INqaku loKhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo esikwiindawo ezigcina iinkcukacha ezisuka ku-2018. unyaka, kwaye kungekhona iprojekthi okanye imiyalelo yokufakelwa ngokuzimeleyo kwenkqubo yokufudumala. Ukubala, ukukhethwa kwezixhobo, ukufakela, uvavanyo kunye nokugunyaziswa kufuneka kunikezelwe kubayili abafanelekileyo kunye neekontraka, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo esebenzayo kunye namaxwebhu omenzi.
Iimfuno zokufudumeza zizonke zesakhiwo nazo ziyachatshazelwa yimvulophu yesakhiwo. Jonga iifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zamaplanga-aluminiyam kunye iinkonzo, okanye uthumele isicelo sekowuti.
Ukufudumeza indlu enkulu kunye nezakhiwo zentsapho kunye nezitovu zemveli ayisiyonto imnandi kakhulu yokuzonwabisa yasebusika. Ukufudumeza ngolu hlobo akujabulisi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuba kudala umsebenzi wokugcina isitovu, kodwa nangenxa yokuba kufuneka ulungise amafutha, ukhanyise umlilo, ucoce uthuthu, kwaye ngexesha layo yonke le misebenzi indlu iba mdaka kunesiqhelo. Ukongeza kwezi zinto zingalunganga, ukufudumeza ngezitovu akuhambelani neemfuno zezindlu zanamhlanje mhlawumbi ngobuhle okanye ngokulingana kokusabalalisa ubushushu. Ngokusekelwe kwezi nyaniso, akumangalisi ukuba kungekhona kuphela kwizakhiwo ezitsha kubunini bezenhlalakahle, kodwa nakwizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo zentsapho namhlanje, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokufudumala ephakathi.
Iskimu sokufudumeza kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza
Isixhobo sokufudumeza esiphakathi (umkhiwane.1) iqulethe inkqubo: ibhoyili, izinto zokufudumeza kunye nemibhobho. Eyona ndawo iphezulu yale sixokelelwano sisikhephe sokwandisa. Inkqubo yonke izaliswe ngamanzi. Ukuba sitshisa kwibhoyila, amanzi ashushu kwaye ngenxa yobunzima obuthile obuphantsi, aphakama, kwaye amanzi atshisayo athatyathelwa indawo ngamanzi apholileyo kwizinto zokufudumeza (ngoko ke, unobunzima obuthile obuphezulu). Amanzi ahamba phezulu aphuma kwipayipi ukuya kwizinto zokufudumeza, apho, enika ubushushu bayo, aphole kwaye abuyele kwibhoyili.
Umfanekiso 1 — isixhobo sokufudumeza esembindini.
Ngoko, ngenxa yokwahlukana kobunzima obuthile bamanzi abandayo kunye namanzi atshisayo kwinkqubo, ukujikeleza okuvaliweyo okuqhubekayo kwenziwa, okwenza ukunikezelwa komlinganiselo othile wokushisa kwizinto zokufudumala.
Amandla okwenza ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngenxa yokumahluko kwiqondo lokushisa - ngakumbi xa ukufudumala kwinqanaba elinye kuphela - lincinci kakhulu kwaye ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulinganisa izixhobo ngokusekelwe kwizibalo ezilumkileyo nezichanekileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuyenzeka ukuba izixhobo, ngakumbi kwiiflethi ezincinci kunye nezizimeleyo, ziyilwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zisekelwe kwidatha yamava. Akungabazeki ukuba inkqubo yokufudumala ephakathi inokuthi ngamanye amaxesha iphunyezwe ngempumelelo ngale ndlela, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu ukuba ayisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iimpazamo ezibangelwayo zinzima kakhulu ukulungisa kamva.
Yiyo loo nto kufuneka singazisoli ngomgudu wokudala izibalo eziyimfuneko kunye neeprojekthi, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuhlawula. Akufunekanga siphulukane nombono wokuba inkqubo efana nale kufuneka isebenze ubomi bonke.
Ukubalwa komlinganiselo ofunekayo wobushushu
Umsebenzi wokuqala ngexesha loyilo kukubala umlinganiselo ofunekayo wokushisa ukufudumeza amagumbi afunwayo. Ubungakanani obufunekayo bobushushu bokufudumala buhambelana nokulahlekelwa kwayo. Ilahleko yobushushu ixhomekeke kumahluko phakathi kweqondo lobushushu langaphandle kunye nobushushu begumbi eliza kufudunyezwa, kwi-coefficient yokudlulisa ubushushu yaloo miphezulu ibeka umda kwigumbi eliqatshelweyo, kunye nakubungakanani bale miphezulu.
Ukubala kufuneka kwenziwe ngokwahlukileyo kumphezulu ngamnye kunye nee-coefficients ezahlukeneyo zokufudumeza ubushushu kunye nokwahlukana kwamaqondo okushisa angaphandle nangaphakathi. Isixa seziphumo ezingaphelelanga ezifunyenwe ngale ndlela ziya kunika inani elifunekayo lobushushu begumbi. (Kwabo bathandabuzayo ukwenza izibalo, nceda uqaphele ukuba ukubala kufuna kuphela izibalo ezisisiseko).
Ubungakanani obufunekayo bobushushu bubalwa kusetyenziswa ifomula:
Q=F * k (tb - tk)
ziphi ii:
Q - inani lobushushu elilahlekileyo kwigumbi, kcal / iyure;
F - umphezulu (udonga, ifestile, umnyango, umgangatho, isilingi) apho ubushushu budlula khona, m2;
k - i-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa kwendawo ephawulweyo, i-kcal / m2°C
tb- ubushushu obufunekayo begumbi, °C
tk - ubushushu bangaphandle bomphezulu ojongweyo, °C
*Umfanekiso2— umzekelo wokubala ubushushu obufunekayo.
Umzekelo wogcino lweenkcukacha zokubala igumbi
Ukujonga ngcono ukuhamba kwezibalo, siya kuthatha umzekelo osebenzayo. Umsebenzi kukubala inani elifunekayo lobushushu kwisakhiwo sokuhlala ukusuka kumfanekiso no.2. Iinkcukacha zobuchwephesha zezi: iindonga zokwahlula ezenziwe ngezitena ze-porous, imilinganiselo10 cm, ityatyekwe kumacala omabini, ubukhulu bodonga oluphambili38 cm yatyatyekwa macala omabini, ucango olulodwa olukhazimlayo, ifestile ephindwe kabini enesakhelo somthi. isilingi enemiqadi yokhuni kumacala omabini agqunywe ngamabhodi kwaye ngaphezulu kwesilingi i-attic evaliweyo, ngaphantsi komhlaba ophantsi. Ubuncinci obulindelekileyo bobushushu bangaphandle -20°C. Ukuhanjiswa kobushushu ngefestile yangaphandle:
Ummandla: F =1,5x2=3 m2
I-coefficient yokudlulisa ubushushu: k =3,5
Umahluko wobushushu: tb = +20°C, tk = -20°C, tb - tk =20- (-20) =40°C
Q=3x3,5x40=420kcal ngeyure
Ipaseji yobushushu kudonga olukhulu olungaphandle:
Ummandla: F =3h4- indawo yefestile =12-3=9 m2
Q =9h1,3x40=468kcal ngeyure
Ukudlula kobushushu ngomnyango oya eholweni:
Ummandla: F =0,9x2=1,8 m2
k =3
Umahluko wobushushu: tb =20°C; tk =16°C, tb - tk =20-16=4°C
Q =1,8h3h4=21,6kcal ngeyure
Ukudlula kobushushu eludongeni ukuya eholweni:
Ummandla: F =3x3,5- indawo yomnyango =10,5-1,8=8,7m2
k =1,6
Umahluko wobushushu: tb - tk =40°C
Q = 8,7 x 1,6 x 4 = 55,7 kcal/yure
Ukudlula kobushushu eludongeni ukuya kwi-WC:
Umphezulu: F = 1,5 x 3 = 4,5m2
k =1,6
Umahluko wobushushu: tb - tk = 2°C
Q = 4,5 h 1,6 h 2 = 14,2 kcal/iyure
Ukudlula kobushushu eludongeni ukuya kwigumbi lokuhlambela:
Umphezulu: F = 1,9 x 3 = 5,7m2
k =1,6
Umahluko wobushushu: tb - tk = 20 - (+24) = -4°C
Kule meko, ubushushu buphuma kwigumbi lokuhlambela ukuya kumagumbi, oko kukuthi akukokulahlekelwa ngubushushu, kodwa kukuzuza, ngoko ke eli xabiso kufuneka likhutshwe kubushushu obufunekayo.
Q = 5,7 h 1,6 x (-4) = -36,5
akukho mmahluko kwiqondo lokushisa phakathi kwamagumbi ngamanye, ngoko ke akukho kutshintshwa kobushushu kwaye ngoko akukho mfuneko yokubala.
Indlela yokufudumala kwisilingi:
Umphezulu: F = 3,5 x 4 =15 m2
k = 1,5
Umahluko wobushushu: tb - tk = 20 - (-12) = 32°C
Q =15 h 1,5 x 32 = 720 kcaI/iyure
Ipaseji yobushushu emgangathweni:
Umphezulu: F = 15m2
k = 1,5
Umahluko wobushushu: tb – tk = 20 - (-2) = 22°C
Q = 15 x 1,5 x 22 = 495 kcal/iyure
Ubushushu obufunekayo:
420
468
21,6
55,7
14,2
720
495
-–––––
2194,5 kcal/yure
Ixabiso elifunyenwe ngolu hlobo kufuneka lonyuswe ngezibonelelo ezifana nezibonelelo zamacala ehlabathi, isibonelelo somoya kunye nesibonelelo sokuphazamiseka kokufudumeza.
Izincedisi zomoya:
Iindawo eziqhelekileyo: ngodonga olunye lwangaphandle olunokuvulwa:
10% eneendonga ezininzi zangaphandle ezinemingxuma: 15%
Iindawo ezinomoya: ezinodonga olunye lwangaphandle olunokuvulwa:
20%, eneendonga ezininzi zangaphandle ezinemingxuma: 25%.
Isixhobo sokuPhazamisa ubushushu:
Uphazamiseko olulindelekileyo kubushushu ukusuka 8 - 12 iiyure ngosuku: 15%.
Uphazamiseko olulindelekileyo kubushushu ukusuka 12 - 16 iiyure ngosuku: 25%.
Ukongezwa kumacala ehlabathi
Mntla-ntshona: 5%.
Indlela yoMantla: 10%.
Igumbi kumzekelo libekwe kwindawo enemimoya eqhelekileyo, ijoliswe ngasenyakatho kwaye ngoko ixabiso elifunyenweyo kufuneka longezwe kabini 10%, oko kukuthi i-total 20%.
Asiyi kubala isibonelelo sokuphazamiseka kokufudumeza, kuba ayiqhubeki kancinci.
2194,5
+438,9 (20%)
-———————
2633,4
Kweli xabiso, ubushushu obufunyenwe eludongeni ukuya kwigumbi lokuhlambela kufuneka lutsalwe:
2633,4
- 36,5
-————
2596,9
Ngoko, ubungakanani bobushushu obufunekayo ukutshisa igumbi ngu-Q = 2597 kcal/yure
Uyilo lwenkqubo
Okokuqala, xa uyila, kufuneka uzobe isiseko samacala kwisikali 1:100. okanye ukuba kuyenzeka 1:50. Izinto zokufudumeza kufuneka zibekwe phantsi kwefestile, kwaye kumagumbi apho kungekho zifestile, ecaleni komnyango okhokelela kwindawo ekhululekile, okanye kumagumbi apholileyo. Ngenxa yombhobho onokwenzeka ukuba unde, olu lungiselelo lubiza kakhulu kunolungiselelo lwemizimba yokufudumeza ecaleni kweendonga zangaphakathi, kodwa iingenelo, ukuhamba komoya kunye, ngokunxulumene noko, ilungiselelo lobushushu, libaluleke kakhulu. (umkhiwane 3)
Umzobo 3 — ukuhamba komoya ujikeleze umzimba wokufudumeza.
Ukhetho lwezinto zokufudumeza
Emva koyilo, ukhetho lohlobo lwezinto zokufudumeza kunye nokuzimisela kweendawo zokufudumala ezifunekayo zilandela. Ukufudumala kwamanzi ashushu, ezona zinto zifanelekileyo zokufudumeza ziyi-radiator zensimbi. Abantu abaninzi bayathandabuza ukusebenzisa ezi radiators, kuba kuthiwa zonakaliswe ngamanzi kwaye zivuza ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwenzeka kuphela xa amanzi ehlala kwaye ekhutshwe ngokungafanelekanga kwinkqubo, okanye xa i-radiator ishiywe ngaphandle kwamanzi ixesha elide emva kokukhupha amanzi. Ngaphantsi kokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, ubomi bee-radiator zensimbi bufana nokufana ne-radiator yentsimbi. Iiradiyetha zentsimbi ephosiweyo ayizona zifanelekileyo ukufudumeza amanzi ashushu kwindawo yokuqala kuba zibiza kakhulu kwaye nangenxa yokuba zinesisindo esikhulu sokufa. Ngokokusebenza kwe-thermal, zombini iindidi zeeradiyetha ziyafana.
Iiradiyetha zeAluminiyam ziphakathi kwezona zixhobo zokufudumeza zale mihla (Alutherm, Radal). Iimpawu zokufudumala kwezi radiators zithandeka kakhulu, ubunzima babo buphantsi, banobuhle obuhle kakhulu kunye nembonakalo yangaphandle yanamhlanje. Uqhagamshelo lwabo lwenziwa ngeeflange ezinemisonto. Xa udibanisa i-radiator, ukwenzela ukuba ungenzi i-galvanic element kwaye, kulo nxibelelwano, ukubola, iintloko kunye ne-shafts ye-screws kufuneka zifakwe kwi-insulator yombane.
Udibaniso lwamanqaku erediyetha
Iiradiyetha zentsimbi ebanzi kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela ukuba ukusebenzisa eziqhelekileyo (ukusuka 150 mm) kuya kubangela iradiyetha ende kakhulu. Iiradiyetha zentsimbi ziyafumaneka ngentengiso 5 - 10 -15 - 20 amanqaku adityaniswe kunye. Ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-20 amanqaku afunekayo kwirediyetha enye, emva koko ga
inokwandiswa ngeyunithi ye-5 okanye mhlawumbi ye-10 izinto kusetyenziswa 5/4“ izikrufu zeradiyetha eziphakathi ezinomsonto wasekhohlo nasekunene kunye neklingerite okanye isikrufu secentaur esine-centaur eresistanta isitywini esine-centaur yesitywina sokuthambisa esicetyiswayo. indawo yokubilisa ngasentla 100°C, okanye i-oyile yegraphite Kufuneka isitshixo esikhethekileyo ekufakeni izinto
I-Radiators ezenziwe ngentsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye neeradiyetha zentsimbi zesakhiwo esidala zihlanganiswe ngezinto kwaye ziboshwe ngezikrufu eziphakathi. Ukuba sithenga ii-radiator zesandla sesibini, kufuneka zihlolwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye zihlolwe ngaphambi kofakelo, ngakumbi amacandelo ezinto zomntu ngamnye. Kungcono ukujonga imeko yephepha kunye nento ebukhali (umzekelo, i-scraper emacala amathathu), kuba ishidi elibuthakathaka liya kuhlatywa ngenxa yoxinzelelo, ngoko ke ngale ndlela siya kuzisindisa ekuphazamiseni ngakumbi.
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo
Iiradiyetha esizihlanganisele zona ngokwethu, okanye iiradiyetha ezisetyenzisiweyo, kufuneka zivavanywe phambi kokufakwa. Uvavanyo luya kwenziwa ngendlela elula ukuba sivala isiphelo esinye seradiyetha ngeeplagi kwaye sibeke kwezo plugs. Emva koko sizalisa ngokupheleleyo i-radiator ngamanzi kwaye sivale enye yezivulo eziseleyo nge-cap threaded, kwaye sibeke i-hose ye-rubber kunye nokudibanisa kombhobho kwenye indawo yokuvula. Qhagamshela elinye icala lombhobho werabha kuthungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi. Ukuba, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi yokunikezelwa kwamanzi, emva kwe-5 -10 mimizuzu, asiqapheli ukuba i-radiator iyavuza, sinokuyifaka. Apho kungekho nethiwekhi yamanzi, uxinzelelo olufunekayo 2-3 lunokuveliswa ngempompo yesandla.
I-Radiators inokubekwa emilenzeni okanye kwii-consoles, ezifakwe eludongeni. Isisombululo esine-consoles singcono, kuba asikuthinteli ukucoca phantsi kwe-radiator, kwaye inokubonakala okungcono kobuhle. Ukufakela i-console, umngxuma onobunzulu be-10 - 12cm kufuneka ifakwe eludongeni ukwenzela ukuba amacala okuvula ahambelane okanye ukuvuleka kudlulele eludongeni. Ubuncinci imiqolo emibini engonakaliyo yezitena kufuneka ihlale ngaphezu kokuvula. Kwiradiyetha ye-20 iielementi kufuneka zibe mbini, kwaye ixesha elide - iiconsoles ezintathu.
Umthombo wobushushu
Umgangatho wokufudumeza ofunekayo webhoyila umiselwa ngokusekelwe kubushushu obufunekayo besakhiwo (indlu). Siza kufumana lo bukhulu ngokongeza inani elifunekayo lobushushu kumagumbi ngamanye. Kwimeko yeebhoyila ezincinci, ezibaswa ngecoke okanye amalahle asemgangathweni, ingabalwa ngokwe 10.000 kcal/yure 1 m2 umphezulu wokufudumeza. Ngoko ke, ukuba sahlula inani elifunekayo lobushushu nge-10.000, ngoko siya kuphantse sifumane indawo yokufudumeza efunekayo kwibhoyili. Kunconywa, nangona kunjalo, ukuthatha ibhoyila kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kancinci kunobaliweyo.
Uhlobo lwebhoyila lumiselwa ngokuyintloko luhlobo lwesibaso. Iibhoyili zentsimbi ezincinci zifaneleke kakhulu kwi-coke. Iibhoyili ezenziwe ngentsimbi kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-welded zifanelekile ngakumbi ukutshisa amafutha ahlukeneyo.
Iibhoyila ezincinci zihlala zinendawo yokufudumeza1,5 m2 (15.000kcal ngeyure),2,14 m2(22.000kcal/ngeyure) i3.16 m2(32.000 kcal / iyure). Kwisakhiwo sentsapho, esinikwe kumfanekiso no.4 njengomzekelo, ukusondeza kuyafuneka17.000kcal/iyure yobushushu bubonke. Sakhetha i-coke ukuba ibe sesibaso. Ngokutsho kwazo zonke iinkcukacha ezinikiweyo, ibhoyila enomgangatho wokufudumeza we2,14 m2.
*Umfanekiso4— kufuna ubushushu kwisakhiwo sosapho.