Inqaku elibalulekileyo lobuchwephesha kunye nokhuseleko: Lo ngumbhalo ogciniweyo osuka ku-2017. unyaka, kwaye hayi iprojekthi okanye umyalelo wangoku wokwenza okanye ukulungisa umgangatho. Ukuqhawula, ukusika, ukugaya kunye nokususwa kwekhonkrithi, udaka, izitena, ilitye kunye neetayile kunokudala uthuli olunobungozi bokwakha, ubukhali, ingxolo kunye nemithwalo ephezulu yendawo, kwaye kunokubakho umbane, i-plumbing, ugutyulo okanye ufakelo lokufudumeza phantsi. Imigangatho emidala, i-adhesives kunye neengubo akufanele ziqhutywe phambi kokuchongwa kwezinto. Ukubunjwa kwe-Substrate, umswakama kunye nokungangeni kwamanzi, ukuthwala umthamo, ukwandiswa, ukufudumeza phantsi komhlaba, ukutyibilika, ukuhambelana kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukukhuselwa kwezakhiwo ezikufutshane, ukulawulwa kothuli, izixhobo zokukhusela zomntu kunye nendlela yokulahla kufuneka zihlolwe kwiziko elithile. Imilinganiselo yomthombo, imixube, amaqondo obushushu kunye nemigaqo kweli phepha ayithabathi indawo yoyilo lokwenyani, iphepha ledatha yemveliso okanye unokontraka oqeqeshiweyo.
Ukwenza kunye nokulungisa imigangatho ayiyonxalenye yonikezelo olutsha luka-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku ziifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiqhelo kunye neengcango. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Eyona migangatho ifanelekileyo yekhitshi, i-pantry, igumbi lokuhlambela kunye ne-terrace, kunye namagumbi okuhlala kwizindlu zasehlotyeni, yimigangatho ebandayo. Kunokuthiwa imigangatho ebandayo ayigugi, kulula ukuyigcina icocekile, ukuthengwa kwezinto kunye nokuveliswa kulula kwaye bane-drawback enye kuphela, oko kukuthi kubanda (fig.1). Le migangatho ibuthathaka kakhulu kumonakalo.
Ukulungiswa kwemigangatho yezitena
Olona hlobo olulula lomgangatho obandayo ngumgangatho wezitena. Yenziwe ngendlela yokuba isiseko sekhonkrithi ye-5 cm ibekwe kwi-gravel epakishweyo kunye nobukhulu be-10 cm, udaka lwesamente lwe-1 cm ubukhulu lubekwe kwisiseko, kwaye izitena zibekwe kule ngqungquthela yangasemva, ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ijonge. Kuphela izitena ezinempilo ngokupheleleyo ezinemigangatho efanayo kunye nemilinganiselo, mhlawumbi ikhutshwe kabini, isetyenziswa. izitena zeclinker.
Ukubekwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezitena kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-lath ende, ukwenzela ukuba zonke izitena zihambelane ukuze zibe kwindiza enye kunye nokukhanya okukhanyayo kwi-lath. Udaka lwesamente lwenziwe 1,1 cubic meter yesanti ehluziweyo kunye 400 kg isamente yophawu 400, ukuze ibenobuninzi bekhrimu.
Emva kokusetyenziswa ixesha elide, ezinye izitena zomgangatho zinokonakala. Izitena ezonakalisiweyo kufuneka zinqunywe kunye ne-sement mortar layer ukuya kwinqanaba lekhonkrithi. Kuyimfuneko ukukrazula umphezulu woluhlu lwekhonkrithi, kwaye kwakhona unqumle imida engezantsi yezitena ezikufutshane ngendlela yeprism, kwaye ugcwalise le mingxuma ngodaka ukuze uzisebenzise ukubopha. Masingazisoli i-plaster, kungcono ukuba isitena sokutshintshwa sincinci ngaphezu kwendawo, kuba siya kulungelelanisa ngokulula ngokubetha ukukhanya kwinqanaba le-slat, kwaye i-plaster engaphezulu iya kuphuma ecaleni komda wesitena (umkhiwane 1, 1. inxalenye)
Ngendlela efanayo, sinokulungisa zonke iintlobo zemigangatho ukusuka kwizinto ezenziwe ngaphambili (i-ceramic, ilitye elenziwe ngokwenziwa) njl.
Umgangatho wezitena
Ukulungiswa kwemigangatho yesamente
Umgangatho wekhonkrithi ngowona mgangatho ubanda kakhulu kwaye ngoko awufanelekanga kumagumbi okuhlala. Kuyabanda kuba idibana ngqo nomhlaba kwaye iyikhonduki elungileyo yobushushu. Uluhlu oluphezulu lwe-cement mortar, olubunjwa lufana nokubunjwa kodaka lwesamente kumgangatho wezitena, kufuneka lube ubuncinane 1,5 cm, ngaphandle koko luya kuqhekeka. Umphezulu wekhonkrithi uhlanjululwe nge-trowel ukuze ulungelelanise. Kungcono ukubeka iileyile zomntu ngokukhawuleza emva komnye - ngaphandle koluhlu lwegrabile - ukwenzela ukuba iileyile zidibanise kakuhle. Kule nto sele kuvela ubunzima bokulungisa, oko kukuthi. ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwemigangatho, imigangatho yekhonkrithi ayinakuze ilungiswe ngokugqibeleleyo (umkhiwane 1, 2. inxalenye)
Ukuba sisagqiba ukulungisa, ngoko kufuneka siphule inxalenye enkulu yekhonkrithi eyonakalisiweyo, ukuya kwinqanaba lesiseko. Kule meko kwakhona, iindawo ezisezantsi kufuneka zinqunywe ngendlela yeprism okanye ubuncinane ziqiniswe. Okokuqala sibeka umaleko wekhonkrithi esisiseko edityanisiweyo kwindawo eqhekekileyo, emva koko sibeke udaka lwesamente ngaphezulu kwale nto. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba i-tamping yomelele kwaye ngaphambi kokuba sigxothe iileya ezintsha simanzisa indawo ejikeleze indawo eyonakeleyo kakuhle. I-Cement mortar - i-glaze, akufanele ihle kakhulu, kuba iya kuhlukana ne-substrate xa yomisa. Kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba emva kokumisa, umbala wekhonkrithi elungisiweyo uya kuba lula kancinci.
Ukuba ukuvula, oko kukuthi umngxuma omele ukulungiswa kwi-glaze, umncinci kakhulu, umzekelo ubungakanani besibini 5, ngoko umngxuma kufuneka uhlanjululwe kakuhle nge-broom okanye i-brush kwaye izaliswe ngodaka lwesamente emva kokumanzisa.
Imigangatho yethayile
Imigangatho eyenziwe ngenkunkuma yamatye enziwe ngamatye (amatsha) afana nemigangatho yekhonkrithi. Noko ke, umaleko ongaphezulu wale migangatho ayilodaka lesamente, kodwa iithayile zenkunkuma zamatye ezenziweyo ezinomphezulu othe tyaba nazo zibekwe kudaka lwesamente. Eyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo, okanye umonakalo, wale migangatho kukuba iithayile zomntu ngamnye ziyakhululeka.
Imigangatho yethayile
Ngexesha lokulungiswa, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ungakhululeki iileyili ezikufutshane xa ukhulisa kwaye uqinisa inxalenye eyonakalisiweyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukususa nokufaka kwakhona iileyile ngenxa yomonakalo kwinxalenye enkulu, ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwinto yokuba iileyile zibekwe ecaleni komnye nomnye ngokuqina ngokunokwenzeka kwaye iindawo zokubeka phakathi kwazo azenzi imigca emikhulu kunye emide eqondileyo, enokubangela ukuba kube lula ukuqhekeka (umzobo 1,3. inxalenye)
Umfanekiso 1 — Imbono yogcino lweeleya kunye neempawu zemigangatho ebandayo
Iithayile zamatye ezenziweyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa imigangatho yamakhitshi, amagumbi okuhlambela kunye namagumbi okugcina. Ngokukhetha okufanelekileyo kwemibala emnyama kunye nebonakalayo yemigca yezi tile, imigangatho ekhangayo kakhulu inokwenziwa. Isiseko sale migangatho senziwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ngoko ubukhulu bekhonkrithi ephantsi yinto yonke2 cm. Imilinganiselo yeetyhubhu zamatye ezenziweyo zivela15x15cm ukuya40x40i-cm. Ubungakanani busetyenziswa rhoqo20x20i-cm. Kulo mlinganiso, iziqwenga zesiqingatha, isiqingatha sesiqingatha se-diagonal, iziqwenga ze-skirting kunye neziqwenga ze-skirting zinokufumaneka (umkhiwane.1,4. inxalenye). Ukubophelela okungcono, iindawo ezisezantsi zale tile zixhotyiswe ngemiphetho. Ukuba i-tile yonakalisiwe, iqhekeziwe, iphukile, ihlulwe okanye ikhululekile, kufuneka itshintshwe. Inkqubo yokutshintshwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iithayile ezonakeleyo ezisamile ngokuqinileyo kufuneka zophulwe ngehamile kunye netshiseli kunye nemiphetho ehlulwe kwiithayile ezingabamelwane, ikhonkrithi exhasayo nayo kufuneka yaphulwe ibe sisiqingatha ubukhulu bayo kwaye i-groove emile okwehobe kufuneka yenziwe emacaleni (umkhiwane.2,1. inxalenye). I-tile entsha kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye ifakwe emanzini, i-groove kufuneka igcwaliswe ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wodaka lwesamente, kwaye i-tile kufuneka ibekwe ukwenzela ukuba ibe ngaphantsi kwezinye iileyili kwaye, ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ihlanjululwe ngokubetha ukukhanya kwesando ukuya kwinqanaba lezinye iileyili (umkhiwane.2,2. inxalenye). Emva kwexesha elithile, xa i-tile entsha sele ibekwe kancinci, kufuneka isulwe ngelaphu elimanzi ukuze udaka lwesamente lungabambeleli kumphezulu weethayile kwaye ushiye umkhondo ongenakucimeka (umkhiwane.2).
Ngendlela efanayo, siphinda silungise imigangatho yeethayile zamatye, imilinganiselo10x10cm (iithayile zomtshayelo). Xa ufaka umgangatho omtsha kwezi tile, kuyimfuneko ukufumana indawo yokugcina, kuba kamva kunzima ukufumana iileyile zobukhulu obufanayo kunye nemibala. Ubuninzi obusele kufuneka bugcinwe ngononophelo kwikona yesiseko.
Imigangatho eyenziwe ngamatye, iithayile zamatye kunye nekhonkrithi kufuneka ifakwe isanti emva kokumiswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokubopha. Injongo yesanti kukususa imiphetho kunye nokungalingani kunye nokulinganisa umphezulu ngokususa iileyile ezingaphezulu zeethayile ezikufutshane. Ukugaya kunokuqhutyelwa ngesixhobo esinelitye lokugaya i-trapezoidal kunye nesibambo, esixhotywe nge-bent sheet sheet holder yelitye lokugaya ekupheleni. Xa ugaya, ilitye lokugaya kufuneka lihanjiswe ukwenzela ukuba libandakanye iindawo zeetayile ezikufutshane.
Ukusila ilitye, ikhonkrithi kunye neethayile akufanele kwenziwe ngokwale nkcazo emfutshane yembali. Ukuchongwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, umatshini ofanelekileyo kunye nokukhusela, ukulawula uthuli kunye namanzi, ukukhuselwa kofakelo kunye neendawo ezikufutshane, kunye nokujonga ukuba ukucubungula akonakalisi i-flatness, ukugqiba okanye ukuchasana nomgangatho ofunekayo.
Imigangatho yelitye
Naka imozulu! Imigangatho ebandayo inokulungiswa kuphela ukuba iqondo lokushisa lincinci + 5°C, ukuba imozulu yomile kwaye inomoya kwaye ukuba igumbi alisetyenziswanga ixesha elide. Ukuba sisebenzisa iindawo ezilungisiweyo ngokukhawuleza, iindawo ezilungisiweyo zinokonakala, zingcoliswe okanye zikhululeke. Amalungu amancinci, okt. ukulungiswa, sinokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye neebhodi. Kwimeko apho, imida emincinci yee-slats kufuneka ibekwe kwiindawo ezisezantsi zeebhodi ukwenzela ukuba umthwalo ungadluliswa kwiindawo ezilungisiweyo.
Emva kokumisela, umphezulu kufuneka uhlanjwe ngamanzi amaninzi emini, kuba amanzi axhasa ukusetwa kwekhonkrithi, oko kukuthi isamente.
Inkqubo yokugcinwa kweqondo lokushisa kunye nokufuma zigcinwa njengenxalenye yombhalo wentsusa, kodwa ayilulo ummiselo jikelele. Iimeko zokufakela, ixesha lokukhusela, indlela yokunyamekela kunye nomzuzu wokubeka umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kufuneka ulandele iphepha lobugcisa langoku lodaka oluthile, ikhonkrithi, i-adhesive okanye i-grouting compound kunye neemeko zesakhiwo.
Umfanekiso 2 — Imbono egciniweyo yokutshintshwa kwethayile zomgangatho ngamnye