yekuruboshwe nekurudyi uye klingerite kana centaur inodzoreredza sealant inokurudzirwa nemvura inogadziriswa mafuta. panofashaira pamusoro 100°C, kana graphite oiri inodiwa pakukurisa zvinhu
Radiators akagadzirwa nesimbi yakakandwa pamwe chete nesimbi marayadhiya echivakwa chekare anounganidzwa nezvinhu uye anosungirirwa nepakati screws. Kana tikatenga ma radiator echipiri, anofanira kunyatsoongororwa uye kuongororwa asati aiswa, kunyanya zvikamu zvezvinhu zvega. Zvakanakisisa kutarisa mamiriro epepa nechinhu chakapinza (semuenzaniso scraper-edged scraper), nokuti pepa risina simba richaputirwa nekuda kwekumanikidzwa, saka nenzira iyi tichazviponesa kubva kune imwezve kusagadzikana.
Pressure test
Radiators dzatakazviunganidza pachedu, kana maredhiya ekare, anofanirwa kuongororwa tisati taiswa. Muedzo uchaitwa nenzira yakapfava kana tikavhara imwe magumo eradiyeta nemapulagi toiisa pamapulagi iwayo. Zvadaro tinozadza zvakakwana radiator nemvura uye tinovhara imwe yezvivharo zvakasara nekapu yakasungwa, uye toisa hose yerabha ine pombi yekubatanidza pane imwe kuvhura. Batanidza imwe magumo erubha hose kune network yekupa mvura. Kana, nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemvura yemvura, mushure me 5 -10 mminiti, hationi kuti radiator iri kubuda, tinogona kuiisa. Kana pasina network yemvura, kumanikidzwa kunodiwa kubva 2-3 pa kunogona kugadzirwa nepombi yemaoko.
Radiators anogona kuiswa pamakumbo kana pamaconsoles, akabatanidzwa kumadziro. Mhinduro ine maconsoles iri nani, nekuti haidzivisi kuchenesa pasi pe radiator, uye zvakare ine zvirinani aesthetic chitarisiko. Kuti ubatanidze koni, gomba rine hudzamu hwe 10 - 12cm rinofanira kuroverwa mumadziro kuitira kuti mativi ekuvhura aenderane kana kuvhura kuenderere kumadziro. Inenge mitsara miviri isina kukuvara yezvidhinha inofanira kuramba iri pamusoro pekuvhura. Kureyedhita ye 20 maelementi unoda maviri, uye kwenguva refu - matatu anonyaradza.
Heat source
Iyo inodiwa yekupisa pamusoro peiyo bhailer inotarwa zvichienderana nekuzara kunodiwa kupisa kwechivako (imba). Tichawana saizi iyi nekuwedzera huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa kumakamuri ega. Kana ari mabhailer madiki, anobatidzwa necoke kana marasha emhando yepamusoro, anogona kuverengerwa ne 10.000 kcal/awa ye 1 m2 inopisa nzvimbo. Nokudaro, kana tikakamura huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa ne 10.000, saka tichazoda kuwana nzvimbo inodiwa yekupisa yebhailer. Zvinokurudzirwa, zvisinei, kutora bhailer ine zvishoma zvishoma kushanda pane yakaverengwa.
Mhando yebhailer inonyanya kutsanangurwa nemhando yehuni. Diki rakakanda simbi boilers inonyatsokodzera coke. Boilers akagadzirwa nesimbi uye welded kuvaka anonyanya kukodzera kupisa mafuta akasiyana.
Diki boilers kazhinji ane kudziyisa pamusoro1,5 m2 (15.000kcal/awa),2,14 m2(22.000kcal/awa) i3.16 m2(32.000 kcal/awa). Nekuda kwechivako chemhuri, icho chakapihwa pamufananidzo n.4 semuenzaniso, kutenderedza kunodiwa17.000kcal/awa yekupisa zvachose. Takasarudza coke yehuni. Zvinoenderana nedata rese rakapihwa, bhailer ine inodziya nzvimbo ye2,14 m2.
*Mufananidzo4— kunodiwa kupisa kwemba yemhuri.