Chiziviso chakakosha chenyanzvi: Chinyorwa ichi ongororo yedzidzo yakachengetwa uye hachisi chidzidzo che geotechnical, mwero werabhoritari unoshanda, chiverengero chenheyo kana bhuku rekuraira. Iwo ekutanga mazwi, maitiro, mayuniti ekuyera, kukosha, kupatsanura uye mareferensi e “mirau yedu” akatamiswa pasina kutarisa kuteedzera kunoenderana nezviyero nemirau. Kuyedzwa kwevhu, sarudzo yenzira, dudziro yemhedzisiro uye sarudzo dzekugadzira dzinofanirwa kuitwa neane mvumo geotechnical nyanzvi uye rabhoritari yakakodzera yechinhu chakati uye nzvimbo.
Musoro wekumisikidzwa kwevhu hausi chikamu chetsvairo yeruzhinji yeSavo Kusić. Ikozvino kutariswa kwekugadzira kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, huni-aluminium mahwindo uye magonhi akagadzirwa netsika. Kune rimwe hwindo kana chirongwa chemusuwo, unogona kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni.
Hwaro hweedometer bvunzo
Kugwinya kwevhu kunotariswa nekudzvanya bvunzo nekudzivirirwa kwekuwedzera kwe lateral, iyo inonzi zvakare oedometer test kana consolidation test.
Muedzo unoitwa nemasamples asina kukanganiswa, uye mune dzimwe nguva ane akavhiringidzika. Muchiitiko chekutanga, sampu yekuyedza inotorwa nekutsikirira mhete dzesimbi mune yakakura, isina kukanganiswa sampu, iyo inozoiswa mumidziyo pamwe chete nerin’i mushure mekucheka sampu yakawandisa uye kuenzanisa nzvimbo yayo nemicheto yehumburumbira. Muchiitiko chechipiri, mhete inozadzwa nemuenzaniso mumamiriro ekuenderana panzvimbo yegoho uye mumamiriro ezvinhu iwayo inopinzwa mu oedometer.
Muedzo unoitwa pachishandiswa midziyo yakatanga kuvakwa naTerzaghi uye inonzi Oedometer. Nhasi, kune zvivakwa zvakati wandei zvechishandiso ichi, asi zvese zvinoenderana nemusimboti mumwechete, kuyedza kudzvanywa kwesampu yevhu pasi pekuremerwa nekudzivirirwa kwekuwedzera kwe lateral.
Oedometer: tsananguro yemuchina
Fig. 1. Odometer
Oedometer ine silinda yesimbi umo sampuli iri pakati pematombo maviri ekusefa (fig. 1). Sample inounzwa mumudziyo mumhete yesimbi ine dhayamita ye 7-10 cm uye hurefu hwe 1-4 cm. Mutoro P unoendeswa kumuenzaniso kuburikidza nedombo repamusoro resefa. Pazasi peibwe resefa, kune machani muzasi mesilinda yekudhonza mvura kubva mumuenzaniso kupinda mucapillary chubhu, pamwe nekupa mvura. Sezvo kudzvinyirirwa kwemuenzaniso kunoitwa nemutengo wepores, nekuti ivhu rakasimba uye mvura mupores hazvigoneke, zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti mvura inodonha kubva mumuenzaniso panguva yekuyedzwa, iyo inogoneka kuburikidza nesefa dombo, chiteshi uye capillary chubhu.
Kurutivi rworuboshwe rwechigadzirwa pane pombi yemvura ine pombi pamberi pehumburumbira, nepo capillary chubhu iri kurudyi, ine pombi kuseri kwecylinder. Iyo capillary chubhu inoshandawo kuona kuti ivhu rinopinda mukati here k.
Kuedza
Kana sample yaiswa muhumburumbira uye midziyo yaunganidzwa, vharai pombi yekuruboshwe, pombi yemvura, uye vhurai pombi yekurudyi, kuti mvura iyerere ichipinda mucapillary chubhu. Zvadaro mutoro wemuenzaniso unosvika, unoshandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Mitoro inotevera inowanzoiswa:0,50;1,00;2,00;4,00;6,00kp/cm2uye mberi kusvika kune yakakwirira ivhu mutoro unotarisirwa pasi pechivako, kunyanya kusvika10kp/cm2, uye nemadhamu zvinogona kutowedzera20kp/cm2. Pane imwe neimwe nhanho yemutoro, panguva yekushandiswa kwayo, stopwatch inotangwa uye pane dzimwe nguva nguva15“,30“,1’,2’,5’,15’,45’,2h5h24h, wozoenderera mberi24h, kusvikira kubatanidzwa kwemuenzaniso pasi peiyo nhanho yemutoro, iyo inowirirana kugadzirisa muzviuru zve millimeter inoverengwa pakuenzanisa uye yakanyorwa muzvinyorwa. Kubatanidza kunofungidzirwa kuve kwakawanikwa kana kugadziriswa kwemuenzaniso kuri Δh ≤0,02 mmkwenguva ye24awa. Mushure mekubatanidzwa kunowanikwa, iyo inotevera nhanho yemutoro inoshandiswa uye iyo yose nzira inodzokororwa nenzira imwechete uye zvichingodaro kusvika padanho rekupedzisira remutoro.
Muedzo wekubatanidza pamwe nekudzivirirwa kwekuwedzera kwe lateral kunoitwa nekutakura uye kurodha, kuitira kuti uone elasticity yevhu. Tatakurisa sampuli kune imwe nhanho, tinoiburitsa nekufamba zvishoma-shoma sezvataiisa. Rusununguko runowanzoitwa pashure2,0kp/cm2,4,0kp/cm2uye6,0kp/cm2.
Semurairo, muedzo unoitwa nemuenzaniso pasi pemvura, iyo inobatwa kuruboshwe rwegirazi chubhu pahupamhi hwepamusoro peiyo sampuli mumudziyo. Kuedza kuenzanisa kwemuenzaniso muhupo hwemvura kunoitwa nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nokuti muedzo unotora nguva yakareba uye muenzaniso unooma panguva iyoyo, semugumisiro wekuti compressibility yemuenzaniso yaizove yakaderera pane chaiyo compressibility yevhu mumamiriro ayo echisikigo mwando. Pamusoro pezvo, hunyoro hwevhu hwechisikigo hunogona kunge hwakakwira kupfuura hwaive panguva yesampling, kunyanya kana mvura yepasi ichikwira, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kukutsauswa kukuru kubva pakutsikirira chaiko kwevhu panguva yemvura yakakwira.
Mhedziso dzebvunzo dzinoiswa kumhando nhatu dzedhayagiramu, dzinoti dhiyagiramu yekumanikidza, porosity coefficient shanduko dhayagiramu uye dhayagiramu yekugadzirisa nguva.
Relative compression diagram
Iyi dhayagiramu inowanikwa kana yakajairwa kudzvanywa ichiiswa kumuenzaniso pane abscissa axis σ = P/A, apo P iri mutoro unoshanda pasample kuburikidza nekumusoro sefa dombo mu kp/cm2, A ndiyo yepakati-chikamu aratus yenzvimbo yehukama, sampuli yenzvimbo yekumisikidza uye sampuli yenzvimbo yeappxiion. Δh/h apo Δh ndiko kugadziriswa kwemuenzaniso pasi pemutoro Δσ panguva yekubatanidza, h urefu hwemuenzaniso usati watakura (fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Relative compression diagram
Pakurodha, dhayagiramu yekudzvanya yekutanga a.
Panguva yekudzikunura, kana iyo isina kuvharwa yemvura yakagadziriswa, kuitira kuti sampuli yakaramba iri pasi pemvura panguva yekudzikisa, inodzokera kune yayo yepakutanga, i.e. kuzvimba. Nekudaro, iyo sampuli haidzokeri kune yayo yekutanga mamiriro, izvo zvinoreva kuti yakave nepurasitiki (yekusingaperi) deformation mukuwedzera kune elastic. Naizvozvo, pachiitiko ichi, dhiyagiramu yekuzvimba b inowanikwa pakuburutsa. Zvisinei, kana bvunzo yakaitwa pasina kugamuchira mvura, pachinzvimbo chekuzvimba dhayagiramu, iyo inonzi diagram ye elasticity.
Kana sampuli yakatakurwa zvakare mushure mekuburutsa, iyo yechipiri compression diagiramu c inowanikwa. Dhiyagiramu yekuzvimba uye yechipiri compression diagraph c inoumba hysteresis loop pakati pavo. Muvhu, hysteresis loops yakakosha uye nekudaro deformation munzvimbo yekuzvimba uye yechipiri compression (dhayagiramu b uye c) haitariswe elastic, asi inodzoreredzwa, nekuti haina kuenzana nemutoro maererano nemutemo waHooke. Deformations munzvimbo yeprimary compression (dhayagiramu a) muchikamu chavasina kudzoka ndeyechigarire (hachidzoreki).
Soil compressibility module
Kubva padhayagiramu yekumanikidzana, tinowana zvinoenderana nemutemo waHooke zvakafanana kusvika kuJung’s modulus ye elasticity E yechinhu chinorarika, iyo compressibility modulus yevhu Ms
Ms = Δσ / (Δh/h) [kp/cm2],
apo Δσ ndiko kuwedzera kwemutoro, Δh/h ndiko kusungirirwa kwakafanana, kunotorwa kubva kudhiyagiramu yekutanga yekumanikidza a (fig. 2).
Iyo compressibility modulus yevhu Ms inosiyana neiyo modulus ye elasticity E ye elastic material, nekuti Ms haigari pachinhu chimwe uye chimwe chete asi inoshanduka uye inowedzera neyakajairwa mutoro σ. Naizvozvo, imwe chaiyo kukosha kwe compressibility modulus Ms inogona kupihwa chete kune imwe nhete nguva yeyakajairwa ivhu rekutakura Δσ. Kana kukosha kweiyo module Ms kwakakwira, kudzvanya kwevhu kwakadzikira uye zvinopesana. Zvinoenderana nemirairo yedu yenheyo, iyo inotevera chiyero che compressibility modulus yevhu muchimiro chayo chakagamuchirwa:
Rondedzero iri pazasi inotakurwa kubva kune yepakutanga, kusanganisira iyo inodzokororwa nguva 100-400 kp/cm2. Haina kuongororwa kana kuwiriraniswa nemirau yazvino.
Ms = 0 - 20 kp/cm2 ivhu rinodzvanyirika zvakanyanya
Ms = 20 - 50 kp/cm2 ivhu rinodzvanyirika
Ms = 50 - 100 kp/cm2 ivhu riri pakati nepakati
Ms = 100 - 400 kp/cm2 ivhu risinganyanyi kudzvinyirirwa
Ms = 100 - 400 kp/cm2 ivhu rinotsikirirwa zvishoma
Ms = 400 - 1000 kp/cm2 ivhu rinotsikirirwa zvishoma
Ms > 1000 kp/cm2 ivhu rakadzikira kwazvo.
Ivhu elasticity module
Nenzira imwecheteyo, tinowana modulus yekuraruka kwevhu E:
E = Δσ / (Δh/h) [kp/cm2],
uko kuenzana kwekumanikidza kuwedzera Δh/h kunotorwa kubva muvhu elasticity diagraph kune inowirirana yakajairika pressure increment Δσ.
Yakajairika yakasanganiswa uye yakanyanyisa ivhu
Sl.3. Dhigiramu yekuchinja kwe porosity coefficient yevhu rakavhiringwa samples
Kana tikaita bvunzo yeedometer ine yakakanganisika sampuli, iyo yatakapinda mumidziyo panzvimbo yegoho, uye tinoronga mhedzisiro yebvunzo padhiyagiramu yekuchinja kweporosity coefficient e zvichienderana nekumanikidza σ (Fig.3) kuyerera kwekubatanidza kunomiririrwa nemifananidzo 1 yemutoro wekutanga, 2 yekuzorora, 3 yemutoro wechipiri kusvika pamuganho weyekutanga mutoro wekuwedzera σa uye 4 kupfuura muganhu iwoyo.
Dhiyagiramu yekuyamura2uye yechipiri compression diagram3gadzira hysteresis loop kuseri kweiyo dhayagiramu4inoenderera mberi mukuwedzera kwemufananidzo1, pasina kutyora, sekunge pakanga pasina kuburitsa uye kurodha.
Sl.4. Dhiagiramu yekuchinja kweporosity coefficient yevhu risina kukanganiswa sample
Nekudaro, kana tikaita iyo oedometer bvunzo nenzira yakafanana neyakare nesampuni isina kukanganiswa yakatorwa kubva kumwe kudzika kwevhu (fig.4), dhayagiramu yemutoro wechipiri3icharatidza pane imwe chaiyo mutoro σb kutyoka panzvimbo b, mushure meiyo dhizaini ichaenderera mberi4iva nemateru akakwirira. Kutyoka uku kwakaitika nekuti ivhu rakatorwa sampuli raive pasi pemutoro mukuru p=γt kupfuura mutoro wemuenzaniso σ muoedometer. Mutoro wepamusoro p unobva pahuremu hwezvikamu zvevhu repamusoro zviripo kusvika pamusoro penzvimbo, iyo yatinodaidza kuti ivhu rinotsikirira, kana kubva pakuremerwa kwevhu rekutanga rakatakurwa nekufamba kwenguva nekukukurwa kana kubva muvhu remoraine kana chando, yatinodaidza kuti preload. Kuonekwa kwekuwedzeredza kunonyanya kukosha kwevhu, kwatinosiyanisa pakati pevhu rinowanzobatanidzwa uye rakanyanyisa.
Kazhinji ivhu rakasanganiswa
Kazhinji ivhu rakasanganiswa riri pakadzika pasi pasi pevhu, iro risati ramboonekwa kuti risati raiswa. Muenzaniso wevhu iri, rakatakurwa mu oedometer ine mitoro yakakura kudarika huremu hwepamusoro “ivhu rinomanikidza” zvidimbu, rinoratidza kuenderera kunoyerera kwekusimbisa, pasina kuputika mumufananidzo wekumanikidzana kana mune porosity coefficient shanduko yedhiyagiramu. Kugadziriswa kwevhu iri pasi pemutoro wechinhu chakajairika, i.e. pasi pemumwe mutoro, kugadzirisa kunoderera nekufamba kwenguva.
Ivhu rakanyanyisa
Ivhu rakanyanyisa kudzika riri pakadzika dzika kana kuti rakamboiswa kare. Sample yevhu iri rakatakurwa mu oedometer ine dzvinyiriro yakakura kudarika ivhu remutsimba kana preload rinoratidza kutyoka pane hama compression diagram kana pane porosity coefficient change diagram, inonzi. geological fracture g, ine shanduko yakasimba munzira (Fig.5a). Kugadziriswa kwevhu iri pasi pechimiro kudiki pamutoro uri pazasi pevhu rekumanikidza kana preload σ1, asi inova yakakura zvakanyanya kune mitoro iri pamusoro σ1.
Kana iyo geological break isina kunyatsotsanangurwa, saka inotemwa kushandisa tangents kudhizaini (Fig.5b).
Sl.5. Dhiagiramu yekuchinja kweporosity coefficient yevhu rakanyungudutswa
Nguva yekugadzirisa dhizaini
Iyi dhizaini, inonziwo dhizaini yekubatanidza, inowanikwa apo, kune yega yega dhigirii yekurodha yemuenzaniso muedometer, iyo nguva t mumaawa inoiswa kune abscissa axis, uye kugadzirisa mu mm kune iyo ordinate axis (Fig.6a) kana mu% yehuwandu hwekugadzirisa (Fig.6b).
Sl.6. Nguva Yekugadzirisa Dhiagiramu
Ivhu risina kusungwa uye rakasungwa rinoita zvakasiyana pasi pemutoro. Ivhu rakasununguka, rakadai sejecha, rine pores yakakura, iyo mvura inokurumidza kudzvinyirirwa kunze kwemutoro, kuitira kuti ivhu rigadzikane nokukurumidza, nekugadzirisa kukuru kunoitika pakutanga kwemutoro uye kusvika pakugadzirisa kwekupedzisira pamutoro wakapiwa munguva shoma shoma. Ivhu rakabatana rakaita sevhu rine maburi madiki ayo mvura inonetsa kusvina kunze kwekuremerwa. Pane zvikamu zviviri munguva yekugadzirisa ivhu rakasungirirwa. Muchikamu chekutanga, pakarepo mushure mekushandisa mutoro kune ivhu, sezvo mvura isingagoni kubuda kunze kwe pores, inova yakasimbiswa uye inogamuchira mutoro wose wakashandiswa. Muchikamu chechipiri, mvura yakasimbiswa yepore inotanga kubuda kunze kwekunetseka kwayo nekuda kwemutoro, iyo inotamirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kune zvimedu zvevhu zvakasimba. Muchikamu chechipiri ichi, zvimedu zvinouya pamwe chete uye pores inoderera. Nzira yekudzikisa inoenderera mberi kusvikira mvura inomanikidzwa ichimanikidzwa kubva mumatope, i.e. kusvikira mamiriro ekumanikidzwa emvura mumapores apera. Nokudaro, kusungirirwa kwevhu kunonyanya kunetsa hydrodynamic, iyo inoenderana nekukwanisa kwevhu uye porosity. Panyaya yevhu, iyo permeability yakaderera, nzira yekubatanidza inogona kutora nguva yakareba kwazvo, uye nekuwedzera, nzvimbo dzekugara dzinogona kunge dzakakura zvakanyanya nekuda kwepamusoro peporosity pane iyo jecha. Pahwaro hweyedzo yekubatanidza, kosi yenguva yekugadzirisa inogona kuverengerwa kwenguva yese yekubatanidzwa uye muzvikamu zvega.